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Open Access Article
1 - Evaluation of the impact of selenium-enrichment and some organic matter on morphophysiological and essential oil in Anethum graveolens L.
Parviz Samavatipour Vahid Abdossi Reza Salehi Saeed Samavat Alireza Ladan Moghadam -
Open Access Article
2 - Evaluation of Modified biochar and Zeolite Effect on Some Physical and Chemical Properties of loamy Soil
Amir Soltani Mohammadi yazdan khodarahmi Saeed boroomand nasab Abd Ali NasseriThe aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different levels of modified biochar sugarcane bagasse and potassium zeolite as natural and environmentally friendly fertilizers on some physical and chemical properties of soil in a completely randomized design wit MoreThe aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different levels of modified biochar sugarcane bagasse and potassium zeolite as natural and environmentally friendly fertilizers on some physical and chemical properties of soil in a completely randomized design with four replications for three months per year 2018 was conducted at the Faculty of Water Engineering, Shahid Chamran University of Ahwaz. The levels of biochar and zeolite use included three levels of 0, 2 and 5 grams per kg of soil (0, 0.2 and 0.5 wt%).The results showed that the 2 and 5 grams biochar per kg of soil increased the total porosity by 3.7% and 9.2% respectively, 9.6% and 19% moisture content of crop capacity, 1 and 1.5% moisture content of wilting point, 9.8% and 21.3% organic carbon, 9% and 18% of absorbable phosphorus, 8% and 22% of nitrogen, 6.5% and 27.9% of electrical conductivity , 3.3% and 8% respectively of bulk density and 0.26% 0.92 percent soil acidity. The levels of 2 and 5 grams of zeolite per kilogram of soil also increased 2 and 6 percent bulk density, 2.33% and 3.89% specific gravity, 10.1% and 26.5 percent moisture content, 1.1% And 6.3% moisture content of wilting point, 0.65 and 1.05% of acidity, 9.1% and 33.5% of electrical conductivity, 0.09% and 3.4% of total porosity, 0.26% and 0.92% respectively Soil acidity was not significant and did not have a significant effect on specific gravity, organic carbon, absorbable phosphorus and soil nitrogen. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
3 - Efficiency of Regression, ANN and ANN-algorithm Genetic Hybrid Models in the Evaluation of Wind Erosion
Shahin Ebrahimi Ali Mohammadi Torkashvand Mehrdad Esfandiari Abbas AhmadiBackground and Aim: Wind erosion has occurred in a large part of Iran, which has caused land degradation and reduced fertility along with environmental effects. Identifying erosion-sensitive areas can help natural resource and environmental managers in soil conser MoreBackground and Aim: Wind erosion has occurred in a large part of Iran, which has caused land degradation and reduced fertility along with environmental effects. Identifying erosion-sensitive areas can help natural resource and environmental managers in soil conservation planning.Methods:This study is a step to estimate the erodible component of soil against the wind (EF) from soil accessibility characteristics in Allahabad plain located in the east of Qazvin province. For this purpose, the soil erodibility component, which is closely related to soil erosion versus wind, using multivariate regression (MLR), artificial neural network (ANN), and artificial neural network with genetic algorithm for weight optimization (GA-ANN) were estimated using accessible characteristics. Regarding soil map, soil differences, and environmental characteristics of Allahabad plain, 103 soil samples were collected according to a stratified random pattern of 10 cm of soil surface. In soil samples, some soil properties were measured as inputs of models for estimating erodible soil components against the wind. The inputs of each model included pH, ECe, CCE, SAR, bulk density, sand particles, silt and clay, coarse soil particles with a diameter of more than 2 mm, and organic matter. Accuracy and reliability of the results of the created models were compared with each other according to the criteria of coefficient of determination, square of error, Morgan-Granger-Newbold and Akaike information criterion.Results: Based on data, the highest correlation between soil erodible fraction to wind erosion (EF) was observed with soil clay content (r = -0.789). Also, soil erodible components showed a correlation with other soil properties including pH, electrical conductivity, SAR, organic matter, and the should be omitted density. This correlation was significant with three properties of SAR, organic matter, and clay at a should be added 1% level. The models created by the three methods were much more capable of predicting EF in the test data series than the training series data. The results also showed that the neural network model had a should be omitted more accuracy and less estimation error compared to hybrid and regression models. The results of sensitivity analysis of the models also showed that the highest sensitivity of the model to input variables in the ANN model, related to organic matter and SAR, respectively, and in the model GA-ANN was related to soil clay content variable.Conclusion: According to the results, R2 in the regression model of training data was more than 50% in estimating EF, but this value (R2 = 0.56) is not reliable. According to the test data, all three models, including regression, artificial neural network, and its combination with genetic algorithm had not been efficient enough in estimating EF, so that can be omitted the highest R2 in the neural network model in the test data (R2 = 0.43) had an accuracy of less than 50% in estimating the EF, which cannot be an appropriate accuracy in predicting EF. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
4 - The effect of sawdust and nitrogen on soil quality indices under bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivation
Farzad JaliliThe use of agricultural and industrial wastes as a organic materials are increased. In order to evaluate of the effect of sawdust and nitrogen on soil quality indices under bean cultivation, an experiment was conducted on split plot with RCBD design with three replicati MoreThe use of agricultural and industrial wastes as a organic materials are increased. In order to evaluate of the effect of sawdust and nitrogen on soil quality indices under bean cultivation, an experiment was conducted on split plot with RCBD design with three replications. Sawdust in 4 levels 0, 5, 10 and 15 ton/ha as a main factor and nitrogen fertilizer in 3 levels 75, 150 and 225 kg/ha. and then mixed with soil. In the use of nitrogen,the maximum grain yield was 1302.8 kg/ha were obtained of 225 kg/ha of urea application. In traits of soil properties, sawdust in all traits and nitrogen fertilizer on some traits had meaningful effects. With increasing of sawdust, all of trait increased, but the increasing of traits with increasing of nitrogen showed some of traits. The investigating of rates of sawdust on MWDwet showed the difference between 5 and 10 ton/ha of sawdust was not significant, but by applying of 15 ton/ha difference and was significant. The maximum effect of MWDwet was 0.84 mm were obtained of 15 ton/ha of sawdust, in compared with 10 ton/ ha and control increasing was 100 and 265% respectively. This research indicates that sawdust as an organic conditioner and nitrogen fertilizer improved the quality of soil and the use of this treatments increased porosity, water holding capacity in FC and PWP points and organic carbon. Thus, sawdust can be used as a suitable organic fertilizer to improve the organic matter of soil and unsuitable condition of soil. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
5 - Investigation of size distribution of particles and aggregative soil under the effect of using two types of plant residuals
Majid Mahmood AbadiParticle size distribution (PSD) and aggregate stability are two physical properties are important for soil conservation. This study investigates the effect of using different organic matters on the PSD in the wet and dry conditions. The experiment was conduct MoreParticle size distribution (PSD) and aggregate stability are two physical properties are important for soil conservation. This study investigates the effect of using different organic matters on the PSD in the wet and dry conditions. The experiment was conducted in randomized complete design with two plant residue treatments namely (straw stubble and pistachio residue) and three moisture levels namely 0, 1 and 5% water by weight in three replications. In addition, soil PSD was measured in two manners; dry (DPSD) and wet (WPSD). The results showed that the above treatments had different influences on the PSD, depending on the type and amounts of added plant residue and large aggregates used. For the DPSD, median sizes of aggregates in control, straw stubble (1 %w), pistachio residue (1 %w), straw stubble (5 %w) and pistachio residue (5 %w) were 0.228, 0.250, 0.227, 0.394 and 0.294 mm, respectively. In comparison to the results of DPSD relative to wet most frequent practices shifted from 0.125-0.25 mm particles to smaller than 0.125 mm. This finding indicated that the DPSD and WPSD do not follow the same trend. In addition, study of the WPSD indicated that addition of organic matters, aggregation improved and as a result larger aggregates were formed. It was also determined that application of different organic residues resulted in different amount of aggregation so that this effect was more pronounced in some sizes of aggregates. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
6 - Investigation of soil chemical properties of Ramsar Bineshki forests in the altitude range of 400 to 1700 meters
ahmad barfi hamid payam Mir Mozafar Falah CHaiBackground and Objective: Awareness of the condition of soils in forest areas and the study of the effects of various activities on soil properties is very important and effective in forest management. Soil properties change under the influence of various environmental MoreBackground and Objective: Awareness of the condition of soils in forest areas and the study of the effects of various activities on soil properties is very important and effective in forest management. Soil properties change under the influence of various environmental factors such as altitude. The aim of this study was to investigate soil indices at altitudes of 400 to 1700 meters above sea level in a series of Benshaki forest area in Ramsar city in Mazandaran province. Material and Methodology: For sampling soil variables in each altitude floor, 3 sample plots of 400 square meters at intervals of 100 meters from each other were identified. Findings: Soil samples were taken from 0-10 and 10-30 cm depths. Soil properties measured include sand content, clay content, nitrogen content, potassium content, carbon and organic matter content and soil pH. Discussion and Conclusion: The result of this study showed that the effect of altitude on soil characteristics (percentage of sand, percentage of clay, percentage of nitrogen, potassium, percentage of carbon and organic matter and soil pH) is significant in different altitude classes (P ˂). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
7 - Organics and nitrogen removal from recycled landfill leachate using an aerobic process
Mohammad Javad Zoqi Mohsen SaeediOne of the most popular types of bioreactor landfills is the landfill with leachate recirculation.In this way, an anaerobic was operated by leachate recirculation to remove organic matters. In this study two different systems were applied for leachate treatment. In syst MoreOne of the most popular types of bioreactor landfills is the landfill with leachate recirculation.In this way, an anaerobic was operated by leachate recirculation to remove organic matters. In this study two different systems were applied for leachate treatment. In system (1), the leachate generated from a fresh-waste reactor was drained to recirculation tank, and recycled every two days. In System (2), the leachate generated from a fresh waste landfill reactor was fed through a well-decomposed refuse landfill reactor, and at the same time, the leachate generated from a well-decomposed refuse landfill reactor recycled to a fresh waste landfill reactor. The results indicated that, the leachate NH4+-N and COD concentrations in system (1) accumulated to a high level, and, NH4+-N and COD removal were carried out successfully in system (2). In the well-decomposed refuse landfill reactor, the maximum organic removal rate was 1000and the maximum NH4+-N removal rate was 105. In system (2), the average removal efficiency reached to 85% and 34% for COD and NH4+-N, respectively. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
8 - Study of organic matter of loading on the application of wastewater treatment of water refinery of Sewerage of Abadan industrial estate
Iran Baraee Mahdi Farzadkia Nematollah JafarzadehThe stabilization ponds are more effective systems for treating of the wastewater whit high organic and hydraulic loading shocks. Therefore, those are most popular methods for municipal and many of industrial wastewater treatment. Module 1 of phase 1 has been done in Ab MoreThe stabilization ponds are more effective systems for treating of the wastewater whit high organic and hydraulic loading shocks. Therefore, those are most popular methods for municipal and many of industrial wastewater treatment. Module 1 of phase 1 has been done in Abadan wastewater treatment plant. The main objective of this study was investigation of the organic matter of loading on the application of wastewater treatment of Abadan industrial estate. In this study, The efficiency of Abadan wastewater treatment plant was studied over ten months from February 2004 to December 2005 . The general conditions and operation of the plant were considered and wastewater treatment indexes such as pH , COD , BOD5 , TSS , Total coli form and fecal coli form and helminthes ova in influent and effluent and loading of organic matter level were determined. The maximum removal efficiency of pollutants was in July. The average amounts of COD , BOD5 , TSS , total and fecal coli form and helminthes ova in effluent in July were 805 mg/l ,440 mg/l , 30mg/l,9/2×105 MPN/100ml 6/1×105MPN/100ml ,22 ova/l respectively. so, maximum and minimum volume loading level in the anaerobic ponds 694.6 &384.1 g BOD5/m3.d and maximum and minimum surface loading level in the facultative ponds 554 & 272.06 kg BOD5/ha. d were determined. These results showed that the amounts of these parameters (exception of the TSS) had significant difference with the standard limits recommended by Iran Department of Environment (DOE) for irrigation or discharged to surface water and recycling water for agricultural re-use. In this section, problems and proposals have been presented. For sanitary disposal and reuse of this effluent the optimization of existing system must be noted. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
9 - Influence the amount of total organic matter (TOM)and Grain sediment on dispersal of Macrobenthic community in Western Haffar river in khoramshahr.
Zeynab Gholami Seyed Mohammad Bagher NabaviIntroduction: khoramshahr is located 128 kilometers far from Ahwaz and in southwestern ofkhouzestan. Karoon River before reaching the Persian Gulf, in khoramshahr Divided in to twobranches Bahmanshyr and Hafar. In to the importance of Hafar River Hydrology situation tha MoreIntroduction: khoramshahr is located 128 kilometers far from Ahwaz and in southwestern ofkhouzestan. Karoon River before reaching the Persian Gulf, in khoramshahr Divided in to twobranches Bahmanshyr and Hafar. In to the importance of Hafar River Hydrology situation that freshwater and salt water are important Macrobenthic it will.Method: In this study selected 10 stations within the study scope. Sampling Started on March 2008and ended on September of 2009. Samples by Van Vienn Grab sampler (0.025 m2) in both warm andcold season and once in each season was done. To the 3 samples from each station to identify benthicsediment and one sample for Grain sediment Analysis (GSA) and Total organic materials (Tom) wereharvested. Physicochemical parameters of the DO, salinity, PH and temperature were analyzed.Results: Macrobenthic between groups identified the most abundant Insect group and sex Nereis sp.Identified Macrobenthic groups consist of Polychaete 65.19%, Gastropoda 29.65%, Bivalvia 4.97%and Insecta 0.18% respectively. In stations that the amount of material dissolved was high,macrobenthics was significantly redused. In station 1(Soap factory) and residual tissues silt clay andsand was fine to their numbers. Most the benthic communities in the river downstream stations wereobserved in the amount of organic matter in sediments of these stations are less. In general, benthiccommunities were more in sandy sediment with low organic matter. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
10 - Quality Evaluation of Composted Urban Solid Wastes Materials Produced in Tehran Arad-Kouh Factory Using Parameters of CIELAB Color Standard during Production Process
Hadith Khandehroo Bubak SouriBackground and objective: CIE color standard system has been extensively used to determinevarious physic-chemical characteristics of porous media such as soil. Objective of this study is toevaluate the relationship of C/N ratio and organic matter percentage with paramet MoreBackground and objective: CIE color standard system has been extensively used to determinevarious physic-chemical characteristics of porous media such as soil. Objective of this study is toevaluate the relationship of C/N ratio and organic matter percentage with parameters of CIELAB colorstandard system during composting production process.Material and methods: In this study, changes on parameters of CIELAB color standard alongsidewith organic matter percentages and values of C/N ratio were measured for 90 days during urban solidwastes materials’ composting process in Arad-Kouh factory in Tehran.Results: The results showed that there are significant relationships of L* with organic matter(r=0.942, α=0.01) and ratio of C/N (r=0.915, α=0.01) from one hand and parameter of a*/b* withorganic matter (r=-0.876, α=0.01) and ratio of C/N (r=-0.893, α=0.01) from other hand.Conclusion: Statistical interpretation of the obtained results approved that instead of commonanalytical methods for quality evaluation of composted materials; parameters of L* and a*/b* areeasy, inexpensive and quick to estimate ratio of C/N and organic matter percentage of compostedurban solid wastes materials reliably. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
11 - Reciprocal relationship of earthworms and forests and its Effects on forest soil
Maryam Moslehi Jamile NazariEarthworms are important factors in soil formation and nutrient cycles. These organisms rummage soil and reform its particles and structure that are too important in succession. Earthworm frequency is related to the component of plant residues because they were nourishr MoreEarthworms are important factors in soil formation and nutrient cycles. These organisms rummage soil and reform its particles and structure that are too important in succession. Earthworm frequency is related to the component of plant residues because they were nourishrd by organic matter, litter and plant residues. So kind, substance and chemical component of plant residues effect on their population and activities. Because organic matter in forests is abundant, earthworms can be introduced as the most important factor that influences on soil fertilities and improvement of it. So we studied reciprocal relationship and correlation of earthworms and forests to show how they enrich and improve soil fertilities. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
12 - Integrated noise reduction-data mining method for soil organic matter prediction by VNIR spectrometry
Elahe Akbari Saham Mirzaei Ara Toomanian Ali Darvishi Boloorani Hosseinali BahramiBackground and Objective Soil as a heterogeneous natural resource and the largest organic carbon storage in terrestrial ecosystems is composed of complicated processes and mechanisms. The necessity of accurately estimating soil properties on the national and regional sc MoreBackground and Objective Soil as a heterogeneous natural resource and the largest organic carbon storage in terrestrial ecosystems is composed of complicated processes and mechanisms. The necessity of accurately estimating soil properties on the national and regional scales for improving soil management, and understanding their influence on agriculture have resulted in attracting researchers’ attentions to this field. Soil Organic Matter (SOM) is considered as an indicator of soil quality in fertility and food production. It is also considered as a key variable in environmental and agricultural issues. Thus, using rapid and cost effective and more accuracy estimation of the SOM content in soil resources assessment and management can be helpful. In precision agriculture, the scale of soil data required for management of lands and products is very large. The scale of collecting filed data usually cannot fulfil those needs. Sampling, preparing and analyzing the large number of soil samples as well as producing the distribution map for large areas are very difficult. In addition, traditional laboratory methods of soil analysis are boring, time-consuming, and costly. In fact, they need specialized laboratory operators. The aim of the present study is to compare the performance of the two Partial Least Squares Regression (PLSR) and Boosted Regression Tree (BRT) for predicting SOM using VNIR spectrometry data. With the use of combining Wavelet transform and diagnosis of independent bands, noises existing in soil spectroscopic data has reduced. In addition, independent and effective spectra and bands in spectroscopy of SOM were selected. Consequently, in the present research, Wavelet-PCA-PLSR and Wavelet-PCA- BRT models were developed and performance were assessed.Materials and Methods 42 surface (0-30cm) soil samples in the heterogeneous areas of urban-agricultural regions in Tehran province were collected. Soil Organic Carbon (OC) measured using Walki Black method and the samples’ spectrums were measured by ASD FieldSpec-3 spectrometer. First and second derivitation of spectral reflectance and absorbance were calculated. To reduce noises and smooth the spectrum, Sym8 matrix function of wavelet transform was used, wavelet transform is conducted to show and reconstruct characteristics in the spectrum. Principal component analysis and Hotelling's T2 test with 95% confidence level were used for outlier detection. PLSR and BRT was conducted onreflectance, absorbance and their first and second derivatives, at five levels of wavelet transform. Then, by comparing the results, the appropriate model was selected via validation. For doing the PLSR in nonlinear data, Kernel functions were used. When using numerical samples, regression trees are used instead of decision trees. But their processes are the same. In regression trees, the greedy algorithm was used. Therefore, by answering the binary question through which node the maximum data about respons variable is obtained, the root node and its two children are obtained. Producing the structure of trees is recursively repeated and a typical stopping criterion is considered. The stopping criterion can be as achievement to a split which cannot be divided and provides fewer data, or when data in the node contain 5% of the total data. Moreover, the tree size should be minimized. For splitting the node, the Ginny factor, entropy factor, etc. were used for minimizing those factors. In addition, the total square error is calculated in each branches and those with minimized values are selected. In addition, in the regression tree, the pruning process is employed for over-fitting. The BRT consists of the two regression tree and boosting techniques for improving the predictability of each of them. For calibration and validation of the model, 30 and 12 soil samples were randomly selected, respectively and R2 and RMSE were used for quantify the accuracy of models. Moreover, to select the best production factor of the PLSR mode, explained variance residual values and RMSE of validation were considered. Finally, soil organic matter map was produced using Landsat OLI satellite imagery and the proofed method for the study area.Results and Discussion The SOM value acceptably, the creation of continuous mappings with more accuracy based on noise reduction and retention of suitable data have always received researchers’ attentions. The present study tried to find the better method such a more accurate quantization of SOM using soil spectroscopic data. Using wavelet transform and outlier removal based on Hotelling's T2 via the PCA, the suitable data were extracted for producing the more accurate quantization. In this method, independent and effective bands or spectra remain in the model, while Lin et al. used wavelet transform and correlation techniques for selecting appropriate bands in estimating SOM. Since the soil reflectance is more complex and affected by several factors, using correlation method in these heterogeneous areas such as the area studied in the present study does not lead to acceptable results. Considering the data values, the unsupervised PCA method calculates principle components and eigenvalues and eigenvectors. It also tries to maximize the covariance matrix based on Singular Value Decomposition (SVD). SOM estimation models were developed using the PLSR and BRT for reflectance and absurbance spectra and their first and second derivation. Based on the results, the BRT method with RMSE and R2 values as 0.58 and 0.94, respectively leads in the better results for the data of the second derivation of reflectance. Moreover, values of RMSE and R2 in the PLSR were obtained as 1.0338 and 0.938, respectively for the data related to the second derivation of reflectance. However, comparing RMSE of the BRT and PLSR shows better results of the BRT model.Conclusion In that field measurements of chemical properties of soil such as organic matters are critically time-consuming and costly. Furthermore, measuring those properties is not possible in the large samples. So, the results of the present study indicate that in heterogeneous agricultural-urban areas, potential of the developed models such as wavelet-PCA-PLSR and wavelet-PCA-BRT can be used for estimating SOM. Meanwhile, these two algorithms do not make distributional assumptions and therefore, there are no strong assumptions about normality. Using continuous functions and satellite imagery, the map of the level of SOM in large scales can be prepared in order that it can be utilized in studies such as cultivation potential, soil fertility, and sustainable development of soil. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
13 - Biomarker application in the recognition of the geochemical characteristics of crude oils from the five depobelts of the Niger Delta basin, Nigeria
Timothy Anyanwu Bassey Ekpo Boniface Oriji -
Open Access Article
14 - Evaluation Effect of Livestock Manure and Urea Fertilizer on Quantitative and Qualitative Characteristics of Corn and Correlation Between Traits (S.C 704)
Mohammad Momeni Ali Gholami -
Open Access Article
15 - Response of Leaf area index, Chlorophyll Content and Protein Concentration of Sorghum to Application Different Rate of Nitrogen Fertilizer and Vermicompost Affected Water Stress Condition
Seyedeh Zohreh Hashemi Saeed Zakernejad Khoshnaz Payandeh -
Open Access Article
16 - Investigation Role of Vermicompost to Improve Quantitative and Qualitative Characteristics of Corn (Zea mays L.) Production
Mohammad Khayat -
Open Access Article
17 - Evaluation Effect of Farmyard Manure (FYM) to Improve Cereal Crop Yield
Mohammad Khayat -
Open Access Article
18 - Effect of fire vegetation on some properties of soil in rangelands of Bamo national park in Shiraz
Parviz Gholami Jamshid Ghorbani Hasan AbbasiFire is one of the effective ecological factors influencing the growth, development and evolution of plant communities especially in arid and semi arid areas. Knowledge of the effects of fire on different components of an ecosystem is important for post-fire vegetation MoreFire is one of the effective ecological factors influencing the growth, development and evolution of plant communities especially in arid and semi arid areas. Knowledge of the effects of fire on different components of an ecosystem is important for post-fire vegetation management. In this study, the effects of fire on species composition and subsequently on soil were studied in Bamoo National Park in Shiraz. The study was carried out on two sites (Chah Sorkh and Palayeshgah), each with a control area (unburned) and two burned areas 1-year and 5 years old after fire. Each of area was used the three transects. For response of some properties of soil to burning were used of one way ANOVA analysis and multivariate analysis. Results of the analysis in two sites (Chah Sorkh and Palayeshgah) showed that the properties soil, organic matter soil than other soil properties, had been solidarity with the fire area burning. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
19 - Determination of in vitro Gas Production Kinetics by Adding Leucaena leucecophala and Corn Oil to the Ration in Different Ratios
C.T. Noviandi K. Kustaantinah A. Irawan B.P. Widyobroto A. Astuti -
Open Access Article
20 - اثر روغن اسانسی آویشن شیرازی، اکالیپتوس و مخلوط آنها بر فراسنجههای تخمیر با استفاده از مایع شکمبه بز مرخز
س. میرزایی چشمهگچی م.م. معینی ف. هژبری م.ا. نوریان سروردر این مطالعه، سطوح مختلف روغن­های اسانسی آویشن شیرازی، اکالیپتوس (0، 100، 250، 500، 750 و 1000 میکروگرم در میلی­لیتر) و مخلوط یکسان آنها به علوفه یونجه همراه با مایع شکمبه بافری شده بز مرخز اضافه وگرمخانه گذاری شد تا تولید گاز، تخمیر شکمبه و جمعیت پروتوزوآ در ش Moreدر این مطالعه، سطوح مختلف روغن­های اسانسی آویشن شیرازی، اکالیپتوس (0، 100، 250، 500، 750 و 1000 میکروگرم در میلی­لیتر) و مخلوط یکسان آنها به علوفه یونجه همراه با مایع شکمبه بافری شده بز مرخز اضافه وگرمخانه گذاری شد تا تولید گاز، تخمیر شکمبه و جمعیت پروتوزوآ در شرایط آزمایشگاهی مورد مطالعه قرار گیرد. پتانسیل تولید گاز (B) و سرعت تخمیر (C) در تمام تیمارهای آزمایشی کاهش یافت درحالی­که فاز تأخیر (L) افزایش نشان داد. آویشن شیرازی و اکالیپتوس تأثیری بر pH نداشتند ولی در سطوح بالای مخلوط روغن­های اسانسی نسبت به شاهد، pH بالاتر بود (001/0>P). تولید نیتروژن­ آمونیاکی به سبب افزودن مخلوط روغن­های اسانسی کاهش یافت (01/0>P) و غلظت کل اسیدهای چرب فرار با اضافه نمودن روغن­های اسانسی آویشن شیرازی و اکالیپتوس کاهش نشان داد (01/0>P). گاز تولیدی 24 ساعته، تولید متان و میزان ماده­ آلی تجزیه شده کاهش یافت (01/0>P)، درحالیکه ضریب تفکیک­پذیری در همه تیمارها افزایش نشان داد. انرژی متابولیسمی کاهش یافت (05/0>P). افزودن روغن اسانسی سبب کاهش تعداد پروتوزوآی کل و جنس­های مختلف پروتوزوآ شد (001/0>P). نتایج نشان داد که روغن­های اسانسی آویشن شیرازی و اکالیپتوس می­توانند در تعدیل تخمیر شکمبه مؤثر باشند ولی در سطوح بالا، دارای اثر ضد پروتوزوآیی میباشند. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
21 - اثر کمپوست آزولا، پوسته بادام زمینی و ضایعات چای روی رشد و جذب عناصر غذایی گیاه زینتی-دارویی پاپیتال (Hedera helix)
علی واحدیبه منظور بررسی اثر بسترهای کاشت مختلف روی رشد گیاه پاپیتال آزمایشی گلدانی در قالب طرح کاملا تصادفی با 5 تیمار در سه تکرار در گلخانه تحقیقاتی مرکز ایستگاه تحقیقات گل و گیاهان زینتی لاهیجان اجرا شد. تیمارهای آزمایشی شامل 5 نوع بستر کاشت بودند که ترکیبات تشکیل دهنده آن ها Moreبه منظور بررسی اثر بسترهای کاشت مختلف روی رشد گیاه پاپیتال آزمایشی گلدانی در قالب طرح کاملا تصادفی با 5 تیمار در سه تکرار در گلخانه تحقیقاتی مرکز ایستگاه تحقیقات گل و گیاهان زینتی لاهیجان اجرا شد. تیمارهای آزمایشی شامل 5 نوع بستر کاشت بودند که ترکیبات تشکیل دهنده آن ها عبارت است از: B1: 50% کمپوست آزولا + 40% کمپوست پوسته بادام زمینی + 10% پرلیت، B2: 50% کمپوست آزولا + 40% کمپوست پوسته بادام زمینی + 10% زئولیت، B3: 30% کمپوست آزولا + 30% کمپوست پوسته بادام زمینی + 30% کمپوست ضایعات چای + 10% پرلیت، B4: 30% کمپوست آزولا + 30% کمپوست پوسته بادام زمینی + 30% کمپوست ضایعات چای + 10% زئولیت و B5: 80% پیت + 20% پرلیت (شاهد بین المللی). نتایج حاصل نشان داد که ارتفاع بوته، تعداد برگ، تعداد و قطر ساقه جانبی, تعداد گره و مقدار کلروفیل برگ که از صفات زینتی یک گیاه همیشه سبز بالارونده مثل پاپیتال است در بستر B3 بیشترین مقدار است. بیشترین درصد ماده خشک ریشه و شاخساره، نیتروژن، پتاسیم و روی نیز متعلق به گیاهان رشد یافته در بستر B3 بود. بیشترین مقدار کاروتنوئید برگ و بلندترین ریشه در بستر B5 اندازه گیری شد. بستر B1 نیز موفق ترین بستر در افزایش آهن برگ بود. بدین ترتیب بستر B3 به عنوان مناسب ترین بستر برای رشد پاپیتال معرفی می شود. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
22 - بقایای برنج و مدیریت خاکورزی در مزارع برنج گیلان: یک رویکرد اساسی در مدیریت پایدار کشاورزی
فاطمه علیپور مبارکی علی محمدی ترکاشوند محمود شعبانپور شهرستانی علی اعلمییکی از مهمترین عوامل موثر در آلودگی هوا ، تخریب محیط زیست خاک و مشکلات بهداشتی ناشی از آنها در مزارع شالیزاری تولید حجم زیادی از پسماندهای ناشی از فعالیت های کشت برنج است. مدیریت ضعیف ضایعات (پوسته و کاه ) برنج (مانند سوزاندن) با تهدید سیستم های پایدارکشت بر پایه برنج و Moreیکی از مهمترین عوامل موثر در آلودگی هوا ، تخریب محیط زیست خاک و مشکلات بهداشتی ناشی از آنها در مزارع شالیزاری تولید حجم زیادی از پسماندهای ناشی از فعالیت های کشت برنج است. مدیریت ضعیف ضایعات (پوسته و کاه ) برنج (مانند سوزاندن) با تهدید سیستم های پایدارکشت بر پایه برنج و اقتصاد کشاورزان می تواند مشکل ساز شود. یک روش امیدوار کننده برای کاهش اثرات منفی آنها استفاده از روشهای مدیریتی جایگزین برای تضمین امنیت غذایی و کشاورزی پایدار ، پرداختن به مسائل مدیریت پسماندهای کشاورزی است. در حال حاضر ، سوزاندن ضایعات برنج و خاکورزی خارج از فصل دو موضوع مهم روز هستند که مورد توجه بسیاری از محققان کشاورزی قرار گرفته است. به عنوان بخشی از یک پروژه کلان، ما اثرات سوختن بقایای برنج را بر روی تعدادی از خصوصیات شیمیایی و فیزیکی خاک شالیزار ، عملکرد و اجزای عملکرد برنج ، آفات ، بیماری ها و جمعیت علف های هرز رایج برنج بررسی کردیم. در این راستا، آزمایش مزرعه ایی یک ساله حاضر بصورت فاکتوریل و با پنج فاکتور در قالب طرح بلوک های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار انجام شد. تیمارها عبارتند از : روشهای خاکورزی در سه سطح (بدون شخم ، شخم پاییزی و شخم زمستانه) و مدیریت بقایای گیاهان در دو سطح (سوزاندن بقایا و حفظ بقایا). خواص شیمیایی (ارت کل ، مقدار روی و درصد کربن آلی) و فیزیکی (میزان نفوذ) خاک شالیزاری به طور معنی داری تحت تأثیر مدیریت پسماند (P≤0.05) ، به جز وزن مخصوص ظاهری ، قرار گرفت. درصد اولیه کربن آلی خاک (2.18٪) و در نتیجه میزان نفوذ اولیه (2.04) تحت تاثیر تیمار های شخم به ترتیب در حدود 0.51٪ ، 2.69 و 2.81 افزایش یافت. علاوه بر این ، وزن هزار دانه و وزن دانه های پر با تیمارهای فوق به ترتیب حدود 8 و 9 درصد افزایش یافت. میزان بروز کرم ساقه خوار ساقه برنج از شخم زمستانه و پاییزی تأثیر منفی ای در حدود بیش از 4 برابر پذیرفته است این در حالی است که تفاوت معنی داری بین شخم زمستانی و پاییزی دیده نشد. تیمارهای اعمال شده هیچ تأثیر قابل توجهی روی جمعیت مورد مطالعه علف های هرز نداشتند ، به جز علف هرز 1 که مدیریت خاکورزی باعث کاهش حدود 2 برابری جمعیت آن شد. تیمارهای اعمال شده (به تنهایی و یا ترکیبی) هم باعث کاهش علفهای هرز و آفات و بیماریهای برنج شده و هم به میزان قابل توحهی سبب بهبود برخی از خصوصیات مهم فیزیکی و شیمیایی خاک شده است. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
23 - Effect of Superabsorbent Combination and Vermicompost on Yield and Yield Components of Chickpea under Dry Land Farming Conditions
Mahnaz Farhadi payam pezeshkpourIn order to study the effects of superabsorbent polymer and vermicompost on yield and yield components of chickpea, an experiment was conducted as factorial based on completely randomized block design with three replications on 2014-2015 cropping year in Alashtar town, MoreIn order to study the effects of superabsorbent polymer and vermicompost on yield and yield components of chickpea, an experiment was conducted as factorial based on completely randomized block design with three replications on 2014-2015 cropping year in Alashtar town, Lorestan, Iran. First factor was superabsorbent polymer at four levels (including control, 100, 200 and 300 kg/ha) and second factor was vermicompost at three levels (including control, 7.5 and 15 ton/ha). According to results, mean comparison showed that highest grain yield (943.6 kg/ha) was associated to third level of superabsorbent (200 kg/ha) and non-application of vermicompost indicating increase compared to control. Based on results, highest grain yield (831.4 kg/ha) was related to third level of superabsorbent representing 20.4 percent increase compared to control. Also, highest grain yield (798.4 kg/ha) observed in 15 ton/ha vermicompost representing 12.3 percent increase compared to control. Application of vermicompost and superabsorbent in wheat at dry farming conditions, caused prominent improvement in growth and growth indices. This positive impact could be attributed to stimulating activity of soil beneficial microbes through vermicompost and its ability to improving macro- and micro-nutrients uptake as well as ability to absorbing and holding water. Manuscript profile
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