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Open Access Article
1 - The effect of probiotic strain of Lactobacillus fermentum on growth of Escherichia coli O111 during yogurt storage
Mohammad Mehdi Hassanpour Anousheh Sharifan Afshin Akhondzadeh basti -
Open Access Article
2 - Measuring the effect of neoclassical and institutional variables on employment rate in the OECD Developed countries
Mohammadreza Sharif Azadeh Akbar Komijani Teimour mohammadi Akbar BagheriThe purpose of this paper is to compare the effect of neoclassical and institutional variables (good governance indices) on the employment rate in the developed countries in the Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) selected countries. The neoclassical and instit MoreThe purpose of this paper is to compare the effect of neoclassical and institutional variables (good governance indices) on the employment rate in the developed countries in the Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) selected countries. The neoclassical and institutional variables are considered based on panel data econometric models for 24 of the OECD countries in the period of 1996 - 2011. The research model estimation includes seven equations (the first equation with neoclassical variables and the other equations with neoclassical variables and good governance indices separately) for developed countries of the OECD countries. The research model shows that neoclassical variables such as; the share of Gross Fixed Capital (GFC), the share of per capita real Final Consumption Expenditure (FCE) and the share of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) flow as a percentage of real GDP are positive and significant in all seven estimated equations except in some sections for FCE and FDI. Also the effect severity of GFC is higher than FDI and FCE on employment rate. However, all six indicators of good governance (institutional variables) had a significant positive effect on the employment rate so that control of corruption index, voice of people and government accountability, government effectiveness, rule of law, regulatory quality and political stability, have had the first rank to sixth in terms of the impact severity on employment rate in these countries. Finally, practical suggestions are presented for improving the employment rate of the relevant countries according to the institutional approach (with an emphasis on good governance). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
3 - اثر دمای نگهداری و تعداد میکروب اولیه تلقیح شده بر مدت زمان بقای اشریشیا کلی O111:B4 درماست
گیتی کریم سعید بکائی مظفر اسماعیل پور -
Open Access Article
4 - Effects of Global Warming and Climate Changes on Economic Growth (Case Study: Iran provinces during 2002-2012)
Hossein panahi Najmeh Esmaeel DarjaniBackground and Objective: Global warming and climate changes are currently one of the most important environmental challenges in the world, which are the consequences of rising temperatures, melting polar ice caps, rising free water levels and changes in climate thresho MoreBackground and Objective: Global warming and climate changes are currently one of the most important environmental challenges in the world, which are the consequences of rising temperatures, melting polar ice caps, rising free water levels and changes in climate thresholds.Method: The present paper has studied temperature and rain effects as climate changes and global warming on real economic growth by using panel data method in provinces in the period of 2002 to 2012.Findings: Climate change affects the economic sectors of the country and this impact on the sectors that are more interrelated with the agricultural sector. It is noteworthy that due to temperature and precipitation trends in recent years in the provinces of Iran, which do not show a favorable trend.Discussion and Conclusion: The results show that air temperature has a negative relationship with economic growth and is significant at the level of 5% and the amount of precipitation shows a positive and significant relationship at the level of 5% with the economic growth variable. With increasing global warming and climate changes, the economic growth of Iran's provinces is declining. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
5 - the Influence of the Effective Shocks on Economic Growth in Iran with the Emphasis on Institutional Variables
Samin Sobhi Morteza Sameti Sara Ghobadi Majid SametiEarly economists have cited economic freedom as the basis for economic growth, and later economists have emphasized the role of inclusive political and economic institutions in creating and sustaining economic growth. The relationship between these two perspectives goes MoreEarly economists have cited economic freedom as the basis for economic growth, and later economists have emphasized the role of inclusive political and economic institutions in creating and sustaining economic growth. The relationship between these two perspectives goes to the concept that the economic freedom shapes by economic institutions. Proper institutional of countries not only contributes to the growth and prosperity of their economies, but can also increase the power of countries in the face of economic shocks. Identifying the institutions’ situation of countries can help to adopt appropriate policies by governments and the private sector. In this study, by generalizing a structural model of Iran's economy as it includes the endogenous institutional function, attempt to measure the effects of effective shocks on the macroeconomic structure of the country with emphasis on institutional variables. The results show that the increase in oil shock has had a positive effect on the country's economic growth and institutions. This study had done for the period 1349-1399 by using GMM and Svar methods. The result of estimating the structural model shows that improvement of the institutional environment has affected most of the important variables of the Iran's economy, so improving the quality of institutions leads to increase in national product and reduces liquidity. Also, damaging institutional factors is related with increase in government size and inflation. Most of the impulses considered in the study had a significant effect on economic growth and institutional status of the country. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
6 - An Empirical Test of the Financial Kuznets Curve Hypothesis for Iran
Mahboobeh Farahati Leyla SalimiThe Kuznets curve hypothesis of a nonlinear relationship between economic growth and income inequality has been widely tested for different countries. However, the factors influencing such a relationship that determine the position of the Kuznets curve have been neglect MoreThe Kuznets curve hypothesis of a nonlinear relationship between economic growth and income inequality has been widely tested for different countries. However, the factors influencing such a relationship that determine the position of the Kuznets curve have been neglected. One of these factors is financial development, which according to the financial Kuznets curve hypothesis, is inversely associated to the level of economic growth at which income inequality peaks (ie, the turning point of the Kuznets curve). This study empirically tests the financial Kuznets curve hypothesis in the Iranian economy using data for the period 1361-1397. To this end, real GDP per capita and Gini coefficient have been used as indices of economic growth and income inequality, respectively. In addition, several indices of financial development have been aggregated into an overall (combined) index, using the principal component analysis method. The empirical results indicate that in the long-run, there is an inverted U-shaped relationship between economic growth and income inequality, thus confirming the Kuznets curve hypothesis. In addition, the turning point of the Kuznets curve will be at lower level of economic growth when the level of financial development is higher. These findings provide evidence to support the long-run financial Kuznets hypothesis for Iran. Accordingly, it is suggested that economic planners and policymakers, in parallel with growth policies, improve the level of financial development, aimed at a more equitable distribution of income. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
7 - The Analysis of Political Institutions’ Effect on the Economic Institutions in Resource-rich Countries
Reza Bakhshiani Masud Nili S. Mahdi BarakchianThe weak economic performance of resource-rich countries results in the economic studies’ great concentration on the role of institutions in resource curse literature and employment of theoretical or empirical approaches to determine the cause of this phenomenon. MoreThe weak economic performance of resource-rich countries results in the economic studies’ great concentration on the role of institutions in resource curse literature and employment of theoretical or empirical approaches to determine the cause of this phenomenon. In this paper, we argue that the two independent variables of political institutions and natural resources influence the economic institutions which are endogenous variables; by applying a descriptive-analytical approach and making distinction between function of “economic institutions” and “political institutions”. Political institutions form the political power structure to specify the elites’ scope of power in the establishment of favorable economic institutions, which aim at distributing the resources among the affiliated groups. We also use the empirical approach to show that natural resources do not have any significant effect on the quality of economic institutions by controlling the effect of political institutions. In contrast, the better quality of political institutions results in the better quality of economic institutions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
8 - Impact of Fleet Renovation on the Productivity of Iran’s Road Transportation Industry
farhad khodadad kashi samaneh nourani azad bahareh ghanbari The main purpose of this article is to evaluation the impact of fleet renovation on productivity of Iran’s road transportation industry. To meet this ends the data of the Iranian road transportation and the capital-embodied technical progress g More The main purpose of this article is to evaluation the impact of fleet renovation on productivity of Iran’s road transportation industry. To meet this ends the data of the Iranian road transportation and the capital-embodied technical progress growth model were used during 1353-1393. The results of capital inventory and labor coefficients showed that the return to scale in the Iran’s road transportation was constant. Also, in this sector, new investment and renovation increased moreover the average age of the fleet reduced and it has resulted to the growth rate of qualitative capital and productivity increased. Therefore, in Iran's road transportation, the direct relationship between fleet renovation and productivity is confirmed. So, the use of superior technology equipment and the replacement of fleets by new and advanced fleets are recommended. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
9 - Investigation of Convergence of Income Distribution in Iran`s Provinces
Sara Masoomzadeh mehdi shirafkan lamssu Mojtaba MohamadnejadiAbstract The present study is done to consider convergence in income distribution in Iranian provinces from 1996 to 2014 using convergence methods of Nahar and Inder and checking convergence of each province compared to the country's average Gini coefficient. The result MoreAbstract The present study is done to consider convergence in income distribution in Iranian provinces from 1996 to 2014 using convergence methods of Nahar and Inder and checking convergence of each province compared to the country's average Gini coefficient. The results show that convergence or divergence for Gini coefficient vary from province to province and in more than half of provinces there is no Gini coefficient convergence towards the average. Among the provinces that converge to average, Bushehr has the highest rate of convergence and Golestan province also has the lowest rate of convergence to the average Gini coefficient. In order to achieve the convergence of income distribution among the provinces of the country, politicians are recommended to put in place price adjustment and efficient use of capital on the agenda for divergent provinces. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
10 - The Evaluating of the Effectiveness of Expansionary Fiscal Policies: Comparative Linear and Threshold VAR
عبدالرسول قاسمی صبا نظریThis paper aims to answer the question of whether expansionary fiscal policy (increasing government spending and tax cuts) on economic growth in Iran is in linear or non-linear effects ? On this purpose, the performance of each of these programs using both linear and th MoreThis paper aims to answer the question of whether expansionary fiscal policy (increasing government spending and tax cuts) on economic growth in Iran is in linear or non-linear effects ? On this purpose, the performance of each of these programs using both linear and threshold vector autoregressive model and the data years 1338 to 1391 is investigated. In this connection, when using the threshold model, the studied period observationsbased on positive or negative output gap was divided into two regimes. Impulse response functions results from the linear model indicate that reduced tax revenues and increased government spending as fiscal stimulus have led to increasing economic growth, but the impact of government spending is greater than tax revenues. Increasing government spending is most effective in threshold model, also. In addition, comparison of Impulse response functions from linear and threshold model show that response of GDP to tax revenues in linear model and positive output gap are almost identical. However, the effect of increasing government spending on GDP in linear model is very different from high regime. GDP response to tax revenues and government spending in lower regime is also different from the linear model. Accordingly, the expansionary fiscal policies multipliers are dependent on economic conditions in terms of the output gap. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
11 - بررسی رابطه بین گردشگری، رشد اقتصادی و توسعه مالی در ایران (1395-1368)
شهین نرگسی روح اله بابکی مهناز عفتی -
Open Access Article
12 - Identifying the Key Sectors in the Tourism Industry of Iran: (An Input-Output Model Approach)
محمدرضا فرزین ابتهال زندی مرجان عبدی نیلوفر عباس پورOne of the method to recognize key sectors allocation resources priority in the the economy, is using Input-Output Table. Identifying the key sectors of the economy prevents from inadvertent investments and leads to deliberate economic activities and p MoreOne of the method to recognize key sectors allocation resources priority in the the economy, is using Input-Output Table. Identifying the key sectors of the economy prevents from inadvertent investments and leads to deliberate economic activities and proper prioritization for allocating the limited resources. Tourism industry, as an important economic sector, is composed of various subsectors which plays a crucial role in the economic growth and employment. In this paper, With Using an input-output model we identified key sectors in Tourism Industry and its impacts on the economc growth. Based on production elasticities among sectors as a measurement instrument, the findings suggest investment in the key sectors of tourism industry including road transport, libraries and museums, rail transport, and water transportation in order to achieve higher level of economic growth.In other hand, based on employment and income elasticities, transport services and water expansion as a key sectors were identified. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
13 - The effect of foreign aid on per capita income growth in some selected Developing countries from Asia and Africa
کریم امامی نجمه آزاد وارAbstract Capital formation is one of the important factors in economic development. Developing countries are usually known with poor economies or ventures descend. In these countries not only current reserves of capital is low but also the concentration of capital. Due MoreAbstract Capital formation is one of the important factors in economic development. Developing countries are usually known with poor economies or ventures descend. In these countries not only current reserves of capital is low but also the concentration of capital. Due to the lack of internal funds for financing in developing countries, is one of proposed solutions on an international scale is import of capital such as loans, credits and grants from developed countries. Therefore, the effect of foreign aid as a foreign financial flow to developing countries to promote economic development is essential and knowledge of these effects will lead to the right decisions for the optimal use of these contributions. This study investigates the impact of foreign aid on growth in per capita income. We employ panel data over the years 1987 to 2010 in selected developing countries from Asia and Africa deals. The result show the effectiveness of foreign aid on per capita income growth is negative but small. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
14 - The effect of insurance industry on economic growth in Middle East and North Africa (MENA) countries
فرزانه جهانی علی دهقانیAbstract In this paper, we analyze the relationship between the insurance expansion as a financial intermediary and economic growth in Iran and some selected MENA members countries i.e.Algeria,Bahrain,Turkey,Jordan,Kuwait,Lebanon,Egypt,Morroco,Oman,Qatar,Sa MoreAbstract In this paper, we analyze the relationship between the insurance expansion as a financial intermediary and economic growth in Iran and some selected MENA members countries i.e.Algeria,Bahrain,Turkey,Jordan,Kuwait,Lebanon,Egypt,Morroco,Oman,Qatar,SaudiArabia, Tunisia,UAE,Cyprus, Malta in "1997-2010". A descriptive analysis method has been used as the main approach. Using an econometric model based on deduction analysis and panel data model, a macro review has made on MENA countries financial markets variables as well as the position of insurance share in the capital markets and its relationship with the their economic growth rates. The results show that there is a significant and positive relationship between the aforementioned variables and the economic growth among the chosen countries during survey period. We recognize that the most effective variable on the economic growth is employment. One percent increase in employment index had a 0.34 percent increase in the economic growth. In addition, one percent increase in capital stock had a 0.08 percent increase in the economic growth. One percent increase in total premium had a 0.23 percent increase in the economic growth. Insurance had a positive effect on the economic growth on MENA member’s countries. The effect of insurance on economic growth has been considerable quantity. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
15 - Effect of Domestic Investment and doing business index on foreign direct investment in selected country
Negar Jafari Fesharaki Abbas Memarnejad seyed shamseddin hosseini kambiz hojabr kianiAbstract Investment is one of the main component of aggregate demand in economy which plays a crucial role in the economic fluctuations and economic growth of each country So economist and policymakers focused on interpret of Investment behavior. One of the most MoreAbstract Investment is one of the main component of aggregate demand in economy which plays a crucial role in the economic fluctuations and economic growth of each country So economist and policymakers focused on interpret of Investment behavior. One of the most important factors in the decision to invest in both domestic and foreign investment is the existence of a secure environment. in other words, the most important factors is the proper investment environment and what has been interpreted as the ease of doing business. In such a way that improving the ranking of countries in business environment indicators is one of the prerequisites for attracting domestic and foreign capital and as a result investment. The main goal of this study is to investigate the effect of indicators of ease of doing business and domestic investment on foreign direct investment in selected countries. For this purpose, based on the division of the World Bank, four groups of countries are considered by their income level, including low-income countries, lower middle-income countries, upper middle-income countries and high-income countries, and the effect of domestic investment and indicators of ease of doing business have been evaluated using a Panel data model. The result shows that the level of development of countries and their income influences the magnitude and effect of domestic private investment and indicators ease of doing business on FDI. In a low-income, lower middle income and high-income countries, the effect of investment on foreign direct investment is positive, and in the upper middle countries, this has a negative effect. Meanwhile, the effect of each indicator of ease of doing business on foreign investment varies depending on the income level of countries. Manuscript profile
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