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Open Access Article
1 - Evaluation of Thermal Comfort Zone in Naturally Ventilated Offices in Bushehr
Roza Vakilinezhad Jalil ShaeriProviding thermal comfort is one of the most important goals in building design, which accounts for a large amount of energy consumption. In-office buildings, thermal comfort has a significant impact on indoor quality and staff productivity. In many countries, several m MoreProviding thermal comfort is one of the most important goals in building design, which accounts for a large amount of energy consumption. In-office buildings, thermal comfort has a significant impact on indoor quality and staff productivity. In many countries, several methods and standards have been proposed to determine the thermal comfort zone for air conditioning and naturally ventilated buildings. In Iran, the lack of appropriate standards defining thermal comfort zones determines the necessity of research in this field. The present paper aims to determine the thermal comfort range in Bushehr office buildings with natural ventilation. Environmental indices (temperature, humidity, wind speed) were measured through field studies using data loggers in the three days from 19 to 21 March while 180 questionnaires were answered simultaneously by users. Based on the results, 81.1% of the subjects are comfortable with the overall thermal conditions. Using SPSS software, descriptive statistics analysis was performed between measured data and individual responses. During the research time in March, the average temperature is 19 ° C and the relative humidity is 65%. In this way, the comfort range is calculated based on two proposed equations for thermal comfort in different cities of Iran and compared with field measurements. According to the results of high temperature, the comfort zone in Bushehr office spaces is 28.6 degrees Celsius which is higher than the values from proposed equations for thermal comfort in Iran. There is a difference of 1.13 degrees between the neutral temperatures obtained by the two methods. More than 79% of the people are satisfied with the flow of air while 63% of the moisture content is satisfied. This shows the greater importance of the airflow in creating a feeling of comfort on the amount of moisture. In the case of thermal preference, 40% of people do not want a change in temperature, and 51.6% prefer small changes. In the case of humidity, 63.2% of the moisture conditions are satisfied and their 45% tendency to no change in moisture conditions. While 47.8% of people preferred modest changes in humidity (slightly damp or slightly moist), 32.4% prefer the environment without changing the airflow, and 52% prefer the air to more or more. Thus, despite the establishment of comfort conditions, the thermal preference for more than 36% of people is slightly lower and 17% less humidity and 52% more airflow. Regarding heat sensation and thermal preference, a suitable solution can be selected for flexible space design. The results of the questionnaires and the evaluation of behavioral parameters showed that the most important choice of the individuals to adapt to the thermal conditions is to stay in places with the possibility of wind flow. This issue shows the importance of the application of natural ventilation and its feasibility in space design. Therefore, to accurately determine the exact range of thermal comfort in Bushehr city, it is necessary to conduct extensive field study research in different seasons of the year in natural building ventilation buildings defining accurate thermal comfort zone. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
2 - Sensitivity Analysis of Constructional Specifications on Thermal Performance of Naturally Ventilated Box Window Double Skin Facade in Hot Arid Climate of Iran (Tehran)
Faryal sadat Siadati Rima Fayaz Nilofar NikghadamThe function of the double-skin facade with natural ventilation is based on the thermal performance and airflow of the cavity. Structural features of a naturally ventilated double-skin façade that affect its thermal performance and fluid dynamics include geometri MoreThe function of the double-skin facade with natural ventilation is based on the thermal performance and airflow of the cavity. Structural features of a naturally ventilated double-skin façade that affect its thermal performance and fluid dynamics include geometric features such as cavity dimensions, airflow path, air inlet, and outlet areas, shading devices material and their location in the cavity, and material properties that are optical and thermal characteristics of transparent skin. In this research, Fluent Software was used to simulate the computational fluid dynamics, and by sensitivity analysis, the effect of changes in structural properties on thermal performance was evaluated. For this aim, 144 simulation scenarios with cavity depths of 30, 60, 90, and 120 cm, inlet and outlet cross-sections of 0.2, 0.4, and 0.8 m2, louver shadings with 0, 30, 45, 60, and 90 degree angles located at one third distance close to the exterior wall of the façade, the model without shading, exterior glass with regular and low emission layer were investigated, and the following results were obtained:- Cavity Depth: It was observed that as the depth increases, the velocity of airflow in the cavity decreases. Changing the width of the hole changes the surface temperature of the inner glass up to a maximum of 0.80 ° C (up to 2%). As the depth of the cavity increases, the heat flux transmitted through the inner glass surface decreases in most cases (up to 6.5%).- Cross-section: As the cross-section increases, the air velocity in the cavity increases the temperature of the inner glass surface changes irregularly but, in most cases, decreases. In addition, the heat flux passing through the inner glass surface often increases (up to a maximum of 16.3%).- Shading: In the case without shading, the air velocity in the cavity is 0.30 to 0.70 m/s, and in the case with 45 degrees of shading, the air velocity in the cavity is between 0.30 and 0.92 m/s. In the case without shading, the temperature of the inner glass surface changes from 39.3 to 41.0 ° C, and in the case with 45 degrees, changes are between 38.65 to 39.5 ° C. In the case without shading, the heat flux transmitted through the inner glass surface changes from 78.0 to 120.0 W/m2, and in the case with 45 degrees shading, differences between 43.0 to 48.2 W/m2. The sensitivity of the heat flux transmitted through the inner glass surface to the presence or absence of shading can lead to a reduction of the heat flux transmittance through the inner glass surface by up to 61.0%.- Exterior glass type of DSF: In the case without shading, the reduction rate of heat flux from the inner glass surface is 19.44% to 29.78%, and in the case with 45-degree shading is from 17.71% to 24.44%. By changing the exterior glass's material (low emission or regular), the heat flux transmitted through the inner glass surface changes by 32.2 and 120 W/m2. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
3 - An Assessment of Indoor Air Quality and Thermal Comfort in Educational Spaces (Case Study: Girls' High Schools in Arak, Iran)
Azin Velashjerdi Farahani Mansoureh Tahbaz Shahram Delfani -
Open Access Article
4 - Proposing a New Approach to Optimize the Windcatcher's Performance
Mansoureh Tahbaz مونا محتاج Atefeh Dehghan Touran PoshtiHot and humid climate is one of the robust climates in the world. Vernacular architecture in this area answer to climate conditions with solutions, one of these solutions are windcatchers. Nowadays most of these windcatchers are closed because they are not responsive to MoreHot and humid climate is one of the robust climates in the world. Vernacular architecture in this area answer to climate conditions with solutions, one of these solutions are windcatchers. Nowadays most of these windcatchers are closed because they are not responsive to current thermal comfort conditions. The reduction of wind speed and the lack of control over the entering hot weather can be considered as two main weaknesses of the windcatchers in these areas. This research suggested to install Damper and Fan to improve the performance of windcatchers in vernacular houses of Bandar-Kong. five windcatchers have been selected as case studies and their performance has been simulated and measured in 24 different modes: open windcatcher (past method), closed windcatcher (current state), windcatcher with valve and windcatcher with fan are four general modes wich are divided to 6 subset. Design Builder 7.0.0.116 is used for simulations. operative temperature is calculated for each space in 24 different modes. The results show that using fan and damper, increase thermal comfort hours from about 43 to 52 percent. Besides using fans and dampers can obviously reduce temperatures over 35degrees. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
5 - An Analysis of Natural Ventilation Function in Vakil Bazaar
Nasrin Ebrahimi Nahal Eghtesadi Mohammad Farhadi -
Open Access Article
6 - The Principles of Openings and their Effects on the Natural Ventilation in Residential Buildings in Temperate and Humid Climates of Iran (Sample cases: Kolbadi house in Sari, and Shafahi house in Amol)
Mahboobeh Pourmousa Seyed Majid Mofidi Shemirani Mahnaz Mahmoudi ZarandiBackground and Objective: The use of non-renewable energies in the past has led to diminished energy resources together with emission of greenhouse gases, and the serious problem of climate changes. Therefore, using an alternative model will have a significant share in MoreBackground and Objective: The use of non-renewable energies in the past has led to diminished energy resources together with emission of greenhouse gases, and the serious problem of climate changes. Therefore, using an alternative model will have a significant share in reducing energy consumption, and more importantly, improving the quality of life. The improvement in indoor air quality and subsequent indoor thermal comfort using natural ventilation relies on such factors as air flow, indoor and outdoor temperatures, surrounding buildings, and most importantly, proportions of openings. Among these factors, opening and its design can be best controlled. Method: In the present article, the ventilations in Kolbadi house-Sari and Shafahi house-Amol (both belonging to the Qajar period) are analyzed in Fluent using CFD method. Findings: According to the results, there is a direct relationship between the volume of ventilation space (space configuration) and position of openings, and configuration and proportion of inlet opening to outlet opening has a direct effect on the behavior of air flow in natural cross ventilation, and can affect air flow velocity for better ventilation. In case of openings that play the role of ventilation, it is better to enlarge the inlet instead of minifying the outlets to improve the efficiency of the ventilation. Discussion and Conclusion: In the software analyzes, the results were identical for almost all areas examined. The analyses confirmed the increased airflow rate by a "2-fold" ratio of the opening area of the inlet to the outlet with similar results. Therefore, in Cs climate of Iran, the relationship of climate with indigenous architecture, the need for natural air flow and physical specifications of opening for human comfort can be observed. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
7 - Study of the design principles of residential buildings in a moderate and humid climate with a natural ventilation approach (Case study: Analysis of simulated openings of a residential building in Amol city)
reza rahsepar monfared saeed kardar iraj shahrooz tehraniBackground and Objective: Inattention to the climatic features of different regions and the absence of sufficient knowledge of the design principles for optimal use of the potentials of the natural environment leads to higher costs and waste of energy in various fields. MoreBackground and Objective: Inattention to the climatic features of different regions and the absence of sufficient knowledge of the design principles for optimal use of the potentials of the natural environment leads to higher costs and waste of energy in various fields. Accordingly, due to high humidity in Amol and high cost of ventilation and reduction of moisture in summer, the main objective of this research is to examine and analyze the simulated openings of a residential building with a natural ventilation approach. Method: the present study was carried out in the first step by reviewing the subject literature on this issue and identifying the concepts and principles of residential building design in the field of energy. Then, by supplying the climate information file of Amol from the Weather Meteorology Center for the Climate Consultant software, Design elements were presented. Subsequently, the components were analyzed by Expert Choice software based on the AHP method and computation of component weight led to the final decision in choosing the most important component. Finally, with the simulation of the building in the Flow Design software, the impact of natural ventilation on residential slopes was investigated. Findings: seven components were extracted from the above software as principles of the design and tables of climate interpretation. In the following, with the hierarchical analysis method (AHP), a natural ventilation component with a weight of 0.399 was found to be the main component of the static solar power system. Discussion and conclusion: A natural ventilation pattern was designed in a building with a sloping roof and specific dimensions in the Amol climate. By changing the layout of two 1-square-meter openings on two walls with a height of 2.7 meters in opposite directions at two heights of 1 and 1.7 meters from the floor of the building, 4 airflow modes were simulated with regard to the wind speed of the area in the Flow Design software. In this simulation, by placing the wind tunnel perpendicular to two walls, it can be stated that the best natural ventilation efficiency from these four conditions, is the one with two under-roof structures at 1.7-meter height with the highest wind-suction coefficient of 1.19, which will make a reasonable ventilation and air flow in the simulated residential building. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
8 - Investigation of architecture of wind-towers plan on the environmental temperature reduction
Mahnaz Mahmoudi Seyed Majid MofidiWind towers are historical Iranian vernacular architectural innovation and traditional wind towers are structured as static cooling ventilation system. The process is performed by using of renewable energy of wind. In this research, wind towers are studied in the conte MoreWind towers are historical Iranian vernacular architectural innovation and traditional wind towers are structured as static cooling ventilation system. The process is performed by using of renewable energy of wind. In this research, wind towers are studied in the context of vernacular architecture of hot dry climates of Iran and the city of Yazd in arid is selected. The different architectural forms of wind-towers have been seen in Yazd. This article indicates the fact that formal characteristics have played a major role in their functions. From the architecture point of view, learning about wind catchers of Yazd city in this study is done by the means of the field surveys. Research method for selection of the case is randomly chosen and based on explanation and analytical method. Wind catcher typology and knowledge of the relationship governing the wind catchers architecture were those measures that are taken for the first time. The typology of the wind-catchers is done by the physical analyzing, patterns and common concepts as incorporated in the wind catchers. How the architecture of wind catcher can influence their operations or performances by analyzing thermal behavior are the archetypes of selected wind catchers. This study has used calculating fluids dynamics science, fluent software and numerical analysis as the most accurate analytical approach. 3 types were stimulated in soft ware and results show that they are different to each other and one of them has more improved operation. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
9 - Evaluation of Environmental Components Affecting Natural Ventilation of theTraditional House of Natanz City
Zahra Akhlaghi Zahra AbbasiFailure to take advantage of environmental factors in the design and the high consumption of non-renewable energy have caused energy wastage and increased costs in the residential sector. Meanwhile, natural ventilation is one of the most effective factors in creating th MoreFailure to take advantage of environmental factors in the design and the high consumption of non-renewable energy have caused energy wastage and increased costs in the residential sector. Meanwhile, natural ventilation is one of the most effective factors in creating thermal comfort. The city of Natanz is located in the sub-climate of the foothills. Energy requirements depend to a great extent on the climatic conditions of the environment, and it is possible to position the buildings within the comfort zone for a significant portion of the year by considering environmental factors and utilizing natural ventilation.In the following article, the approach to native housing in Natanz City, focusing on natural ventilation to adapt to thermal comfort conditions, is investigated. Ventilation in four houses from the Timurid to Pahlavi periods in Bagshahr Natanz has been analyzed using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) and the Design-Builder software. The results of the investigations show that the native architecture of Natanz City, incorporating static solutions and mindful consideration of the bed's conditions, has successfully placed these buildings within the thermal comfort zone for many days during the hot season by harnessing suitable natural ventilation. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
10 - Urban policy to optimize energy consumption with regard to natural ventilation (Case study: optimal orientation of residential buildings based on the angles included in the detailed plan of Shiraz city)
Tahereh Nasr Arash BostanianIn recent decades, urban policy-making has been raised as a significant and scientific topic in major cities of the world, and it has received several attentions from urban studies. One of the topics that is not paid attention to in climate approaches, especially in sus MoreIn recent decades, urban policy-making has been raised as a significant and scientific topic in major cities of the world, and it has received several attentions from urban studies. One of the topics that is not paid attention to in climate approaches, especially in sustainable architecture, is the consideration of solar energy in buildings, but a lot of attention to solar energy has unfortunately caused that to some extent other renewable energies such as Wind energy and its significant impact on natural ventilation are passively neglected. Paying attention to this case can be taken into consideration by the officials in order to pay attention to the optimization of energy consumption in urban policy making. One of the effective solutions in this field is the use of natural ventilation in residential buildings, determining a suitable direction for creating blinds and receiving wind with positive pressure and benefiting from this influential climatic element in the interior spaces of the building. In this research, an attempt was made to investigate and simulate natural ventilation conditions in residential buildings in Shiraz using Vasari energy simulation software, and parameters such as wind speed, wind direction, wind temperature, and other influencing factors were investigated. and be analyzed. According to the results of the simulation and examination of the twenty-year average of the climatic indicators of Shiraz city, it can be said that if the issues related to natural ventilation and the creation of blinds in the building are considered and the optimal orientation angle can be obtained from solar energy and Also, use wind energy to reduce the load on the building's mechanical facilities throughout the year. that the optimization of energy consumption has been done and in the scale of residential buildings in the metropolis of Shiraz, it can lead to the reduction of fossil fuel consumption to a significant extent. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
11 - Experimental Study of solar desalination with increased evaporation and condensation system
غلامرضا خسروی Hadi Kargar SharifabadDue to the limited fresh water sources and reduce the increasing these resource In recent years a lot of attention to the use of solar desalination for water desalination is available In this paper, a desalination using collector, heat pipe, solar panels and natural ven MoreDue to the limited fresh water sources and reduce the increasing these resource In recent years a lot of attention to the use of solar desalination for water desalination is available In this paper, a desalination using collector, heat pipe, solar panels and natural ventilation design and built. To increase the efficiency of desalination has used various means Such as pre-heat the water in the collector by heat pipes and water circulation pump and the use of natural ventilation to reduce the pressure of the fluid level To lower the temperature of the water evaporates As well as the use of natural ventilation for cooling water in the steam distillation available on this route After designing and constructing this system, all data were recorded on weather conditions of Semnan And at the end performance of the device in different scenarios were compared. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
12 - Numerical simulation of smoke behavior in fire conditions in a short urban tunnel
Mehdi RafieiAlong with the increasing development of countries, the daily need to transport various goods and equipment and travel in general for many reasons is increasing and for this reason, the number of different types of cars has significantly increased in recent years. In th MoreAlong with the increasing development of countries, the daily need to transport various goods and equipment and travel in general for many reasons is increasing and for this reason, the number of different types of cars has significantly increased in recent years. In this way, this issue has caused heavy traffic on highways and various roads in big cities. Various actions and approaches, including public transportation, have been taken into consideration to facilitate the traffic. However, in some cases the solution to facilitate traffic jams, especially in big cities, is to build urban tunnels. Therefore, in recent years, urban tunnels have been considered as a solution to facilitate traffic. In this regard, the study of safety in tunnels becomes very important. The aim of this article is to simulate a fire in a short tunnel with natural ventilation to consider the behavior of smoke in different scenarios of natural air flow in the tunnel. The results of CFD simulation showed that limited fire (usual small passenger cars) will not cause problems for people as well as rescue team, especially fire extinguishing. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
13 - Comparative Study on the Influence of Window To Wall Ratio on Energy Consumption and Ventilation Performance in Office Building of Temperate Humid Climate: a Case Study in Rash
Seyedeh Hadiseh Sedigh Ziabari Hassan Zolfagharzadeh Farzaneh Asadi Malek Jahan Seyede Mamak Salavatian -
Open Access Article
14 - Evaluating the Efficiency of Different Cover Forms of the Large Spans in Flowers and Plant Exhibitions Based on the Natural Ventilation Vystem in a Moderate and Humid Climate
Alireza Soltanzadeh Katayoun Taghizadeh Jamshid Emami -
Open Access Article
15 - Analysis of courtyard function in natural ventilation of traditional houses of coastal hot and dry climate using CFD technique (Case Study: Dehdashti Edifice in Bushehr City)
malihe taghipour Neda ghahraman izadi Hamid Eskandari khosro movahedThe essence of the spatial organization of traditional houses in Iran's hot and humid climate should be found in the pattern of the central courtyard. An integrated and integrated structure that provides appropriate answers for the material and spiritual life of it MoreThe essence of the spatial organization of traditional houses in Iran's hot and humid climate should be found in the pattern of the central courtyard. An integrated and integrated structure that provides appropriate answers for the material and spiritual life of its residents over the years. Due to the lack of documented and systematic researches in examining and analyzing the characteristics, typology, classification, function and effect of the geometric shape of the central courtyard on the natural ventilation of the interior of hot and dry coastal climates, this research investigates the geometric structure and various types of the central courtyard in Bushehr traditional houses from the perspective of Climatic and factors affecting the behavior of natural ventilation. Therefore, the study of the form of the yard was done with the assumption that by changing the geometric shape of the yard, can control the velocity, local mean age of air inside the room. In order to determine the most optimal mode of benefiting from the wind for natural ventilation in the interior spaces, the most common characteristics of Bushehr traditional houses in terms of the form of the yard and room, the location of the openings and the classification of floors was classified in 9 different types. 9 different types of combination of geometric shapes of vertical rectangle, square and horizontal rectangle for the form of courtyard and room, 4 different modes of aligned and non-aligned openings and three height levels of ground floor, first floor and second floor, a total of 108 different simulation modes have been considered. In this article, by using a combined research method and using an experimental strategy, independent variables affecting the quality of natural ventilation were first identified, dependent variables were measured by precise digital devices in a case study (Dehdashti Building) and its data was used for software validation. In continuation and after typology of the yard, by cfd method and using Autodesk CFD 2018 software, 9 different types of combination of room and yard in the form of vertical rectangle, square and horizontal rectangle, in 3 height levels of ground floor, first and second floor was simulated. And it was analyzed based on the three components of "velocity", "local mean age of air". The shape of the yard, the shape of the room and the ratio of mass to space are considered as independent variables and the quality of air flow inside the room (velocity and life of air) is considered as a dependent variable. The findings show that with the increase in the length-to-width ratio of the rectangle from 1.15 to 1.3, in the case of a vertical rectangle, the velocity in the room first increases and then decreases, but in a horizontal rectangle, the velocity follows a more uniform trend. Since the more elongated shapes of 1/2 and 1/3 are less common for central courtyards and create tighter ventilation conditions, as a result, 1.1/3 proportions are desirable in real examples and this ratio has the amount of elongation which is necessary for good ventilation. In terms of Air flow speed: The contours show that vertical rectangular courtyards are the most optimal form of courtyards in terms of velocity, which has a relative advantage over square courtyards and has a better performance by a large difference compared to horizontal rectangular courtyards. According to Local mean age of air: The data shows that vertical rectangular courtyards with a small difference compared to the square and with a large difference compared to the horizontal rectangle have a shorter air life and fresher air quality. in general, considering the life of the air, the types of "vertical rectangular yard" have the most optimal air circulation in the yard and the types of "vertical rectangular yard" and "square yard" have the most optimal quality. Provides fresh air in the room. Meanwhile, type number 2 provides the most optimal quality of natural ventilation. From the direction of the pattern of wind movement in the yard, it can be said that in most species. The ground floor shows better air quality in the room, but with the increase in height, all three components increase. Key words: Natural ventilation, courtyard form, room form, opening, CFD method. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
16 - An analysis in half-opened spaces in residential vernacular architecture of Rasht to use natural ventilation
Shadi Ziaee Mahnaz Mahmoudi zarandiIn this research, a part of Rasht’s residential vernacular architecture has been analysed to use natural ventilation against the high humidity. The solutions to confront with this humidity is important because of rasht’s high humidity in most months of year. MoreIn this research, a part of Rasht’s residential vernacular architecture has been analysed to use natural ventilation against the high humidity. The solutions to confront with this humidity is important because of rasht’s high humidity in most months of year. Half-opened spaces have very important role to reduce humidity. so it is necessary to anderstand the best type of these spaces to use more natural ventilation. Research methodology is descriptive- analytic and information was gathered throw documents and observation. This information was analysed with software. In this regard Rasht’s climate information in different months of year had been analysed with software, different forms of half-opened spaces were sorted, characters of vernacular architecture in Rasht’s old house were gathered and the role of half-opened spaces to use natural ventilation was analysed. The sample of wind flow and natural ventilation in two old houses of Rasht was analysed with Fluent software and the best sample was suggested. The results shows that Eyvans as half-opened spaces have an important role to reduce humidity and use natural ventilation. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
17 - Quantitative Analysis of Office Building Orientation and Proportions for Maximum Natural Ventilation to Reduce Energy Consumption (Case Study: Rasht City)
Seyedeh Hadiseh Sedigh Ziabari hassan zolfagharzadeh Farzaneh Asadi Malekjahan Seyede Mamak SalavatianConsidering the region's climate, designing the dimensions and proportions of plans and proper location of buildings reduce the thermal and cooling load, and improve natural ventilation of buildings. Accordingly, in this paper, an office building in the temperate and hu MoreConsidering the region's climate, designing the dimensions and proportions of plans and proper location of buildings reduce the thermal and cooling load, and improve natural ventilation of buildings. Accordingly, in this paper, an office building in the temperate and humid climate of Rasht was simulated using DesignBuilder 5.4, and the natural ventilation and total annual energy consumption were calculated. The aim of the study was to analyze the existing situation, propose methods to improve the ventilation-energy consumption behavior based on plan proportions, orientation, and, present models to design office buildings in temperate and humid climates. Therefore, the building was simulated in seven different orientations, namely south, 45, 30 and 15-degree southeast, and west, and the values of ventilation and annual energy consumption were calculated. Then, it was proposed to adjust building plan proportions from 2:3 to 1:3, 1:2, and 1:1, to simulate each proportion for 7 different orientations. The lowest total annual energy consumption was observed in a building with a 1:3 proportion and north-south orientation, and the highest natural ventilation with the same proportion was obtained in 30-degree southwest and southeast orientations. Furthermore, changes of ventilation and energy consumption indices were calculated for the changes in four proportions in order to conduct a comparative quantitative analysis. The highest ventilation index was obtained for the lowest energy consumption growth index in 1:2 proportion for 15-degree southeast, and west orientation. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
18 - An experimental model for predicting normal solar performance chimneys concerning the percentage of openings
Sajede Nazari Malihe Taghipour Aliakbar Heidari
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