Mithra

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1 - An allegorical image of a cow in the ritual of Mehr (Mithraism) and how it is reflected in Rumi's spiritual Masnavi
soheila zoghi

Mehr or Mitra is one of the goddesses of Zoroastrianism, which is sometimes a symbol of fire and of "Ahura Mazda", or of the sun, which shows the philosophy of illumination and light and blessings. The most mysterious story of the Mehr is the battle with the first bull. More

Mehr or Mitra is one of the goddesses of Zoroastrianism, which is sometimes a symbol of fire and of "Ahura Mazda", or of the sun, which shows the philosophy of illumination and light and blessings. The most mysterious story of the Mehr is the battle with the first bull. Mitra helps to blossom and create earthly creation by killing an old cow and flooding his blood. Believing in the victim to escape from the evil and evil forces in order to achieve the blessing has been in various forms alongside the people of Iran's plateau through time. From this sacrifice in the ancient ceremony of Mehr, which is a symbol of the killing of the animal's breath in human existence, it has been interpreted in the mystical literature to kill the cow. In "Masnavi" of Mowlana, allegories and similes of many similarities have been used in this field to convey the concepts and teachings of the author's point of view to the audience. Rumi as a well-known mystic, using the Mithraistic myth of cow killing, considers killing a cow (a beast) with the help of the power of reason as a man-made principle., we will discuss the extent to which Rumi has influenced the expression of the allegory of the element of the myth of cows in expressing his thoughts in spiritual mathnavi. Manuscript profile

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2 - Formation of the Mithraic Temples in Northwestern Iran and Comparison with Roman Mithraeums
Javad shekari Niri

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3 - The religion of Cyrus, based on historical sources and mythology
Bahman Ansari

Knowledge of the personal religion of Cyrus the Great has always been of interest to historians. However, due to the scarcity of sources and the lack of direct reference to the religion of Cyrus in historical documents and archaeological sources, various studies have no More

Knowledge of the personal religion of Cyrus the Great has always been of interest to historians. However, due to the scarcity of sources and the lack of direct reference to the religion of Cyrus in historical documents and archaeological sources, various studies have not yet reached a definite and clear conclusion. But the point that has received less attention from researchers is the use of two sciences, mythology and linguistics, to illuminate this dark point in history. Therefore, in conducting this research, first the hypothesis has been raised that by using the information available in Greek and Roman sources, how can we gain knowledge of Cyrus's personal religion and then it has been discussed that the knowledge of mythology based on linguistics Ancient, how they will help us to reach a clear answer in this discussion. Therefore, with the knowledge of the above-mentioned issues, an attempt has been made to use the evidence, data and information contained in historical documents written by historians of ancient Greece and ancient Rome, and then analyze these data and measure the information of historical sources, which are mainly It has been obtained from foreign sources that with the surviving documents of ancient Iranian mythology and a glimpse into linguistics, we can for the first time obtain a clear answer in this field and obtain information about the personal religion of Cyrus the Achaemenid. Manuscript profile

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4 - Mithra Territories in Iran and Rome
ali rezaeian abarghoei Mohammad Karim Yousef Jamali Naser Jadidi

The instinct of worship has long existed among humans, and this is the factor that human beings tend to worship the agents of nature. This desire has changed over the course of history and has evolved into different forms. The ritual of metropolis or Mithraism is one of More

The instinct of worship has long existed among humans, and this is the factor that human beings tend to worship the agents of nature. This desire has changed over the course of history and has evolved into different forms. The ritual of metropolis or Mithraism is one of these religions that has been prevalent among the Aryans thousands of years ago. How the birth of this religion and the beliefs of its followers have been shrouded in ambiguity and different theories have been presented. This article is done by descriptive-analytical method, while using the Avesta's religious texts, especially the hymns of Mehrist, Gospels, Vedic hymns, ancient Persian inscriptions and the Middle Ages, and researches done in the form of articles and research books, to explain and analyze the Mitra's religion After describing the atheism, the birth and duties of the Seal to its poets and its descendants, to clarify the dimensions of this ancient Iranian religion, rooted in the sun-prestige, the world's greatest religion in human history. Rigoda's writings, ancient writings and Avesta hymns, especially the poem of the god of Mehr, all reflect the greatness of the other gods. Manuscript profile

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5 - Transformation of Mithraic Myth of Creation in Iranian-Islamic Mysticism (Based on Rumi’s Poems)
Abdollāh Vaseq Abbasi Yaqub Foolādi

One of the main contexts for the reproduction of myths is cultural-belief schools, the schools which are based on religion and modern culture. In these new cultural schools, the reproduction of the myth is sometimes conscious and sometimes unconscious; it is sometimes d More

One of the main contexts for the reproduction of myths is cultural-belief schools, the schools which are based on religion and modern culture. In these new cultural schools, the reproduction of the myth is sometimes conscious and sometimes unconscious; it is sometimes directly and sometimes by alteration and in various forms that take shelter in the deeper layers of modern culture in order to survive. By using comparative-analytical method, the present research tries to show how Mithraic myth of creation is transformed and reproduced in Iranian-Islamic mysticism. It seems that Mithraic myth of creation has manifested in Iranian-Islamic mysticism through the hidden cultural layers and continues its own life in the new form of killing ‘cow of body’ and ‘cow of soul’. Manuscript profile

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6 - A New Interpreation of The Story of Siyāvash and Sudābeh
قدمعلی سرّامی

  The tale of Siyāvash and Sudābeh is one of the stories of Shāhnāmeh. In Zoroastrian tradition, Siyāvash is a symbol of innocence and goodness and vice versa Sudābeh is a symbol of evil and beastly passion. But, according to Mithraism, they are mutually interdepe More

  The tale of Siyāvash and Sudābeh is one of the stories of Shāhnāmeh. In Zoroastrian tradition, Siyāvash is a symbol of innocence and goodness and vice versa Sudābeh is a symbol of evil and beastly passion. But, according to Mithraism, they are mutually interdependent. This article will analyze this relationship based on a new interpretation and with respect to the doctrines of Islamic mysticism.     Manuscript profile

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7 - Haft-Khāne Bijan: A Mithraic Spiritual Journey
قدمعلی سراّمی سیما منصوری

    Bijan and Manijeh is the love story of Bijan, the son of Giv and a great Persian warrior, and Manijeh, the daughter of Afrāsiāb, the king of Turan and greatest enemy of Iran. The story has a deep connection with Mithraism and the seven labors of heroes More

    Bijan and Manijeh is the love story of Bijan, the son of Giv and a great Persian warrior, and Manijeh, the daughter of Afrāsiāb, the king of Turan and greatest enemy of Iran. The story has a deep connection with Mithraism and the seven labors of heroes (Haft-Khan). After the process of learning Mithraism, Bijan begins his journey to Arman with the intention of killing wild boars (symbol of slaying dragons). And in Turan he practices ascetic, sleeping in grave, travelling in dark and cold roads. The present article, studying the story of Bijan and Manijeh, tries to show the mystic aspects of the story with respect to Mithraism.     Manuscript profile

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8 - Seven Palaces of Kavus and the Ladder of Mithraism
Hamid Jafari Ghariyeh Ali

In thoughts of ancient Iranian tribes, divine elements have a special place. These elements in Mithraism were considered sacred. The believers of Mithraic mysteries suggested that spirits came from heavens to the earth and dwelled in the bodies.  In order to be pur More

In thoughts of ancient Iranian tribes, divine elements have a special place. These elements in Mithraism were considered sacred. The believers of Mithraic mysteries suggested that spirits came from heavens to the earth and dwelled in the bodies.  In order to be purified, these spirits were to go through seven stages. Mithraism makes mention of a seven steps ladder as the symbol of the seven layers of heavens that must be past for being able to reach to the supreme position. Shahnameh makes mention of Kavus attempt for building seven homes on the mountain of  Albourz of gold, silver, glass and granite. The present article shows that these seven palaces are the reminders of the ladder of the believers of Mehr. Manuscript profile

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9 - Manifestations of Animus Archetype in Persian Literature
Shokrollāh Pourolkhās Jafar Eshqī

From the biological point of view, all human beings possess both male and female traits. Yet, it is the social norms that define gender differences, emphasizing femininity and masculinity. As a result, every individual strengthens the characteristics of their normal gen More

From the biological point of view, all human beings possess both male and female traits. Yet, it is the social norms that define gender differences, emphasizing femininity and masculinity. As a result, every individual strengthens the characteristics of their normal gender whereas the aspects of the other gender lose prominence and fade away. However, anima, i.e. the feminine inner personality, and animus, i.e. the masculine inner personality, tend to appear in dreams, imaginations, myths, literature and the like. In the present article, two manifestations of animus, i.e. ‘the beloved man (the ideal man)’ and ‘the inner companion’ in Persian literature and culture are studied. Using an analytic and descriptive method, it will be shown that one of the manifestations of animus in the unconscious of Iranian woman is rooted in a prototype; it most probably is Mithra.   Manuscript profile

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10 - The Myth of Mehr in Shāhnāmeh
سید رسول موسوی

  Hakīm Abul-Qāsim Ferdowsī Tūsī (935–1020) in his masterpiece, Shāhnāmeh (Book of Kings), presents metaphoric images of Sun based on the myth of Mehr and Mithraism. He uses decorum and imagery and portrays an anthropocentric image of the Sun.  &nb More

  Hakīm Abul-Qāsim Ferdowsī Tūsī (935–1020) in his masterpiece, Shāhnāmeh (Book of Kings), presents metaphoric images of Sun based on the myth of Mehr and Mithraism. He uses decorum and imagery and portrays an anthropocentric image of the Sun.    In the present article, attempt is made to show the creativity of Ferdowsī in using the image of Mehr based on Iranian mythological elements.     Manuscript profile

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11 - Mithraism and Yazidism: A Comparative Study
مصطفی دماوندی سامان رحمان زاده

Yazidism is an ethnic religion in Kurdistan of Iraq which is influenced by other religions especially Mithraism. The main question of present article is on what parts Mithraism has left impression of Yazidism. Based on the predictive method and researches of scholars, t More

Yazidism is an ethnic religion in Kurdistan of Iraq which is influenced by other religions especially Mithraism. The main question of present article is on what parts Mithraism has left impression of Yazidism. Based on the predictive method and researches of scholars, the similarities of two religions are discussed, and yet it seems necessary to investigate more about their history and geographical distributions. Close scrutiny shows more similarities in their rites (prayer, fasting and pilgrimage), beliefs (mysticism, seven hierarchies of mystic journey, trinity of gods and the role of the Satan), myths (the birth of Mithra and Yazid-ibn-Mosafer, totems like rooster, cow, snake, dog and scorpion) and ceremonies (Mehrgan festival, the birth of Mithra, Feast of the Assembly).            Manuscript profile

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12 - The Influence of Mithraic Beliefs on Tarikh-e Balami
Farnāz Golshani Atāmohammad Rādmanesh Mahdi Tadayyon NTadayyon ajafābādi

Aryan Iran is cradle of Mithraism; a mysterious religion that traversed the cultural and religious borders and spread in all of the world. So the mystical beliefs of Mithraists and many of their mores and cults become as a part of Iranian and world's people historical h More

Aryan Iran is cradle of Mithraism; a mysterious religion that traversed the cultural and religious borders and spread in all of the world. So the mystical beliefs of Mithraists and many of their mores and cults become as a part of Iranian and world's people historical heritage and culture. The influence of this ancient religion on Zoroastrianism, Christianty and Islamic mysticism is well known. The traces of Mitra, the great Iranian ancient deity and the goddess of light, can be clearly seen in Persian historical and literary texts. Some of Mithraic thoughts are presented in Tarikh-e Balami (history of Balami), by Abu Ali Muhammad Bal'ami. Many of issues about Iranian culture and civilization are widely reported in the book. By using analytic method, the present article tries to examine Mithraic themes in Tarikh-e Balami. Manuscript profile

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13 - The effect of chastity on Christianity
Hossein AliJafari Sahar Dadfar

Mehr, Mitra or Maitreh is an ancient aristocratic or Hindu prehistoric Zoroastrian who also means the covenant, love, and the sun, which after the advent of Zoroastrianism and the prevalence of Zoroastrianism became one of the gods or angels of the Divine religion. The More

Mehr, Mitra or Maitreh is an ancient aristocratic or Hindu prehistoric Zoroastrian who also means the covenant, love, and the sun, which after the advent of Zoroastrianism and the prevalence of Zoroastrianism became one of the gods or angels of the Divine religion. The religion of sympathy or Mithraism and the religion of Christianity have many similarities. Today, the scholars believe that Christianity in the West owes its main framework to this religion that it has sustained and pre-Christian religions in ancient Rome, including mitrhizm. In the early centuries BC, Mitra'sism was a very rival of Christianity, because at that time Mitra was the only savior and symbol of the way of life. Certainly, because of the parallel presence of two powerful religions at one time and in a geographical area, the birthday of Mitra was the birthday of Christ on December 25th, and right from here, the penetration of Mithray's ideas began on Christianity. Other than that, the birth of Christ from the virgin mother, the baptism, the ascension celebration, the legends of bread and wine or the last dinner, and the ritual of the sacred ceremony and the commemoration of Sunday, including the effects that the Mithra religion has placed on Christianity. This paper seeks to influence the influence of the mitra religion or sympathy on religion and Christianity. Manuscript profile

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14 - Amaterasu myth, a relic of Persian and Indo Iranian thought diffusing through Japanese culture
ابراهیم واشقانی فراهانی

  Amaterasu myth, a relic of Persian and Indo Iranian thought diffusing through Japanese culture   *Ebrahim Vasheghani Farahani Associate Professor, Persian Literature, Payame Nour University Date of reception: 96/9/23 Date of acceptance: 98/3/25 Abstra More

  Amaterasu myth, a relic of Persian and Indo Iranian thought diffusing through Japanese culture   *Ebrahim Vasheghani Farahani Associate Professor, Persian Literature, Payame Nour University Date of reception: 96/9/23 Date of acceptance: 98/3/25 Abstract  Brightness is certainly the most significant god in the Indo European mythology, and the cycle of opening and closing of day is the main theme in the mythology of this people.  Indo Iranian people have also based their myths upon the nature of light.  Creation, fertility, abundance of water, victory, and other components of life in their beliefs are different manifestation of the brightness myth.  Likewise in Japanese culture god of brightness plays a central role.  Amaterasu, goddess of light is also responsible for abundance and fertility of pastures and the imperial dynasty comes from the same race.  Her life story is the expansion of day and night cycle and resemblance of her life history with that of Indo Iranian people are far more than it could be assumed accidental.  Beforehand instances of the influence of Arian myths over Japanese culture were studied and introduced.  This article has made use of descriptive analytic method to represent common features of Iranian and Indo Iranian myths with the Japanese counterpart in terms of brightness Gods.  The results obtained show that Amaterasu myth according to Japanese beliefs has its roots in Indo Iranian culture considering the historical influence of Persian culture over the Japanese one.  Also centuries after the first entry of this myth to Japan in the second half of the seventh century AD, at the same time that cultural features of Iranians began to penetrate Japan Japanese emperors followed the example of Iranian kings who have long before established kinship to God.  They used Amaterasu myth to legitimize their sovereignty.   * . vasheghani 1353@gmail.com Manuscript profile

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15 - The structure of the promises in the epics
نصرالله دشتی Mehdi Rezaei

Promise is one of the religious and social elements and is the basis for the discipline in the ancient societies . Mitra is the god of promise that every time enters a land it unites that land´s gods and preserves its holiness. Promise which has a great standing a More

Promise is one of the religious and social elements and is the basis for the discipline in the ancient societies . Mitra is the god of promise that every time enters a land it unites that land´s gods and preserves its holiness. Promise which has a great standing and holiness for the Indian and European people, has been evident in their epics and myths , and it determines an important part of the events and the fates of the heroes of the epics. In this essay, first we will review the structure of the different kinds of the promises in the epics, myths and historical works in Iran, India and Greece. Then we will compare and analyze their common elements. The results show that rituals such as sacrificing ,pouring wine on the tombs, presenting the witness, hand shaking with pressure, and the holiness of the water and fire at the time of the promise, are the common elements of the promises. These common rituals give us a structural model which is observed in most of the promises. Comparing these common elements with the epics and the religious beliefs show that these common elements and patterns have a very close relationship with the Mitraism rituals( the god of the promise) , and it is the god of promise which ,by preserving its holiness in the minds and the religious eyesight of the Indian and European people, constitutes the elements of the promises. Manuscript profile

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16 - The study of the structure of contracts in epic works and its connection with mythological and religious beliefs
شکر اله پورالخاص چیمن فتحی

Covenant and contract is one of the social and religious elements and it is the basis of order and discipline in primitive societies.  If respected it brings unity to communities and if disrespected it is understood as an unforgivable sin and brings moral disorder. More

Covenant and contract is one of the social and religious elements and it is the basis of order and discipline in primitive societies.  If respected it brings unity to communities and if disrespected it is understood as an unforgivable sin and brings moral disorder.  Mithra is the great god of the Indo European tribes who with ‘varunah’ are responsible for the protection of covenants.  Upon entry to any land, Mithra mingles with the deities of that land and thus preserves his sacredness.  Covenant which enjoys a superior standpoint and has sacredness in the eyes of Indo European people forms a significant part of their epic and mythological works to the extent that determines the destiny of certain events and decides the fate of champions in the epic tales.  This article examines and compares form, structure, common components of variety of covenants in the epic, historical, and mythological works in Iran, India, and Greece.  The results obtained show that ceremonies such as sacrificing, pouring droplets to earth, presence of witness and the presence of two sacred elements of water and fire and shaking hands when making a contract are among the common features of covenants.  Juxtaposing these practices and common elements, one arrives at similar patterns which are respected in most contracts.  The comparison of these patterns and the common rites with mythological and religious beliefs of Indo European people determines that the structure of contracts with the structure and beliefs of Mithraism cult are closely related. Manuscript profile

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17 - Good and Evil in Mazdiyasnian's creed
Rafat Hajizadeh

Aryanians believe in good and evil since a long time ago. Evil versus godly. Aryanians attribute rain, brightness etc ... to goodness and godly and darkness, drought and such, to the evils. Therefore good spirits which protect brightne'>S, heat and life have alway More

Aryanians believe in good and evil since a long time ago. Evil versus godly. Aryanians attribute rain, brightness etc ... to goodness and godly and darkness, drought and such, to the evils. Therefore good spirits which protect brightne'>S, heat and life have always been in challenge with bad spirits like darkness and drought. Their battles take place between the earth and the sky. the belief of "Dualism" has been existed amongst the Iranians and Indian- Iranian Aryanians for long before Zaratousht. But Zaratousht had a unique approach in citing his theories. His doualism theory has monotheism basis behind it. However good and evil are not different individuals both have been created by Auramazda Manuscript profile

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