Emigration

Open Access Article

1 - Emigration; Inequality in Incomes or Raising the Quality of Life
مریم شفیعی کاخکی

In this study through the application of econometric methods, the aim is to investigate the motives of emigration in two cases: economic and non-economic motives. Accordingly, first two non-economic indicators are presented for the quality of life with focus on the lite More

In this study through the application of econometric methods, the aim is to investigate the motives of emigration in two cases: economic and non-economic motives. Accordingly, first two non-economic indicators are presented for the quality of life with focus on the literature of the subject for all provinces are introduced in the country in the year 1385 and then using the analytical approach to describe the main factors and calculating the disturbance factors, an econometric model is estimated and finally the ranking of provinces on the basis of two indexes of the quality of life is offered. Then using the gravitational model approach, we have investigated who the variables of income ratio of the destination province over the original province, the income inequality ratio in the destination province over the original province, the destination between the two province, the neighborhood of  them, the population of the original province and the destination province, the ratio of non-economic quality of life index in the original province over the destination province and the ratio of geographic non-economic quality of life index in the original province over the destination province have affected emigration. This study has been done by using cross-section approach and econometric software-Eviews. The econometric model has been estimated for 870 observations through the weighted least squares method and its results show that income motives have a significant positive effect and non-economic indexes as non-economic motives have a negative effect.   Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

2 - Investigating the effect of national affiliation on the tendency to emigrate abroad
حسین دهقان احمد صادقی مهدی کرمانی

Hossein Dehghan PhD student in Sociology, Qouchan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qouchan, Iran Ahmad Sadeghi  Assistant Professor, Department of Social Sciences, Qouchan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qouchan, Iran. (Corresponding author).AHMAD.SADEGHI@VATA More

Hossein Dehghan PhD student in Sociology, Qouchan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qouchan, Iran Ahmad Sadeghi  Assistant Professor, Department of Social Sciences, Qouchan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qouchan, Iran. (Corresponding author).AHMAD.SADEGHI@VATANMAIL.IR Mehdi Kermani Assistant Professor, Department of Social Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran. This study was designed to "examine the effect of national belonging on the tendency to emigrate abroad." In this mixed research, first the qualitative method, dimensions and components of the phenomenon of national belonging and the tendency to emigrate among Iranian immigrants were discovered and then from the results of the qualitative study, a quantitative questionnaire was prepared about the citizens of Mashhad, 20 people. Iranian immigrants in the qualitative section and 414 samples from the citizens of Mashhad in the quantitative section were examined. From the qualitative results, the core category of "suspension or intensification of the tendency to migrate in the light of national belonging" was identified, which surrounds other categories as conditions and effective factors; Also, in the quantitative results, it was found that the rate of citizens' tendency to emigrate abroad was high and the rate of national belonging was moderate, and national affiliation (-0.734) showed a correlation with the tendency to emigrate abroad. . Regression calculations showed that with the increase of national affiliation, the tendency to emigrate abroad decreases and the share of social affiliation (-0.621) on the tendency to emigrate was more than other dimensions. Overall, national affiliation was able to explain (0.584) the variance of the dependent variable of the study (tendency to emigrate abroad). Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

3 - The relationship between the literacy rate and emigration in Iran
Seyyed Ali Paytakhti Oskooe Laleh Tabaghchi Akbari

     Migration is one of the influencing factors on population and it has long-term and short-term positive and negative effects, which these effects change the social and economic structure in regions of origin and immigration. Many factors affect t More

     Migration is one of the influencing factors on population and it has long-term and short-term positive and negative effects, which these effects change the social and economic structure in regions of origin and immigration. Many factors affect the migration, in which the role literacy rate is very important. By increasing people's awareness, level of education as one of the indicators of the development improves workforce skills, expertise and the living standards. It can affect the motivations of migration. In this paper, in addition to literacy rate the effect of economic growth, unemployment and Internet penetration on migration has been studied using the 1390 data. Empirical results from employing Dynamic Ordinary Least Squares (DOLS) technique show that the effect of literacy rate on migration is negative. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

4 - A Reflection on the Elite's Emigration from Iran after Revolution
Atefeh Shakiba Rad Haeideh Saberi Mehrdad Sabet

One cannot deny the effects of human capital of a country on its economic development process. The Elite's emigration is one of the most important damages and challenges for the human capital of a country, which as a reality, in the past decades, have resulted in the lo More

One cannot deny the effects of human capital of a country on its economic development process. The Elite's emigration is one of the most important damages and challenges for the human capital of a country, which as a reality, in the past decades, have resulted in the loss of a significant part of human capital in the underdeveloped and developing countries in favor of developed countries. Witnessing decades of ascending trend of the elite's emigration after '79 revolution, Iran has been no exception in this regard. Repulsing factors in the country, as the findings of the present descriptive-analytical research showed, play a significant role in the accelerated and increased emigration of Iranian elites after revolution. Certain adopted economic policies (beside the lack of economic freedom), the unequal distribution of higher education system, and the lack of proper support for the elite's entrepreneurship process are important examples of these impacting factors. Developing knowledge–based economy, providing the related infrastructures, removing bureaucracy, and equal quantity distribution of higher education system seem to be largely effective in controlling and decreasing the phenomenon of the elite's emigration. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

5 - The effect of exchange rate volatility on outward migration: A Synthetic Control Group approach
Tamina Asghari Saeed Eisazadeh Ali Akbar Gholizadeh

10.30495/eco.2023.1998318.2797

The purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of exchange rate jump on the outflow of migration using the Synthetic Control Group approach during the period of 1980-2015 in Iran. For this purpose, based on this approach, the countries with real exchange rate More

The purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of exchange rate jump on the outflow of migration using the Synthetic Control Group approach during the period of 1980-2015 in Iran. For this purpose, based on this approach, the countries with real exchange rate stability were selected and among them, the weighted composition of the countries that had the most similarity in the situation before the real exchange rate jump of Iran was estimated. Therefore, two groups were formed, including the group of selected countries named artificial Iran and the other, real Iran. Finally, the results of the estimates of these two groups were compared and analyzed. The results indicate a 15% difference in the immigration process of artificial Iran and real Iran. The analysis of the results showed that the impact of the jump in the real exchange rate on the migration flow in Iran was positive. Based on the results, it is suggested that policymakers pay attention to the destructive effect of real exchange rate jumps on the flow of migration from the country and adopt appropriate economic policies to stabilize the real exchange rate. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

6 - The Impact of 11 September 2001 Terrorist Attacks on Bilateral Relations of Mexico and the United States
Hesamoddin Vaezzadeh Maryam Haghroosta Ali Asghar Ghare Daghi

Abstract After the 11 September 2001 terrorist attacks the priorities in the agenda of bilateral relations of Mexico and the United States changed and new agreements like alliance for security and economic boom for North America, intelligent border letter of understand More

Abstract After the 11 September 2001 terrorist attacks the priorities in the agenda of bilateral relations of Mexico and the United States changed and new agreements like alliance for security and economic boom for North America, intelligent border letter of understanding etc. were signed between the two countries. The present paper shows that after 11September terrorist attacks “security” became the prime and most important priority in the United States foreign policy agenda with its southern neighbor. Although for Mexican party problem like emigration and economy was having greater importance. The United States for improving its lost security brought Mexico into security pacts; practically Mexico was forced to accept security pacts. In the post 11September time the economic objectives of Mexico was not accomplished within the bilateral pacts with the United States, for this reason Mexico despite the United States pressure turned  to the Middle East countries to fulfill its economic priorities. As a result the tension emerged in diplomatic relations between the United States and Mexico. One of the sign of these tensions was manifested in the opposition of the Mexican statesmen to the United States military invasion of Iraq in 2003. The present article by an analytical method examines the above issue. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

7 - A Study of the Causes of Emigration of Elite from Iran from the International Political Economy View
Said Mirtorabi Saie Khavari Nejad

Abstract This article tries to explore the main causes of emigration of Iranian educated specialists from Iran from the view point of shortage of research and educational facilities and problems related to them with focus on 2001 decade (1380-1390 Iranian years). Main More

Abstract This article tries to explore the main causes of emigration of Iranian educated specialists from Iran from the view point of shortage of research and educational facilities and problems related to them with focus on 2001 decade (1380-1390 Iranian years). Main part of educational and research institutions are financed and managed by state planning and budget. That is where the government is involved in society and political economy area. On the other hand the factors that attract educated elite of different countries can be seen in world political economy. The aim of the present article is proper understanding of the factors pertaining to the structure of education and research in Iran and the way the weaknesses of this structure affects the intensification of emigration of best educated and specialist to abroad. For this allocation of budget in educational and research fields are examined within the framework of attraction and repulsion theory and the attractive and repulsive factors are identified which creates the potential condition for emigration of the elite to abroad. The finding of the study shows that factor like lack of economic support which includes little investment in educational and research sector are the factors that accelerate emigration of the elite. These factors can be seen in several indexes like the ratio of research budget to gross domestic product of the country, the ratio of active researcher to the population of the country and allocation of research of budget by private and public sector. On the other hand in the developed countries in the above said indexes ample facilities are provided which act as an attractive factor for absorbing educated specialists and elite. The above factors are among the most important economic factors of emigration of scientific elite to abroad in 2001 decade (1380-1390 Iranian years). The paper has used descriptive-analytical method in analyzing data.  Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

8 - The Impact of the Religious and Social Situations of the Safavid Era on the Migration of Sufis and Iranian Scholars to India
hossein bagheri Alieeza Ebrahim Zahra Ebrahimi Zahra Husaini Hamid

Sufis and elite religious scholars are considered as valuable human assets for a religious community and contribute to the dynamism and survival of the religious community. The migration of these guilds out of their society causes irreparable damage to the body of relig More

Sufis and elite religious scholars are considered as valuable human assets for a religious community and contribute to the dynamism and survival of the religious community. The migration of these guilds out of their society causes irreparable damage to the body of religion and religiosity. During the Safavid period, there was the migration of elite scholars and Sufis to India, the reasons, trends and results of which can be used as a model in the analysis of this phenomenon in the future. This descriptive-analytical study shows that intellectual, economic and political insecurities in Safavid Iran should be considered the most important reason. The process of migration during the reign of Shah Tahmasb I and Shah Abbas, due to the intensification of the above conditions, has progressed and in other periods, has experienced less fluctuations.This trend and its orientations have been studied to some extent in the context of this article Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

9 - Dating of Surah Ṭāhā Based on the Concept of Emigration in the Story of Prophet Moses (as)
Fatemeh Sanei Davood Esmaili Amir Ahmad Nejad

Surah Ṭāhā was revealed in Mecca according to the consensus of commentators and Qur’an scholars. According to the lists of the order of revelation, Surah Ṭāhā was revealed after Surah Maryam, while other historical narrations and ijtihādi lists and some historical evide More

Surah Ṭāhā was revealed in Mecca according to the consensus of commentators and Qur’an scholars. According to the lists of the order of revelation, Surah Ṭāhā was revealed after Surah Maryam, while other historical narrations and ijtihādi lists and some historical evidences state the priority of revelation of Surah Ṭāhā compared to Surah Maryam. In this article, after examining different viewpoints in this field and with a critical approach to the lists of the order of narrative descent, the verses of Surah Ṭāhā, especially the story of Prophet Moses (as), have been analyzed using the method of content analysis. Examining the historical sources and referring to the content of the Surah as the most accurate tool in dating shows that the story of Prophet Moses (as) and the part related to his emigration with the Israelites is related to the emigration of Muslims to Habasha indicates that this surah was revealed before the emigration to Habasha. In addition, the discovery of the connection between Surah Ṭāhā and the emigration of Muslims to Habasha played an effective role in evaluating the lists of the order of descent and is considered one of the important achievements of this research. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

10 - An Essay on Migration from the Islamic Standpoint (with Emphasis on Its Sociological and Psychological Aspects)
Atefeh Shakiba Rad Haeideh Saberi Mehrdad Sabet

Despite the fact that emigration is one of the keywords and critical concepts in Islam, there is no comprehensive explanation of the concept in accordance with modern issues of a society. Therefore, the present research studies migration by considering the sociological More

Despite the fact that emigration is one of the keywords and critical concepts in Islam, there is no comprehensive explanation of the concept in accordance with modern issues of a society. Therefore, the present research studies migration by considering the sociological and psychological aspects of this important issue from an Islamic perspective.According to Quran verses and Islamic traditions, migration can be of scientific, religious, fleeing from oppression, internal-divine kinds and, it is obligatory in any time when there are causes of and some philosophy for it. Islamic jurisprudence divided the world geographically into the abode of Islam and the abode of infidelity, based on which migration is classified into four groups of obligatory, recommended, permissible, and prohibited. This classification, particularly in contemporary period, has brought under focus the situation of Muslim minorities in non-Muslim countries. Motivations for migration from an Islamic perspective include relief and (psychological and sociological) security, promotion and expression of religious rituals, and education in other countries for providing the needs of an Islamic society. Islamic religion considered seriously the psychological issues of migration. This can be clearly traced back to individual and social interaction management among the Ansar group and migrators in Prophets´ time. Through founding Islamic system on the precepts of god which are found in divine revelations and rules, this individual and social management resulted in cordiality and brotherhood between the Ansar group and migrators.Migration policymaking in Iran should be done in accordance with Islamic basics and concepts on emigration and migration in such a way to profit all the members of an Islamic society. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

11 - Analyzing the Elites Emigration and the Impacts of Preventive Policies by Using System Dynamics
seyedhamed mosavi hosein ghodsian

The issue of elite emigration from our country to the developed countries as a social phenomenon is the result of economic, cultural, social and political factors in Iranian society. This phenomenon had harmful impacts on the economic, political and social growth and de More

The issue of elite emigration from our country to the developed countries as a social phenomenon is the result of economic, cultural, social and political factors in Iranian society. This phenomenon had harmful impacts on the economic, political and social growth and development processes. Elite emigration has been neglected over the years. Statistics reports show that by each emigration of an elite person from Iran, $ 5 million of the Iran's capital will be lost. Therefore, it is essential to find the motivations of elite emigration and explore the strategies and practical solutions for the elite emigration. Thus, the aim of this study is to analyze a variety of scenarios and their impacts on the rate of emigration. Due to the complexity of the problem and causal relations, feedbacks and causal loops, system dynamics approach was used in this study. The model performed in Vensim software. Results show that the policy of reducing tension in foreign relations has not a significant impact on the rate of elite emigration. In addition, according to the results of proposed policies, it is recommended to the government and policy makers to respect the meritocracy in the scientific, management job appointments as well as improve the job security and employment status of elites. Manuscript profile

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