Cyrus

Open Access Article

1 - Identification and ranking of outstanding leadership attributes in Cyrus the Great's cultural teachings
enayat allah aghaei

The greatness of Iran during the Achaemenid period indicates that there was an excellence in management at that time. Knowing and presenting success stories of leadership is a must have for the success of today's executives. This research has been conducted with the aim More

The greatness of Iran during the Achaemenid period indicates that there was an excellence in management at that time. Knowing and presenting success stories of leadership is a must have for the success of today's executives. This research has been conducted with the aim of identifying and rating leading leadership attributes in Cyrus the Great's cultural teachings. Using the Qualitative-Quantitative Compilation (Delphi-Topsis) method, and according to the existing prescriptive components of the triple leadership, 128 doctrines were extracted. The snowball method was used to access the number of authorized samples from the community of experts, and the verification of extraction variables in the Delphi questionnaire was carried out using experts' opinion and its validity was confirmed by professors and management, cultural and historical experts. The reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha of 0.961. To reach the consensus of 13 experts, a three-step Delphi technique was used. In the final stage, factors confirmed by 75% of the experts identified 8 variables as "important" in the field of leadership attributes. The results show that "leadership integrity", "restraint" and "patience" are respectively the highest and lowest rank among the eight preferred leadership attributes, and suggestions were also presented based on research findings. Manuscript profile

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2 - The study of Structural manifestations of the novel "The Secret History of the Ancient Persian Heroes" by Cyrus Shamisa Based on Gerrard Genette's Theory of Transtextuality
Fereshteh Naseri

By carefully examining various texts, we discover similar points and themes that guide us in recognizing the structural relationships and similarities of that text with other texts. Meanwhile, the use of Gérard Genet's legal Transtextuality relationships by creat More

By carefully examining various texts, we discover similar points and themes that guide us in recognizing the structural relationships and similarities of that text with other texts. Meanwhile, the use of Gérard Genet's legal Transtextuality relationships by creating different relationships between different texts and creating systems, encoders, cultural styles and descriptive rules, as well as discovering relationships between different texts, in turn, leads to uncovering common connotations and similarities between them.  Hence, the "novel of the secret history of ancient Persian heroes", with its historical, scientific, ideological, social and cultural relations (along with other texts), provides a suitable ground for studying the foundations of "Transtextuality", including descriptive and analytical methods as well as its various characteristics.  They are Intertextuality, Hypertextuality, Architextuality, Paratextuality, and metatextuality or textual transcendence. Therefore, this research studied and explained all the real events and allusions of this work and matched them with previous texts, to find out how Dr. Shamisa was able, by providing an appropriate structural space, to make the reader go towards knowing the foundations of sociology. To what extent has it succeeded in creating a intricate network  of Transtextuality by creating a similar content and structural space by changing the volume and content of previous texts, and shortening and lengthening their time domain (Hypertextuality) as well as by consciously interfering with literary genres (Architextuality)? . Manuscript profile

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3 - Pasargad, the First Center of the Achaemenid Empire
Bahman Firouzmandi

Cyrus the Great after his victory over Astyages in the Median Garrison of Paizgada (Pasargad) and in honor of this great success, he ordered the foundation of a complex of magnificent palaces, which was unparalleled in Iran until that time. The magnificent buildings of More

Cyrus the Great after his victory over Astyages in the Median Garrison of Paizgada (Pasargad) and in honor of this great success, he ordered the foundation of a complex of magnificent palaces, which was unparalleled in Iran until that time. The magnificent buildings of Pasargad are divided into 5 groups from north to south: 1-Tel Takht, 2-Complex of palaces, 3-Prison building, 4-Tomb of Cyrus, and 5-Holy place. One of these buildings is the building known as the prison, which Darius ordered to build a similar one in front of his tomb in Naghsh-e Rostam. However, the magnificent palaces that were built by Cyrus the Great in Pasargad, the first center of the Achaemenid Empire, flourished in Susa and reached perfection in Persepolis. Manuscript profile

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4 - A Survey and Analysis about Archaeological Studies in Pasargad
Farzad Mafi

Scantiness of archaic remains of Achaemenian, has caused to study rare existing remains carefully and hair-splittingly, becomes among necessities of archaeology in the age of Achaemenian. Meanwhile, Pasargad as the oldest archaeological site of Achaemenian dynasty has t More

Scantiness of archaic remains of Achaemenian, has caused to study rare existing remains carefully and hair-splittingly, becomes among necessities of archaeology in the age of Achaemenian. Meanwhile, Pasargad as the oldest archaeological site of Achaemenian dynasty has the special value in the archaeological researches of that era, particularly because this question that, "what kind of site had been the Pasargad?" has always been an obsession for the archaeologists. Some of them constructed as the first residence of Persians in the territory of Persia, some of archaeologists consider Pasargad was governmental and official or religious center in the earliest period of Achaemenian and some other archaeologists regard it as a complete sample of a city in the sixth century B.C and the first capital of Achaemenian. In addition to the proposed opinions by tourists and travelers, during the twentieth century, the important archaeological searches and surveys have been taken place by Herzfeld, Ali Sami, Stronach and Remi Boucharlat, that each one on their own present the valuable information for researchers and those who are interested in culture and civilization of Achaemenian’s age an the precise study of the results of these researches suggest that we should pay more attention to Pasargad as the first city which was founded according to the will and command of Achaemenians, and was the first capital of Achaemenians and it is inevitable to perform surveys, searches and more archaeological studies in order to complete our information. Manuscript profile

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5 - A discussion of the power of Darius and Cyrus killed, Cambiz and Bardia
Ahmad Heydari

The land extensions of Achaemenian government caused power imbalance in Achaemenian family such as that the father and the grandfather of Darius ( that is Vishtasp and Arsham) who had been the relatives of Cyrus and had been settled in margin, had been believed that the More

The land extensions of Achaemenian government caused power imbalance in Achaemenian family such as that the father and the grandfather of Darius ( that is Vishtasp and Arsham) who had been the relatives of Cyrus and had been settled in margin, had been believed that the governorship is their legal and legitimate right and their goal had been the achievement to power gradually and they had been determined to creating a suitable condition for reigning of their shrewd son that is Darius. As a result Vishtasp and his companions had been killed Cyrus after his fighting with Masagesthes and in the way of returning to home and since the condition had not been suitable for achieving to this power and Darius had been so young, then they had been planned that Darius had gone to Egypt accompanying with Cambyses and after his triennial staying in Egypt and his numerous expeditions to Ethiopia and Libya, he had been killed by Darius and his collaborators in the way of returning to home in Syria. Darius says in Bistoon inscription that Cambyses died in nature and then he fabricates the story of Geumata. After the death of Cambyses, his real brother that is Bardiya had been reign. Darius had been entered to Bardiya court without any prohibition and had been killed him accompanying with his six collaborators.( it is necessary to mention that till the time of Darius monarchy, Manuscript profile

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6 - The military structure and practices of the Achaemenid Army during the reign of the Cyrus imperial
Afsane goli naser jadidi Feizollah Boushasb Gousheh

The Achaemenid Empire was undoubtedly the greatest ancient empire and governed 220 years on the whole of the Middle East and beyond it. According to historians and also historical documents ,the Achaemenid Army was also one of the largest and most complex armies of anci More

The Achaemenid Empire was undoubtedly the greatest ancient empire and governed 220 years on the whole of the Middle East and beyond it. According to historians and also historical documents ,the Achaemenid Army was also one of the largest and most complex armies of ancient times. Achaemenid in two centuries dominated the vast empire that covered the old civilized world of Asia and Europe. No doubt that coping with strong powers like Babylon and Greece, that had all the military capabilities to build power and protect and maintain the territory required organized and regulated troops and special war and military tactics. Therefore, we intend to address in this paper the way of formation of the Achaemenid army and military tactics and practices at the time of the Cyrus monarchy. The findings of the research show that Cyrus was able to form strong and massive army using defeated Nation's military techniques. Indeed, one of the characteristics of the Achaemenid corps and army, which was considered especially as one of their strength points in the early years of the reign was collection forces of all dominant territories. Manuscript profile

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7 - Etymology of Achaemenian Kings Name
ali aziziyan

In the old ancient history of Iran country ,the same name for different people in the length of time.kings of Iran like Egyptian and Assyrian’s kings , used their ancestor’s names , for example , Okhoos named himself “DariusII” and kodman named h More

In the old ancient history of Iran country ,the same name for different people in the length of time.kings of Iran like Egyptian and Assyrian’s kings , used their ancestor’s names , for example , Okhoos named himself “DariusII” and kodman named himself “DariudIII” and Besoos named himself “ArtaxerxesIV”. Iranian special names were according to their esteem, reputation and magnificence . Each name had an inheritance of old times that with individual identity and the culture of that territory.Some of Iranian names have been changed as result of intermingle with Grecian language.  Names are a symbol of culture in society and for protecting cultural inheritance , it is completely necessary to record these names that are used currently today .In this text meanings , etymology and derivational case of  Achaemanian king’s name have been mentioned. And with the reference of historian reports , inscriptions,  interpretations and opinions of Orientals  that have had researches in this cases the matter will be researched  Manuscript profile

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8 - The religion of Cyrus, based on historical sources and mythology
Bahman Ansari

Knowledge of the personal religion of Cyrus the Great has always been of interest to historians. However, due to the scarcity of sources and the lack of direct reference to the religion of Cyrus in historical documents and archaeological sources, various studies have no More

Knowledge of the personal religion of Cyrus the Great has always been of interest to historians. However, due to the scarcity of sources and the lack of direct reference to the religion of Cyrus in historical documents and archaeological sources, various studies have not yet reached a definite and clear conclusion. But the point that has received less attention from researchers is the use of two sciences, mythology and linguistics, to illuminate this dark point in history. Therefore, in conducting this research, first the hypothesis has been raised that by using the information available in Greek and Roman sources, how can we gain knowledge of Cyrus's personal religion and then it has been discussed that the knowledge of mythology based on linguistics Ancient, how they will help us to reach a clear answer in this discussion. Therefore, with the knowledge of the above-mentioned issues, an attempt has been made to use the evidence, data and information contained in historical documents written by historians of ancient Greece and ancient Rome, and then analyze these data and measure the information of historical sources, which are mainly It has been obtained from foreign sources that with the surviving documents of ancient Iranian mythology and a glimpse into linguistics, we can for the first time obtain a clear answer in this field and obtain information about the personal religion of Cyrus the Achaemenid. Manuscript profile

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9 - The role of the king in the structure of the Achaemenid court
zhamak khademi naser jadidi ahmad kamranifar

The structure of the court and the political organization that ruled the vast territory under Achaemenid rule were of great importance in the continuation of this rule. The Achaemenid court with a structure including: mother king, queen and crown prince, princes, heads More

The structure of the court and the political organization that ruled the vast territory under Achaemenid rule were of great importance in the continuation of this rule. The Achaemenid court with a structure including: mother king, queen and crown prince, princes, heads of families, eunuchs, a position similar to the great minister - the spy system (known as the corners and eyes of the king) and ... in all political developments of this dynasty Was involved. One of the important issues in examining this structure is the role of the king in this organization. It seems that the Achaemenids in influencing the organization and structure of the court in their Achaemenid Empire were influenced by the ancient civilizations of Mesopotamia, especially Assyria and Babylon. In addition to the Assyrian civilization, the ancient Median and Elamite governments also provided suitable models for the rulers of this dynasty. It was and the power of the Shah was absolute and unlimited and the Shah was a symbol of the full ownership of the Iranian society and the owner of all the property and wealth of the people. What is certain is that the study of this structure will provide valuable information about the role of the Shah in the pyramid of political power of the Achaemenid court to historians. Manuscript profile

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10 - A Critical Study of the Application of Dhul-Qarnayn to Historical Figures, Based on Dhul-Qarnayn's Personality in Shiite Interpretive Hadiths
Ataollah Bigdeli

The Holy Qur'an and Islamic traditions have mentioned Dhul-Qarnayn as a historical figure. Commentators have considered finding the historical example of Dhul-Qarnayn to be useful and a proof of the authenticity of the verses and hadiths. Two adaptations have received a More

The Holy Qur'an and Islamic traditions have mentioned Dhul-Qarnayn as a historical figure. Commentators have considered finding the historical example of Dhul-Qarnayn to be useful and a proof of the authenticity of the verses and hadiths. Two adaptations have received attention more than other theories: Adaptation to Alexander and Cyrus. The main reason is to pay attention to historical data about the lives of these two characters. The issue of the present research is whether there is evidence for these adaptations in Islamic traditions focusing on Shiite traditions. In the beginning, the historical period of life, name and ancestry, history, extent of power and travels of Dhul-Qarnayn are reported. Then, the opinions of the commentators have been examined according to the historical data and then the traditions about these comparisons. Findings: None of the two comparative theories are compatible with the character introduced by Dhul-Qarnayn. His existence and attributes are among the hidden news in history, which were mentioned by revelation, and there is no need to match them to any of the past kings.     Manuscript profile

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11 - The Concept of Lie in Ancient Persia
Shervin Vakīlī

  By studying the concept of lie in the Gathas, Avesta and the Bistun inscription, the present article considers the evolution of this concept in ancient Persia, the Achaemenian period, and its relation with political structures of that period. The present article More

  By studying the concept of lie in the Gathas, Avesta and the Bistun inscription, the present article considers the evolution of this concept in ancient Persia, the Achaemenian period, and its relation with political structures of that period. The present article tries to show that in ancient Persian civilization, the concept of lie is not only the central topic of ethics but it also plays a role in political arena.   Keywords:Lie, Truth, Political Domination, Bistun inscription, Cyrus the Great. Manuscript profile

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12 - Achaemenids in Shahname And National Traditions
amin babadi Arezoo Rasouli

AbstractSince there is no trace of Achaemenids in Shahnameh and Khodaynameh in the Sasanid era and since the beginnings of the studies on Sasanid dynasty the discussion revolved around whether Sasanian had any knowledge of Achaemenids or not.  Certain figures such More

AbstractSince there is no trace of Achaemenids in Shahnameh and Khodaynameh in the Sasanid era and since the beginnings of the studies on Sasanid dynasty the discussion revolved around whether Sasanian had any knowledge of Achaemenids or not.  Certain figures such as Noldeke, Memzan, and Yarshater denied this awareness and certain others such as Fry, Shahbazi, and Zarrinkoub persisted upon this knowledge.  Some like Daryaei, taking a more moderate approach, believe that Sasanian had consciously ignored Achaemanids memorial so that they could trace their genealogy to Kianis who were an ancient dynasty in the east Iran.  Certain evidence and documents show that the earliest Sasanians were definitely aware of the existence of Achaemenids and related themselves to them, however the later Sasanids by deliberate distortion of history and by transforming characters have changed the Achaemenid portraits due to their own taste to achieve their political and religious purposes.  Nevertheless, Achaemeinds new image and identity remained in the Sasanid historiography and found their way to Islamic era.   Deliberate distortions made in history of Iran by Sasanids are proved today, and upon studying the evidence one can discover the extent and the reason for this manipulation.  The purpose of this article is to prove the existence of outstanding figures in Achaemenids dynasty namely, Cyrus and Darius in the new Sasanid-Islamic historiography, and also to detect records that approve Achaemenids’ existence within the Sasanid sources.  This requires a thorough research into the thought processes of Sasanids during their reign upon adopting an apprehensive approach.   Manuscript profile

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13 - The Persepolis's clay tablets
Neda Ziyabakhsh

In solar (shamsi) American investigators from chicago university succeded to obtain more than clay tablets written with Elamian letters and sealed with persian cuneiform letters which belonged to eastern north of persepolis. These privileged and exclusive More

In solar (shamsi) American investigators from chicago university succeded to obtain more than clay tablets written with Elamian letters and sealed with persian cuneiform letters which belonged to eastern north of persepolis. These privileged and exclusive documents allocated to the list of ortificers and experts payrolls which were participated ip stablishing Persepolis construction. This essay tries to offer some innovative points of the tablets and their engraving, and also translation of some of them. Manuscript profile

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