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Open Access Article
1 - A Justification of Negotiable Instruments in English Legal System with a Glancing at Iranian Law
Ahmad EsfandiariThe negotiable instruments in English legal system were formed in the context of historical developments of a thousand years old of this country and through the development of concept of "assignment" in common law, equity, positive law and law merchants, and to ensure t MoreThe negotiable instruments in English legal system were formed in the context of historical developments of a thousand years old of this country and through the development of concept of "assignment" in common law, equity, positive law and law merchants, and to ensure the circulation of bill of exchange, promissory note and check in the realm of commerce has provided the necessary standards to achieve the concept of negotiability through institutions such as Estoppeland shelter. Although according to the general rules of jurisprudence and Iranian civil law, contracts such as guarantee and remitance- which are considered as channels of transfer of debt and credit -are affected by the previous debt in terms of invalidity and termination, instruments such as bills of exchange, promissory note and check -which are caused by a previous relationship based on appearance caused by sign of the signatory on basis of trust -are not affected by them. Although, there have seen very limited common foundations and inspiring principles between two legal systems, they achieved similar results and created a powerful relationship in favor of holer in due course. In this study, the formation, principles and rules of negotiable instruments are examined in English with an Approach in Iranian Law in descriptive-analytic Method. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
2 - Gold as a Safe Haven for Tehran Stock Exchange: A Regime Switching Approach
Jalal Seifoddini Frydoon Rahnamay RoodposhtiIs gold a hedge or diversifier, defined as an asset that is related with stocks on average, or is it a safe haven, defined as an asset that has a special relationship with stock market in the times of market crash? We study the relationship between Tehran Stock Exchange MoreIs gold a hedge or diversifier, defined as an asset that is related with stocks on average, or is it a safe haven, defined as an asset that has a special relationship with stock market in the times of market crash? We study the relationship between Tehran Stock Exchange returns and gold returns to investigate the gold role as a hedge, diversifier and a safe haven for Tehran Stock Exchange. We conduct our study through Threshold Regime Switching model to thoroughly determine the different regimes in the gold coin-stock market relations. Due to the high liquidity of Bahar Azadi gold coins market, we use their market price to represent the gold price in Iran. We also consider the effect of global gold price and USD-IRR exchange rate on gold coin-stock market relation. We find that gold coin-stock market relationship doesn’t depend on specific different regimes and gold coins act as a weak hedge for stock market. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
3 - Strategic Planning of Sustainable Development of Ecotourism Utilizes the Integrated Model SWOT and ANP (Case Study: Dareh Anjir Wildlife Refuge)
maryam morovati Samaneh AkbarianBackground and Objective: This study aims to achieve a comprehensive assessment on capabilities and feasibility of developing sustainable ecotourism in Dareh-Anjir Wildlife Refuge and Neybaz, using hybrid model SWOT and network analysis. Method: The questionnaires were MoreBackground and Objective: This study aims to achieve a comprehensive assessment on capabilities and feasibility of developing sustainable ecotourism in Dareh-Anjir Wildlife Refuge and Neybaz, using hybrid model SWOT and network analysis. Method: The questionnaires were completed by thirty experts and indigenous people through snowball sampling. Finally, SWOT matrix used to investigate strengths and weaknesses and the opportunities and threats in the field of sustainable ecotourism strategies to deal with these threats and exploit opportunities for sustainable ecotourism were presented. Network analysis (ANP) used to prioritize the internal and external environment factors and rate the final solutions in the form of SO, WO, ST, WT. Findings: The final result from the evaluation of internal and external factors is in the form of an aggressive strategy to make the best use of the opportunities and strengths. The results also showed that diversification strategies, reviewing and defense respectively are in the next ranking. Discussion and Conclusion: The results of the strategies using ANP model shows that aggressive strategy is a priority in the planning for sustainable development of ecotourism in this region and for this should use natural functionality, attractiveness and prospects of the region, and with more advertisement of the region and make international projects such as cheetahs project, ecotourism area maintained and developed. The results of this study can be used in the implementation of protective measures for further administrative ecotourism industry in habitats of Yazd province. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
4 - Factors Affecting the Consumption of Ecological Resources in Iran Using Economic Approach
Morteza Molaei Ehsan Besharat Mehrdad MohammadiBackground and Objective: The objective of this study is the investigation of factors affecting Ecological Footprint and testing Pollution Haven and Environmental Kuznets’ Curve hypotheses. Method: In this study, after introducing ecological footprint as an indic MoreBackground and Objective: The objective of this study is the investigation of factors affecting Ecological Footprint and testing Pollution Haven and Environmental Kuznets’ Curve hypotheses. Method: In this study, after introducing ecological footprint as an indicator of natural resources degradation, factors affecting it is investigated in the form of natural resources degradation model for the period 1965-2011 using Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model; and Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) and Pollution Haven hypotheses were tested. In this study, the Gross Domestic Product (GDP), free trade index, urbanization, human development index, development of financial markets index were used as factors affecting the ecological footprint. Findings: Results show that per capita GDP, free trade, development of financial markets and urbanization have positive and significant impacts in long and short term periods, but human development has negative and significant impact on ecological footprint. These results confirmed Pollution Haven hypothesis; but the EKC hypothesis is not confirmed and the relationship between income and ecological footprint is in the form of N. The coefficient of Error Correction is negative and significant which represent the long run equilibrium. The coefficient is -0.99 meaning that ecological footprint corrects its previous period disequilibrium at a speed of 99% annually to reach at the steady state. Discussion and Conclusion: According to the results of this study, economic growth in Iran leads to more natural resources degradation. Therefore, governments should pay special attention to development programs in order to be sustainable. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
5 - Application of Pollution Haven Hypothesis in identifying dirty industries Evidence of iran-china commercial relationship
Reza Akhbari Hamid AmadehBackground and Objective: In all societies, economic growth and development appear kind of main goal but they also have negative side effects on other fields such as environment. In recent year, lots of discussion about negative side effects of globalization and free tr MoreBackground and Objective: In all societies, economic growth and development appear kind of main goal but they also have negative side effects on other fields such as environment. In recent year, lots of discussion about negative side effects of globalization and free trade without restrictions has been done and with proposing the Pollution Haven Hypothesis (PHH), the massive share of trade and the importance of globalization in transferring pollutants have been revealed. Method: In this study we used ARDL (Auto Regressive Distributed Lag) approach to cointegration and bounds test to identify long run relationships between variables in the PHH models about Iran-China trade relationship. All data that we used are in time series format and including 1987-2004. We separate dirty industry from green ones by ISIC codes. Four codes about dirty industries were identified and based on them we present five models that included four models for each ISIC codes that were introduced and one models to examine this subject that if all for goods were aggregated, can the PHH still true? Findings: Results show that Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) is N shaped, the share of manufacturing products in CO2 emission is enormous, PHH from Iran to China is accepted about 34 and 35 ISIC codes, dirty industries that we export their products are pollution intensive about 35 and 36 ISIC codes. Discussion and Conclusion: The evidence highlights the need to look at the imported goods related to dirty industries in details because now it is clear that PHH may be existed if the examination was perform in the detailed level with looking at dirty industries. This approach to investigating of PHH can help policy makers to identify the green and dirty industries exactly and improve the environmental condition that we live in. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
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محمود کرمی محمد ابراهیم عامری -
Open Access Article
7 - Identification of Satellite Image Ability for Vegetation Cover Crown Percentage Mapping in Arid and Semi Arid Region (Case study: Mouteh wild life sanctuary)
Vahid Rahdari Alireza Soffianian Seyed Jamalaldin Khajaldin Saedeh Maleki NajfabdaiIntroductionRemote sensing provides the basic data to undertake inventory of land resources specially vegetationmapping.Material and MethodsIn this study for producing vegetation cover percentage map in Mouteh wild life sanctuary, IRS-P6,LISS III data was used for June MoreIntroductionRemote sensing provides the basic data to undertake inventory of land resources specially vegetationmapping.Material and MethodsIn this study for producing vegetation cover percentage map in Mouteh wild life sanctuary, IRS-P6,LISS III data was used for June 2006. First geometric and atmospheric correction was done.Vegetation cover sampling was done with 290 plots in heterogeneous cover areas and Data werecollected from overall region. Vegetation Indices were produced using satellite image. Simple linearregression was done between plots information and vegetation indices and models were produced foreach index and vegetation maps were produced using each index model.ResultsResults showed that SAVI index had highest correlation with field sampling equal 0.78 and it wasused for vegetation cover percentage mapping. Using SAVI model vegetation cover was classified infour classes: 0-10%, 10-20%, 20-40% and 40%<.Disscusion And ConclusionsResults showed that 10%> and 10-20% crown cover were dominate in region. SAVI index with soilcoefficient reduced soil background reflectance effects. In this study NDVI, TSAVI1 and RVI hadhigh correlation (0.77, 0.78 and 0.76). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
8 - Land use/cover mapping usig satellite data and geographic information system (GIS) (Case study: Mouteh wild life sanctuary)
Vahid Rahdary Alireza Soffianian Saeideh Maleki Najfabdai Seyed Jamaleddin Khajeddin Meysam RahdariIntroduction: Nowadays remote sensing and geographic information systems (GIS) are excellent tools to use in land use and land cover mapping. Identification land use /cover arrangement can help to proper land management. Material and Methods:In this study for Mouteh wil MoreIntroduction: Nowadays remote sensing and geographic information systems (GIS) are excellent tools to use in land use and land cover mapping. Identification land use /cover arrangement can help to proper land management. Material and Methods:In this study for Mouteh wild life sanctuary’s land use land cover mapping IRS-P6, LISS III data which is planned at the same time with field sampling was taken in jun 2006were used. After preparing the satellite data, the geometric correction was applied to an image with the 0.65 mean square error. In the next step, due to being the mountainous zone topographic correction was performed on the image.Finely land use/cover maps were produced by using combinatorial classification method. Vegetation cover percentage map was prepared by using SAVI index and field sampling. Each land use/cover map was produced using several image processing. Using GIS technique Land use/cover layer combined together and land use/cover map was produced. In order to thematic accuracy assess Kappa coefficient and total accuracy were calculated respectively equal: 0/92 and 0/94 that shown proper image classification. Results: Study result show that vegetation cover with 0-10% crown has highest area in region with 81690(ha) either mining residential area was respectively 828 and 249(ha). Discussion And Conclusions:Result shown that hybrid classification method has high ability for land use/cover mapping especially when land use/cover have similar reflectance that common classification methods such as supervise and unsupervised classification can not produce proper maps. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
9 - Relationship among Cyanide Level with Altitude, Depth and Distance of Mooteh Gold Mine in Soil and Groundwater of Mooteh Wildlife Refuge, Esfahan
Jaber Aazami Nader BahramifarBackground and Objective: Sodium cyanide is used in the process of extracting gold from the ore. The waste water that is produced during this process contains high levels of cyanide. The purpose of this study was to determine the levels of cyanide in the waste water of MoreBackground and Objective: Sodium cyanide is used in the process of extracting gold from the ore. The waste water that is produced during this process contains high levels of cyanide. The purpose of this study was to determine the levels of cyanide in the waste water of Mooteh Gold mine. We also wanted to investigate effects of distance, depth, and altitude on cyanide dispersion in soil and groundwater of Mooteh Wildlife Refuge. Method: In April 2012, samples of surface and under ground (0.5 m) soil and groundwater was collected from 11 locations from Mooteh Wildlife Refuge Results: Total cyanide level was decreased with increasing of altitude, distance from mine and decreasing depth of soil. There is no significant difference between cyanide concentration of surface and ground soils; groundwater and ground soils, respectively. But, there is a significant difference between cyanide concentration of groundwater and surface soils. Conclusion: Cyanide level is higher than acceptable level in existence wastewater and station number three. Also there are several papers about death wildlife especially Iranian Deer after wastewater overflow from Gold Mooteh Mine in this location. So, managers and officials should be taken more care. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
10 - Planning and zonning for Harra biosphere reserve according to international scales (with emphasis on Qeshm island) using GIS
Hassan ali Laghai Masoud Monavari Bashir RaisiAs the aim of this research was optimum use offield area ,along with goals of biosphere reservestatutory frame work, the ecological and socioeconomicalinformation sources, and systematicanalysis method, and GIS technology were usedto zone the area. Since the area lack s MoreAs the aim of this research was optimum use offield area ,along with goals of biosphere reservestatutory frame work, the ecological and socioeconomicalinformation sources, and systematicanalysis method, and GIS technology were usedto zone the area. Since the area lack specifictopographic changes and other noticeable factors,gradient, altitude, direction and also unifiedtopographic map which were usually used in theassessment of ecological capacity of terrestrialecosystem have not been used in this study. Andinstead, biological and socio-economical factorsand three functional roles of biosphere reserves(conservation, development and logistic) anddefinition related to each zone has been considered.Finnally, it was selected three core zone, onesurrunding buffer zone and two transition zoneswhich there have been delineated 28983 ha oftotal surface area of Harra biosphere reserve ascore zone, 50156 ha as buffer zone, and 7694 ha astransition zone. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
11 - Evaluation Ecological Niche Factor Analysis in Modeling Suitability Habitat of Boar (Sus scrofa, Linnaeus, 1758) in Arak Jassib Wildlife
sahar rezaei Saeid Nadert peyman karami Farzad HoshyarThe information about the geographical distribution and habitat selection is the core of the conservation and management of threatened species. Habitat destruction is one of the major threats to biodiversity. Therefore, knowledge of the need for biological and identify MoreThe information about the geographical distribution and habitat selection is the core of the conservation and management of threatened species. Habitat destruction is one of the major threats to biodiversity. Therefore, knowledge of the need for biological and identify favorable habitats for wild boar have very important role in the way of habitat species management. This study is going to model the habitat of wild boar in Jassib wildlife sanctuary and determine the most important environmental factors affecting the choice of species-habitat. The provided survey has conducted in one-year period in four different seasons of the year. So Ecological Niche Factor Analysis (ENFA) and software Bayvmpr was used. Information layers used as effective variables on the species consisted of, slope, aspect, elevation, distance from the source, the distance from the village, away from canals, roads, vegetation index, vegetation type, land use and distance to human development, respectively. The results of the analysis showed that ecological niche factor, Boyce index values for average algorithm median, mean geometric distance, the harmonic mean and minimum distance during four seasons (spring, summer, autumn and winter) and a one-year period is not really enough. Boyce can be concluded based on index values; the accuracy is not very good production. The reason for this variance is high, indicating low precision and low predictive power of the model. Based on index values of Boyce it can be concluded that the accuracy production is not very good. The reason is for the higher variance which indicating lower precision predictive power of the model. Thus, ecological niche factor analysis model is less functional due to low quality and small-scale habitats. The ecological niche factor analysis is not a good way to study the habitat of Jassib hogs Wildlife. Therefore, identification of species distribution and dispersion of wild boar in Jassib wildlife sanctuary have paly important role as a facilitator for executives and environmental experts and farmers in order to achieve an efficient management to reduce conflict as well as identify areas that are at high risk damage and their protection must be in a priority as well. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
12 - An analysis of the land use/land cover changes of Shadegan International Wetland in the last two decades
Asma Rafei Afshin Danehkar Mehdi Zandebasiri Masoud BagherzadekarimiBackground and Objective Wetlands, as one of the most sensitive ecosystems on Earth, are always facing various changes in their range, and changes in cover and use are among the most effective of these changes. The land has always been affected by human activities and u MoreBackground and Objective Wetlands, as one of the most sensitive ecosystems on Earth, are always facing various changes in their range, and changes in cover and use are among the most effective of these changes. The land has always been affected by human activities and uses. Those human activities that are limited to certain places and find a relatively stable position, create human uses. Therefore, analysis of wetland change has become a management priority. land use/land cover (LULC) plays a key role in the study of environmental developments at the local, regional and global levels. Human activity and change in the Earth's surface lead to changes in the structure and ecological processes of the Earth's natural systems. These changes mainly affect the main aspects of land functions (including energy balance, water, soil, and food network). In addition, pressure on natural resources, which is due to the human need for environmental resources and is often influenced by population growth drivers, leads to changes in the Earth's surface. Landscape changes due to human interventions lead to different developments and trends in land use/land cover. Therefore, time/coverage analysis is very important for understanding and routing spatial changes from the past to the present and planning for the future. Today, high-resolution multispectral and multi-temporal satellite data are used as an essential tool for estimating aspects such as vegetation, deforestation, and urban sprawl. Remote sensing and GIS technology provide a platform for studying landscape deformation across the earth's surface. Remote sensing data provide valuable information in a relatively short time and cost-effectively. High-resolution satellite imagery or aerial photographs can be used to study land use/land cover changes in different ecosystems and areas. The fact that Shadegan Wetland is one of the international wetlands in the country, which is currently on the Montreux list due to human interventions, can assess the developments around the wetland, especially in the process and type of land use/land cover changes, in identifying the drivers The main impact on this wetland is associated with its practical importance and helping to remove this wetland from the Montreux list. And waterfront can be used to adjust the exit bill of this wetland from the Montreux list. In this study, integrated remote sensing and GIS methods have been used to detect land use/land cover changes in the enclosed area and affect Shadegan wetland.Materials and Methods The study area is located in Shabangan Wetland, surrounded by the Ozon Plain. Due to the immediate man-made effects on Shadegan Wetland, especially the role of the surrounding roads and waterways, this area was closed on the latest Google Earth satellite images and then transferred to the layers used. In this area, the international distance is 48 degrees and 19 minutes and 16 seconds to 49 degrees and 3 minutes and 44 seconds and the northern latitude is 29 degrees and 55 minutes, 44 seconds to 38 degrees, 28 minutes and 42 seconds at a distance of about 60 kilometres. It is located south of Ahvaz, the capital of the province, and 5 km south of Shadegan. In this research, images of the 20 years of the Landsat satellite from the years 1999-to 2019 have been used. ENVI software is also used to classify images. After preprocessing and making the relevant corrections using the supervised classification method and the algorithm, the maximum likelihood of processing and highlighting the images was done, and also the kappa accuracy and coefficient of each layer were estimated for accuracy. Then, the preparation of cover and land use maps included different classes of natural land cover and human land uses. In the detection, the most important changes were made around the Shadegan wetland, so in this process, major changes in the existing classes were considered. To detect changes, the Change Detection method was used in ENVI software, which can provide complete information on changes in land use/land cover types. Land use changes were selected in 5 periods with a time interval of 20 (2019-1999).Results and Discussion Five-time periods of satellite data on the use and coverage of Shadegan Wetland in the years 2017, 2014, 2001, 1999, and 2019 were prepared after pre-processing and making relevant corrections using the supervised classification method and the maximum probability of processing and highlighting algorithm. Pictures were taken. The Kappa coefficient and the overall accuracy coefficient were used to evaluate the accuracy of the generated maps and according to the results, the 2019 data had the highest kappa coefficient and the highest overall accuracy. According to land cover and land use classes, the land use/land cover map of the study area was prepared for the mentioned five time periods. The findings of this study show that the land area of Shadegan wetland has changed from about 90,000 hectares in 2001 to about 150,000 hectares in 1999 during the 20 years ending 2019 the area of the wetland has decreased by about 40% in two years. After that, the wetland lands have increased and this increase continues gradually until today. However, despite this increase, the area of the wetland has not been provided in 1999, the area has decreased by about 16% compared to this year.Conclusion Considering the trend of bare lands without cover and saline lands, it can be concluded that these two diagrams have an inverse trend towards each other, which can be seen at this point or the intersection of the two desired covers. For this purpose, the desired cover must be obtained, which is created by runoff, so that in a period, the lands began to lose their coverage and became saline lands and salt ponds. Also, considering the increase in uncovering land in 2001 and the water trend, it can be concluded that this increase was due to the decrease in surface water. Due to the trend of saline lands in the relevant period and being in line with the water trend, if the water supply of the wetland is provided, thousands of saline’s will become natural lands. Also, the relative increase in water in recent years and the decrease in bare uncovered land, and the increase in saline land, indicate that the water that replaces bare uncovered land is saline. The two groups of land use and agricultural activity did not cause drastic changes in the study period and according to Table 4, the average percentage of changes in these two land uses was 4.5% and more than 1%, respectively, which is expected to have a significant impact on There is no process of destruction and destruction of lands around the wetland and therefore cannot be considered as a critical factor. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
13 - بررسی اثر وجود پناهگاه بر بقای لارو وزغ سبز(Bufo variabilis) طی مراحل 30-26 تکوینی در حضور گونه اگزوتیک Gambusiaaffinis
مهسا نجفی سمیه ویسی سمیه اسمعیل رینه -
Open Access Article
14 - Impact of overwintering refugia of Anagrus atomus (Hym.: Mymaridae) on egg parasitism of grape leafhopper Arboridia kermanshah (Hem.: Cicadellidae)
Shahram Hesami Hosein Seyedoleslami Bijan HatamiAnagrus atomus (L.) (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) is an egg parasitoid and an important mortality factor for the grape leafhopper, Arboridia kermanshah Dlabola (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) populations in Isfahan vineyards. A study was conducted to characterize the plants in whi MoreAnagrus atomus (L.) (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) is an egg parasitoid and an important mortality factor for the grape leafhopper, Arboridia kermanshah Dlabola (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) populations in Isfahan vineyards. A study was conducted to characterize the plants in which A. atomus overwinters, dispersal of the parasitoid, and the level of parasitism of grape leafhopper eggs in two vineyards through 2000-2001. A. atomus overwinters in leafhopper eggs on rose, sweetbriar and blackberry. In a vineyard, with nearby overwintering refuges, the parasitoid emerged by mid-March from alternate hosts. It completed one generation on these alternate hosts, and then arrived in vineyard by late April, synchronized with grape leafhopper oviposition. The pattern of wasp colonization and parasitism indicated that parasitoids were more abundant in the vineyard with refuges close to it. In early spring, density of A. atomus was more than twice in this vineyard compared with vineyard with no refuges close to it. By mid season (July), A. atomus parasitism of A. kermanshah was significantly greater in the vineyard associated with refuges. Cumulative egg parasitism demonstrated that enhanced early season parasitism resulted in a better season-long increase in the mortality imposed by A. atomus on A. kermanshah eggs. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
15 - Rock Art in Zanjan: Investigation of Agh Dash Rock Painting, Mahneshan
Abolfazl AaliWestern part of the Zanjan province in North West of Iran, is mountainous region with a relatively high mountains and the valleys between them. On the slop of one height in this region, and on the wall surfaces of rock shelters that called Agh Dash, Interesting designs MoreWestern part of the Zanjan province in North West of Iran, is mountainous region with a relatively high mountains and the valleys between them. On the slop of one height in this region, and on the wall surfaces of rock shelters that called Agh Dash, Interesting designs is painted. The Agh Dash paintings which are the only Identified pictographs in North West of Iran, from the view point of variety of subject matters and Somewhat difference from the other rock paintings of Iran, has great importance in the study of rock arts. Subject of most designs are geometric motifs which are painted in a variety of shapes. Also human, animal, and botanical designs are the other subjects in the Agh Dash complexes. Because of the similarity between geometric painting of Agh dash and geometric patterns of chalcolithic period potteries in central, west and north of Iran, it is likely that the paintings of Agh dash date back to chalcolithic times. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
16 - جانمایی پناهگاه های شهری مبتنی بر اصول پدافند غیرعامل(مطالعة موردی: منطقه 4 شهر اهواز)
سعید امانپور ندا پیوند اقبال اسدی کلمتی -
Open Access Article
17 - Investigating the Impact of Foreign Direct Investment on Renewable Energy on Environmental Disasters in OECD Countries
Abdulrahim Hashemi dizaj Zahra Faturechi Hamed NajafiToday, economic growth and development in all countries, although positive and constructive goals appear, but has negative effects on other sectors and areas, including the environment. In recent years, a topic that has attracted much attention is the discussion of the MoreToday, economic growth and development in all countries, although positive and constructive goals appear, but has negative effects on other sectors and areas, including the environment. In recent years, a topic that has attracted much attention is the discussion of the negative side effects of globalization and trade liberalization and its effects on environmental degradation. It has made the environment more obvious. On the other hand, energy demand and economic development are increasing due to the need to meet basic human needs and productivity. However, efforts to meet global energy demand have led to the use of unsustainable environmental energy resources that have had an impact on environmental degradation. The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of foreign direct investment in non-renewable energy on environmental degradation by examining the pollution shelter hypothesis in OECD member countries during the years 1990-2019. For this purpose, PMG ARDL test was used to obtain long-term and short-term relationships between research variables and Granger causality test was used to investigate the causal relationship between variables using composite data. Increased foreign direct investment in non-renewable energy and economic growth, along with education and population size, support the pollution shelter hypothesis, but foreign direct investment in renewable energy in OECD countries has rejected the halo hypothesis. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
18 - Right to “Self-Defense” against Cyber-attacks with an Emphasis on the Attacks of the United States of America
Saeid Eid koshayesh Hossein Sorayaii Azar jahangir bagheriHostile actions and resorting to coercive force in the cyberspace fields are very important issues that could challenge fundamental principles of the international law. Many States consider the cyberspace as a battlefield and intend to inflict damages through it to thei MoreHostile actions and resorting to coercive force in the cyberspace fields are very important issues that could challenge fundamental principles of the international law. Many States consider the cyberspace as a battlefield and intend to inflict damages through it to their opponent states. United States is considered an avant-garde in these issues. The United States possess many advanced technologies in cyberspace field. In this respect, the necessity of self-defense (legitime defense) against cyber-attacks seems inevitable, although from “treaty law” point of view it lacks the basic internationally supported legislations. It remains to be clarified whether the 51th Article of the United Nations Charter could be used as a legal base for cyber self-defense or not and if that could be entitled self-defense or not. This study employs descriptive-analytical method through data analyzing system. Findings of this study indicate that in the event of a cyber-attack by a State or its agents, a cyber-self-defense could be legally justifiable provided that the legal conditions of the self-defense such as compatibility of self-defense with the attacks and some other international law principles (principle of non-use of force for example) are met, Of course, in the path of self-defense, the principle of proportionality must be observed as the main rule, and as soon as the Security Council effectively intervenes in the crisis, the defense must be terminated. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
19 - The Study on the Vertebrates Frequency in Dez Area at Day Time
سید مسعود حسینی موسوی محمود رضا همامی رضا کریم پورWhereas the perception of present species in under management areas is one of the most important bases in the wildlife management, so this study was carried out in order to determination of vertebrates fauna in Dez area from 19 February 2010 to 6 October 2011. In this s MoreWhereas the perception of present species in under management areas is one of the most important bases in the wildlife management, so this study was carried out in order to determination of vertebrates fauna in Dez area from 19 February 2010 to 6 October 2011. In this study direct observation and remaining signs such as pellet, track and carrion; for all orders were used also for gathering the species such as turtles and amphibians the creel with 60andtimes;60 mm mesh size were utilized too. Generally during the 70 visits within the area 81 vertebrates consist of 65 birds in 49 genuses, 34 families and 11 orders were recorded which the globally endangered Marbled Teal Marmaronetta angustirostris and Houbara Bustard Chlamydotis macqueenii were of them. Of mammals 7 species in 6 genuses, 5 families and 4 orders were observed that Sand Fox was the only protected species of them. Also of reptiles 8 species in 7 genuses, 7 families and 2 orders were recognized that globally endangered Mesopotamian soft-shelled turtle was of them. Just one species of amphibians Marsh Frog Rana ridibunda were seen in the area. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
20 - The Faunestic Study of Reptiles in Miankaleh Wildlife Refuge in Mazandaran Province
شکورا السادات نبوی حاجی قلی کمی ویدا حجتیMiankaleh Wildlife Refuge with 68800 hectares area is located in 12km north of Behshahr city, Mazandaran Province in east southern parts of Caspian Sea with altitude 15-28 m below sea level. The present study has been performed in the spring and summer of 2012 in order MoreMiankaleh Wildlife Refuge with 68800 hectares area is located in 12km north of Behshahr city, Mazandaran Province in east southern parts of Caspian Sea with altitude 15-28 m below sea level. The present study has been performed in the spring and summer of 2012 in order to faunestic study of reptiles in Miankaleh Wildlife Refuge. Specimens were collected manually, and then specimens and their habitats was photographed using digital camera. Specimens released after identification and recording morphometeric and meristic characters. In this study 11 species belonging to 8 families were identified including: Mauremys caspica, Emys orbicularis, Testudo horsfieldii, Pseudopus apodus, Cyrtopodion caspium, Lacerta strigata, Trapelus agilis,Elaphe dione,Natrix natrix, Natrix tessellata, Platyceps najadum. All of the specimens except Testudo horsfieldii, have been reported previously from Mazandaran province. Among the specimens, just Testudo horsfieldii is known as a vulnerable specimen in Red List Categories of International Union for Conservation of Nature. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
21 - The Study of Reptiles and Birds Fauna of Abbas abad Wild Life Refuge in Naein, Isfahan Province
حسین اکبری مهدی جلالپور ویدا حجتی محمدصفا گل محمدیAbbas abad world wild refuge is one of the most intact desert ecosystems of Iran, with 300000 hectares area is located in Naein city in the eastern of Isfahan and because of insertion between the most original habitats of Iranian cheetah, Acinonyx jubatus is considered MoreAbbas abad world wild refuge is one of the most intact desert ecosystems of Iran, with 300000 hectares area is located in Naein city in the eastern of Isfahan and because of insertion between the most original habitats of Iranian cheetah, Acinonyx jubatus is considered as a connecting bridge for small and dispersed populations of cheetah in Iran. This region also is one of the best habitats for Felis margarita, Caracal caracal and Gazella bennettii in Isfahan Province. This study was done in order to identifying the reptiles and birds of Abbas abad Wild Life Refuge during 2006-10 and totally 42 species of reptiles and 140 species of birds were identified. Among of them especiallyVaranus griseus, Uromastyx aegyptius, Chlamydotis undulataandPodoces pleskeiare important. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
22 - Identification of Mammalian Fauna of Abbasabad Wildlife Refuge, Naein, Isfahan Province
حسین اکبری آرش صادقی محمدصادق فرهادی نیا محمدصفا گل محمدی ویدا حجتیAbbasabad Wildlife Refuge is one of the most intact desert ecosystems of Iran, with 300000 hectares area is located in Naein city in the eastern of Isfahan and because of insertion between the most original habitats of Asiatic cheetah, Acinonyxjubatus is considered as a MoreAbbasabad Wildlife Refuge is one of the most intact desert ecosystems of Iran, with 300000 hectares area is located in Naein city in the eastern of Isfahan and because of insertion between the most original habitats of Asiatic cheetah, Acinonyxjubatus is considered as a connecting bridge for small and dispersed populations of cheetah in Iran. Hence protection of Abbasabad as a crossroad for Iranian cheetahs can help to the long-term survival of this species. This region also is one of the best habitats for Felis margarita, Caracal caracal and Gazellabennettii in Isfahan Province. The present study was conducted in 2006-2010 in order to identify the mammals, mainly from carnivores and their associated species. Identified species included: Paraechinushypomelas, Musmusculus, Merionespersicus, Allactaga elater, Jaculusblanfordi, Hystrixindica, Lepuseuropaeus, Vulpesvulpes, Vulpesrueppellii, Vulpescana, Canisaureus, Canis lupus, Hyaenahyaena, Felis margarita, Felissilvestris,Caracal caracal, Pantherapardus, Acinonyxjubatus, Equushemionus, Ovisorientalis, Capra aegagrus and Gazellabennettii. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
23 - Breeding Study of Podoces pleskei in Dasht-e Laghari Wildlife Refuge in Razavi Khorasan Province
سعید محمّدی سمیرا سرباز فاطمه مرادیانIranian Ground-jaybelongsto the family of Corvidae, Order Passeriformes, active and can be seen in pairs or individually, as well as the endemic bird of Iran. This study investigated the bredding and behavior of Podoces pleskei in Dasht-e Laghari Wildlife Refuge in Raza MoreIranian Ground-jaybelongsto the family of Corvidae, Order Passeriformes, active and can be seen in pairs or individually, as well as the endemic bird of Iran. This study investigated the bredding and behavior of Podoces pleskei in Dasht-e Laghari Wildlife Refuge in Razavi Khorasan Province, near to the Bardaskan County since earlyJanuary 2011 to June 2012 with an area of 27,000 hectares that cover its dominant ZygiphlimeurypterumHaloxylon sp and Atraphaxisspinosa. The results showed Iranian Ground-jayin the study areaare looking for a pair in February, Reproductive phenology of P. pleskei from the first week of March for two weeks began nesting at the same timeand at the end of May that the birds are flying age ends. This birdstartlayingin mid-March and after two weeks of sleeping on eggs, chicks hatch in early April to bring, the weighted average seven (g). Usually clutch size depends on the season and weather, that the number of eggs in each clutch was observedin the region four eggs. The main risk factor for breeding success of P. pleskei in this area was found Varanus griseus caspius Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
24 - Sociological study to establish shelters for abused women in Tehran's support
Parvaneh Bayati Tahmineh Shams MashhadiThis study was an exploratory study using qualitative methods and purpose of this survey was evaluation the potential of social support for women in domestic violence shelters located at Tehran. This research used the method of matrix MoreThis study was an exploratory study using qualitative methods and purpose of this survey was evaluation the potential of social support for women in domestic violence shelters located at Tehran. This research used the method of matrix analysis of the model determining strengths and weaknesses and the opportunities and threats to the way strategic analysis (SWOT) and compare the strategy of internal and external factors together to provide strategies about transitional housing for women. The results showed Improved health-related policies in the prevention of domestic violence against women, Create a supportive environment, health centers, transitional housing, particularly increased government attention in human capital for women of domestic violence, Capacity of government and non-government use of public information laws legal support structures for women, Strengthening judicial institutions, social work and counseling in family courts, Strengthen the various sectors of society to participate in programs to create transitional housing for women, Women's empowerment in the face of problems and living a healthy life skills training can prevent or reduce the impact of violence against women cab be effective. Manuscript profile
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