موازنه قدرت

Open Access Article

1 - The Impact of the Doctrine of Resistance on International Political Developments
Khosro Vafaei Sadi

This article discus the relationship between the Doctrine of Resistance and political developments in Iran's foreign policy, as well as in regional and international politics. It begins by discussing the issue of instability, insecurity, and war in the Middle East in th More

This article discus the relationship between the Doctrine of Resistance and political developments in Iran's foreign policy, as well as in regional and international politics. It begins by discussing the issue of instability, insecurity, and war in the Middle East in the 21st century, and questions the influence of political movements on the region's developments. In response to this question, the article presents a multi-layered hypothesis, which is explained in three sections. The hypothesis suggests that the Islamic Doctrine of Resistance, as the most significant political, cultural, and military movement, has had a significant impact on military-political developments. In fact, the comprehensive impact of the Islamic Resistance movement on Iran's foreign policy, the developments in the Middle East, and international politics and system constitute the overall structure of this hypothesis. The mobilization, organization, training, and deployment of volunteer forces from various Islamic countries against the Western invading and occupying front led by the United States and regional allies such as Israel and Saudi Arabia have been the most important function of the Islamic Resistance front. Through the formulation of grand and shortcut strategies, designing operations, long-term planning, and overall management, the Islamic Resistance movement, led by the 21st-century strategist martyr Qasem Soleimani, has been able to overcome heavy and unprecedented military attacks on the Middle East and achieve significant victories in regional and international arenas, inflicting heavy losses on the enemy front. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

2 - Causes of political instability in the zone of Middle East and Persian Gulf at sociological point of view
Mehdi rohani Maryam doreestani

“Internal vulnerability” and “ external threats and violence” are two main causes that play a critical role in political instabilityand development of regional and national insecurity. In the essential region of Middle East and Persian Gulf, seri More

“Internal vulnerability” and “ external threats and violence” are two main causes that play a critical role in political instabilityand development of regional and national insecurity. In the essential region of Middle East and Persian Gulf, series ofinternal factors potentially can threat to debilitate or destroy territorial patterns and governing institutions. And unfortunatelyexternal causes that were invited to the region by some countries tend to make a counterbalance of power, and also losing ofbalance in socio-cultural abilities in such an old and traditional zone, they play a dual role to instigate internal forces ofcountries to undergo a change based on two purposes of diplomatic association and back to the origin and even directintervention in some Middle East countries based on private motives.Following to this situation and development of internal demands for involving the process of making government like whatwe saw in recent changes, it bears extra pressure to some governments that the policy of negotiation with foreign balanceforces, weaken their internal legitimate bases and usually their political systems are disable to answer these internal demands.The main point of discussion is studying the meaningful relation between external variants (presence of foreign militaryforces in the region and Zionism régime) and internal factors( like making governments powerful, socio-cultural structure,organizations and state and national ability to associate with politics, condition of social wealth, …) and their effects oninternal instability and national security of local countries of Middle East.In this article we try to study the factors of diplomatic instability and insecurity of Arabic countries of the zone based on twodistinct levels at the same time their affects at a sociology point of view. First we proceed the external causes of instabilitythat actually make use of situation and internal condition of these countries and then refer to internal instability that underinfluence of external factors. Finally we aim to escape from harmful security patterns that turn around intervention ofexternal factors, and make a permanent political stability based on local structure in countries of the zone. And presentsolutions based on new factors of diplomatic and local powers with the purpose of encounter with pattern of power balance. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

3 - A Study of the Context and Dimensions of New Saudi Arabian Foreign Policy in the Middle East
Mahdi Javdani Moghadam Hamed Hariforush

The Mideast developments that began in 2011 when public uprising of Tunisia erupted and spread across other nations in the region triggered remarkable changes to emerge in socio-political structures in some Middle Eastern nations. In the meantime, Saudi Arabia, having t More

The Mideast developments that began in 2011 when public uprising of Tunisia erupted and spread across other nations in the region triggered remarkable changes to emerge in socio-political structures in some Middle Eastern nations. In the meantime, Saudi Arabia, having traditional royal regime found itself seriously exposed to damage caused by a surge of seeking changes in two areas of indoors and outdoors Saudi Arabia considering the mission it had defined as leader of Muslim World for itself as well as for perpetuating and expanding its influence in the region showed new and different reaction to the Mideast developments. This country that known after adopting conservative foreign policy tried, by taking invasive approach, to maintain its benefits, expand its influence in the region and preserve its position as leader of Muslim World. Although this invasive policy has similar nature in different nations including Syria, Bahrain, Yemen and Egypt, it pursues various behavioral methods and models. The main question this article raises is “what are the most important effective variables effective on change of conservative approach into invasive one in Saudi’s foreign policy?” The findings of this research conducted analytically and descriptively showed generation change of ruling elites, Saudi-U.S decline during Obama administration, weakening of U.S hegemony and balance of power change after Arabia spring and strengthened Iran’s power and resistance forces in the region have led Saudi’s foreign policy towards complicated approach of interaction and confrontation in line with strengthened role and expanded influence of Saudi Arabia and confrontation with expanding influence of Iran in the region. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

4 - A Theoretical Introduction to the Reasons for Political Conflicts Emphasizing on the Role of Political Systems
Hanif Athari Allaf Saeed Gazerani Aliasghar Davoudi

10.22034/sej.2022.1959700.1466

Although governments stem from the people’s will and their sustenance depend on their satisfaction, conflict between both sides in this transaction is inevitable. In this regard, the present study seeks to explain some behaviors of the governments as the more powe More

Although governments stem from the people’s will and their sustenance depend on their satisfaction, conflict between both sides in this transaction is inevitable. In this regard, the present study seeks to explain some behaviors of the governments as the more powerful side of the transactions which cause political conflicts and challenge the survival of the governments. To this aim, a descriptive-analytic method as well as historical documents and objective evidence were used to identify causes of political conflicts that come from the governments’ behavior. The research relies on the hypothesis that disorder in providing people’s basic needs, unreasonable beliefs and behaviors, and power imbalance are the main reasons for political conflicts. According to the obtained results, it seems that the beginning source of conflict between people and governments is the existence or perception of injustice. Furthermore, in a monoliteral power system where both the government as the more powerful side and people as the less powerful side seek to achieve scarce resources, usually the more powerful side takes steps to create a hegemonic system by using its opportunities. On the other hand, people who are fed up with mere obedience, always seek a chance to nullify this hegemony by any means. In general, it seems that the governments’ negligence to meet people’s needs can gradually increase dissatisfied groups in society and cause unreturnable political conflicts, especially when the government is supposed to make decisions to decrease social dissatisfaction or provide more privilege for people. It appears that the first step by the governments to control political conflict is to remove the perception of injustice in society through meeting people’s basic needs. In the next step, the governments should focus on increasing their legitimacy that requires creating freedom, in addition to maintaining their dignity and avoidance of violence. Finally, the governments ought to prevent the gradual growing of dissatisfaction in society and guide people’s energy towards participatory activities in order to avoid creation of conflicts. This issue requires the optimal conduction of the governments’ special act that is giving service to people.  Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

5 - Evaluation of the international sanctions impact on Iran's regional geopolitical power in the Middle East
Farshad Foroughi Nasab shiva jalalpoor Lana Abdolkhani Bahram Yosefi

Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

6 - Analysis of Relations between Iran and Saudi Arabia on the Basis of Motivational Realism (2005-2015)
Hadi Sadeghi Asl جعفر نقدی عشرت آباد امیرهوشنگ میرکوشش

Abstract After the victory of Islamic revolution in Iran the relations between Iran and Saudi Arabia as two regional powers moved in a conflicting direction. There are several reasons for this trend. Reasons like Iran's competition with Saudi Arabia for leadership of I More

Abstract After the victory of Islamic revolution in Iran the relations between Iran and Saudi Arabia as two regional powers moved in a conflicting direction. There are several reasons for this trend. Reasons like Iran's competition with Saudi Arabia for leadership of Islamic world, leadership of Shiites versus leadership of Wahhabi and Saudi's cooperation with West versus Iran's anti-West stands but there has been change and fluctuation in these policies due to change of governments in Iran. The present paper wants to examine the relations between the two countries from a different perspective and distinct from the existing international relations theories and is called motivational realism. The paper examines the relations between Saudi Arabia and Iran from the time of coming into power of Ahmadinejad till now and studies the relations between the two countries in these two periods by a comparative method. The paper wants to know that despite considerable differences between the foreign policies of Ahmadinejad and Rouhani government what has been the Saudi Arabia's reaction to moderate foreign policy of Rouhani? What has been the impact of moderate foreign policy orientation of Rouhani on regional policies of Iran and Saudi Arabia? Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

7 - The Explanation of Reproduction of the Conflict between the I.R, Iran and the United States in West Asia in Post Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action: A Return to Neorealism.
sayed amir jafari enayatollah yazdani mohammad ali basiri

10.30495/pir.2018.607134

Abstract:After the return of conflicting parties about Iran’s nuclear program and 5+1 countries to nuclear negotiations table and the conclusion of international agreement called Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPA), it was expected that this peaceful model o More

Abstract:After the return of conflicting parties about Iran’s nuclear program and 5+1 countries to nuclear negotiations table and the conclusion of international agreement called Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPA), it was expected that this peaceful model of settlement of disputes can be used for other conflicting issues. But the post JCPA developments reduced the hope and possibility of applying this model to other disputing issues. Contrary to the views of analysts, Iran has remained on top of security threat recognized by the United States and its traditional allies in the region. Besides that the entrance of extra regional actors in the region has added intensity to counter balancing in the region. Although the neo-realist theory cannot alone offer a correct perception about the developments of the Middle East yet it is having the power to simplify the explanation of events and more realistically predict the future developments. The present article tries to answer the question that “What are the causes of regenerating conflicts between Iran and the United States in post JCPA era?” the neo-realist theory helps us to explain the answer to the above question. The hypothesis is that due to continuation of balance of power in the Middle East, one can see the intensification of security competitions and regeneration of insecurity with the objective of disrupting the present balance of power. The cooperation of Iran with 5+1 countries has not been able to prevent escalation of conflicts in the Middle East. Therefore, it seems that following the model of JCPA for solving other differing regional issues will be having heavy costs for Iran. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

8 - Towards a Balance of Power Distribution Among Urban Space Production Actors Development of PIUS theory(Model of People-Space-Government Participation)
Nayyer Farabiasl Mojtaba Rafieian Mohammadreza Khatibi

Introduction The development of the city to produce urban spaces and both are intertwined with the issue of power. Power structures and processes often lead to the gradual elimination of disorganized groups and interests in favor of organized and resource-dominated grou More

Introduction The development of the city to produce urban spaces and both are intertwined with the issue of power. Power structures and processes often lead to the gradual elimination of disorganized groups and interests in favor of organized and resource-dominated groups and interests. The pressure of the powers that be is problematic and the vacuum of the powers that are not causes imbalances in society. Analyzing these power relations helps urban decision-makers to find better solutions to urban problems.Methodology The actors of the production of the desired urban space have been identified through semi-structured interviews with the method of snowball sampling to reach the experts of the target community of the research, as well as frequent field observations and documentary review to complete and verify. Then, the power relations between these actors were measured and analyzed through the flow analysis method using Ucinet software and the power of the actors was measured and analyzed through the interaction analysis method using MicMac software.Geographical area of research The study area is a unique and highly populated urban space of Abbasabad lands with an area of 554 hectares is located in the central part of Tehran metropolis.Results and discussion The output of software analysis and analysis of the results obtained a level of communication and power of actors in the production of urban space in Abbasabad, which showed that there is no balance in the power of actors and citizens are at the lowest level of influence and role and influence in none They did not participate in the preparation, approval and implementation of the plan, and the independent private sector is not present in this process.. Conclusion Among the innovations of this research: 1- Using two softwares, MacMac and Ucinet, to identify and analyze the power of urban space production actors in a study sample. 2- In the field of developing the existing knowledge in urban planning, in order to make the production of urban spaces more citizen-oriented, using the latest ideas of thinkers in the field of urban planning and power, proposing the "government-space-people" model and forming a "public institution of spacemen" Urban "(executive-operational) and the presentation of the PIUS theory is proposed. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

9 - The role of identity in shaping and guiding the policies of the Islamic Republic of Iran in response to the Syrian crisis
saman mohammadi mahdi zakerian

The wave of revolutions in Arab countries has had a great impact on the strategic position and interests of Iran's regions. The most important of these waves is the arrival of its regional ally, Syria, led by Bashar al-Assad. From the beginning of the unrest, Iran's sup More

The wave of revolutions in Arab countries has had a great impact on the strategic position and interests of Iran's regions. The most important of these waves is the arrival of its regional ally, Syria, led by Bashar al-Assad. From the beginning of the unrest, Iran's support for the Syrian regime was clear. The Islamic Republic of Iran followed the developments in Syria with special care and sensitivity, and as an important regional actor and power, tried to take action in order to maintain strategic relations with this country and also to protect its national and regional interests. To take positions in support of the government of Bashar al-Assad in Syria. Therefore, the present article seeks to answer the question of what factors and requirements have influenced the policy and stance of the Islamic Republic of Iran towards the Syrian crisis? The present article, while pointing to the realistic dimensions of Iran's foreign policy, based on the identity components of the Islamic Republic of Iran, analyzes the country's positions on the Syrian crisis. In general, the present study suggests that Iran's foreign policy, and in particular its participation in the Syrian civil war, reflects pragmatism aimed at maintaining the balance of power and maximizing its security while maintaining and expanding revolutionary identity (including religious ethics and normative values). ) have been. Manuscript profile

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