List of Articles مخارج سلامت

• Open Access Article
  • Abstract Page
  • Full-Text
  
  1 - Offering and Testing a Model to Explain the Physician Induced Demand in Iran
  Abvalqasem Golkhandan Elaham Fatholahi
  Introduction: According to the physician induced demand hypothesis, health care demand may be due to asymmetric information in health market, is influenced by the behavior of health suppliers. This study first assumes that the number of physician reduced health expendit More

  Introduction: According to the physician induced demand hypothesis, health care demand may be due to asymmetric information in health market, is influenced by the behavior of health suppliers. This study first assumes that the number of physician reduced health expenditures, because of the increase the supply of health. But to achieve a specified level of physician, called threshold level, because of the physician induced demand hypothesis, competition between physicians, is leading to an increase in health spending. So, the major aim of this study is to evaluate the U shape hypothesis between the number of physicians and health expenditures in Iran. Methods: This study using time series data for 1971-2013, is investigated the possible non-linear relationship between per capita health expenditure (dependent variable), per capita physician (independent variable) and mortality rate (controlled variable). For this purpose, is used the Logistic Smooth Transition Regression (LSTR) model. Also, the statistical analyzes were performed using the EXCEL, EVIEWS and JMALTI soft wares. Results: The results of the model LSTR, in addition to confirm the nonlinear effects of per capita physician on per capita health expenditure, show that the per capita physician per 10,000 population, influence on the per capita health expenditure in the form of two regime structure with threshold level about of 12.24. So that, in the first regime, per capita physician had a negative impact on per capita health expenditure (disapproval the induced demand hypothesis), but this impact is positive in the second regime (confirm the induced demand hypothesis). So, U-shaped impact hypothesis of per capita physician on per capita health expenditure in Iran, is not rejected. Conclusion: Since at the moment the physician per capita per 10,000 population, is most of the threshold level, the country is located in the second regime. Accordingly, adopt more suitable policies to prevent from the induction of demand by physicians, is necessary. Introduction: This study first assumes that the number of physician reduced health expenditures, because of the increase the supply of health. But to achieve a specified level of physician, called threshold level, because of the physician induced demand hypothesis, competition between physicians, is leading to an increase in health spending. So, The major aim of this study is to evaluate the U shape hypothesis between the number of physicians and health expenditures in Iran.Methods: This study using time series data for 1971-2013, is investigated the possible non-linear relationship between per capita health expenditure (dependent variable), per capita physician (independent variable) and mortality rate (controlled variable). For this purpose, is used the Logistic Smooth Transition Regression (LSTR) model. Also, the statistical analyzes were performed using the EXCEL, EVIEWS and JMALTI soft wares.Results: The results of the model LSTR, in addition to confirm the nonlinear effects of per capita physician on per capita health expenditure, show that the per capita physician per 10,000 population, influence on the per capita health expenditure in the form of two regime structure with threshold level about of 12.24. So that, In the first regime, per capita physician had a negative impact on per capita health expenditure (disapproval the induced demand hypothesis), but this impact is positive in the second regime (confirm the induced demand hypothesis). Conclusion: Since at the moment the physician per capita per 10,000 population, is most of the threshold level, The country is located in the second regime. Manuscript profile
• Open Access Article
  • Abstract Page
  • Full-Text
  
  2 - The Impact of Business Cycles on Life Expectancy in Countries of the Iran Vision Plan 2025
  aziz rezapour ABDOREZA MOUSAVI maryam soleymanimovahed
  Introduction: Life expectancy is one of the most important health indicators that is influenced by various economic and social factors; hence, this study examined the effect of business cycles on life expectancy. Methods: This survey is a retrospective descriptive &ndas More

  Introduction: Life expectancy is one of the most important health indicators that is influenced by various economic and social factors; hence, this study examined the effect of business cycles on life expectancy. Methods: This survey is a retrospective descriptive – analytic study that examined the effects of business cycles, unemployment rate, percentage of health expenditures and urbanization on life expectancy in countries noted in the Iran vision plan 2025. After grouping the countries based on the HDI, model estimation was carried out using the panel's econometric approach. For the first and second groups, the fixed effects and for the third group, the random effect was used. Results: Business cycle in the countries with high HDI, including Iran, has a positive effect on life expectancy and it has no significant effect in the two other groups. The percentage of health expenditure in the first and third groups has a positive effect on life expectancy, but in the second group, has a negative effect. The unemployment rate has a positive effect in the first group and a negative effect in the second group on life expectancy, but in the third group, has no significant effect. The percentage of urbanization also has a positive effect on life expectancy in all groups. Conclusion: The effect of business cycles and socioeconomic indicators on life expectancy varies according to HDI. Considering the positive effect of business cycles on life expectancy in the second group, including Iran, Increase employment rates and economic expansions will increase life expectancy. Manuscript profile
• Open Access Article
  • Abstract Page
  • Full-Text
  
  3 - Examining the Spatial Spillover Effects of Misery Index on Health Care Expenditure in Selected Developing Countries
  hadi rezaei Mohammad Alizadeh younes nademi
  Introduction: The impact of different effective factors on health expenditure appears in the public health and health promotion. Health is a key element in economic, social, and political development and has an important role in different infrastructure of society. Cons More

  Introduction: The impact of different effective factors on health expenditure appears in the public health and health promotion. Health is a key element in economic, social, and political development and has an important role in different infrastructure of society. Considering the previous studies in this field with the classic assumption and according to the fact that existence of spatial dependence between the observations and disregarding these effects, the method of estimating conventional econometrics will be biased. Therefore, the main aim of this study is to consider the spatial dependence between observations. Methods: we use spatial econometrics model and spatial Durbin model in order to analyze the effective variables on health expenditure in 79 selected developing countries during (1995-2014). Results: The empirical results have indicated that there is a significant negative relationship between misery index and health expenditure. It means that if the weighted average of the logarithms of misery index increases 1 percent in neighboring countries, the average logarithm of health expenditures will decrease 0.13 percent in targeted country. Moreover, the effects of per capita income (0.54) and life expectancy (0.49) on per capita health care expenditure are significantly positive. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that if governments do not have appropriate policies to prevent the illegal immigration of foreign nationals and face difficulties in employing labor in their country, the health of the community will be compromised in long term because of the escalation of unemployment and Lack of inhibition of inflation. Manuscript profile
• Open Access Article
  • Abstract Page
  • Full-Text
  
  4 - Convergence of Per Capita Health Expenditures and Health Outcomes in Countries of the Economic Cooperation Organization
  Aziz Rezapour Samira Alipour Vahid Alipour Maryam Soleymani Movahed
  Introduction: Economic growth in rich countries tends to slow down naturally, so the growth process will ultimately lead to convergence. The aim of this study is to investigate the convergence of per capita health expenditures and health outcomes in countries of the Eco More

  Introduction: Economic growth in rich countries tends to slow down naturally, so the growth process will ultimately lead to convergence. The aim of this study is to investigate the convergence of per capita health expenditures and health outcomes in countries of the Economic Cooperation Organization. Methods: This is a descriptive-analytical Study that was done with the economic data of the countries of the Economic Cooperation Organization in 1995 -2014 and using EViews software version 10. Stochastic convergence using Panel Unit-Root test, and also the standard deviation of log per capita health expenditures and health outcomes have been used to evaluate sigma convergence, and beta convergence with estimating the panel data convergence model. Results: Absolute and conditional stochastic convergence in per capita health expenditures were not approved in ECO countries. The coefficient of the absolute beta convergence of per capita health expenditure in ECO countries was 0.29. The conditional beta convergence coefficient was 0.30 in countries with high human development and that was 0.01 in countries with medium human development. The life expectancy Beta convergence coefficient was 0.28 in ECO-countries and 1.16 for the under-five mortality rate. There is no sigma convergence. Conclusion: Based on the results, the non - convergence of per capita health expenditure and health outcomes divergence show an increase in disparity and revealthat poorer countries have improved their health at a much slower rate than their wealthier member in ECO. Therefore, it is necessary that ECO policies be planned and implemented with the aim of reducing regional differences. Manuscript profile