روش شناسی

Open Access Article

1 - Meta theoretical foundations of feminism theory in international relations
Ebrahim Anooshe

The field of international relations in the field of theorizing includes a wide range of theories. From the traditional range of theories of international relations to the late theories and reflectionism, which has been a reaction to the traditional and ruling theories More

The field of international relations in the field of theorizing includes a wide range of theories. From the traditional range of theories of international relations to the late theories and reflectionism, which has been a reaction to the traditional and ruling theories in international relations. One of the most important developments in the field of international relations theories is the emergence of meta-theoretical issues in this field. meta-theoretical debates in international relations have been raised since the end of the 20th century, especially in the last international relations debates, which was the debate between rationalists and reflective theories, and this debate is more philosophical in nature, and the field of philosophy of science has been used to examine and evaluate other theories. meta-theory actually examines, analyzes and describes the theory. In other words, meta-theory deals with the ontological, epistemological and methodological dimensions of a theory. One of the recent and reflective theories in the field of international relations is the theory of feminism. Most of the proponents of this theory are inspired by poststructuralism. Feminists also question the dimensions of ontology, epistemology and methodology of traditional theories of international relations, especially realism, and consider them insufficient to analyze the realities of today's world. The purpose of this research is to investigate and familiarize with the ontological, epistemological and methodological dimensions of the theory of feminism and to what extent these dimensions can give us a more accurate and better understanding in the field of international relations and world politics issues. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

2 - The study of method evaluation and selection indicators in futures studies
Mohammadreza ArabBafrani MohammadRahim Eivazi

The methodology of Futures studies is weak because of its novelty, innovation and interdisciplinary character (influenced by other disciplines), and its multidisciplinary biology has led to a lack of proper coherence in its methodology. Futures studies researcher has ma More

The methodology of Futures studies is weak because of its novelty, innovation and interdisciplinary character (influenced by other disciplines), and its multidisciplinary biology has led to a lack of proper coherence in its methodology. Futures studies researcher has many problems in selecting and evaluating methods appropriate to his research. Because of this serious weakness, research has been carried out to identify and introduce criteria for selecting and evaluating methods whose results are of great use to future studies researchers. However, because of the scope of these studies and the lack of a comprehensive look at them, the studies themselves have become plagued by confusion and confusion. In this study, it has been attempted to summarize the methodological indicators available in other researches and finally, with the help of experts, suggest indicators for future studies methods. The main method used in this study was library study, cross-sectional and expert interviews (in the form of questionnaires and open interviews). At the end, the methodology indicators of futures studies were extracted from different perspectives (methodological indicators, method selection indicators, indicators related to the issues facing the methods, and requirements for futures methodology requirements) and after thirteen questions, Indicators based on ratings have been introduced as the main indicators of evaluation and selection of future studies researchers in their research. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

3 - Designing conceptual articles: four approaches
Datis Khajeheian

This article is a translation of "designing conceptual articles: four approaches". As a powerful means of theory building, conceptual articles are increasingly called for in marketing academia. However, researchers struggle to design and write non-empirical articles bec More

This article is a translation of "designing conceptual articles: four approaches". As a powerful means of theory building, conceptual articles are increasingly called for in marketing academia. However, researchers struggle to design and write non-empirical articles because of the lack of commonly accepted templates to guide their development. The aim of this paper is to highlight methodological considerations for conceptual papers: it is argued that such papers must be grounded in a clear research design, and that the choice of theories and their role in the analysis must be explicated and justified. The paper discusses four potential templates for conceptual papers – Theory Synthesis, Theory Adaptation, Typology, and Model – and their respective aims, approach for using theories, and contribution potential. Supported by illustrative examples, these templates codify some of the tacit knowledge that underpins the design of nonempirical papers and will be of use to anyone undertaking, supervising, or reviewing conceptual research. Theory Synthesis, Theory Adaptation, Typology, and Model – and their respective aims, approach for using theories, and contribution potential. Supported by illustrative examples, these templates codify some of the tacit knowledge that underpins the design of nonempirical papers and will be of use to anyone undertaking, supervising, or reviewing conceptual research. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

4 - روش شناسی دانش ارتباطات؛ درآمدی بر روش شناسی اسلامی
سید وحید عقیلی عبدالحسین خسروپناه امین طیب طاهر

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5 - Presenting a New Method in Ecological Design of Urban Green Landscape (Case Study: Kish Island)
Maryam Moinifar Behnaz Aminzadeh

Cities are places for diverse hierarchies of natural inhabitants, and thus designing their ecological landscapes is a complex process. Landscape design is more important than form creating. Landscape ecology is a science of dynamic reactions between nature and society. More

Cities are places for diverse hierarchies of natural inhabitants, and thus designing their ecological landscapes is a complex process. Landscape design is more important than form creating. Landscape ecology is a science of dynamic reactions between nature and society. Disturbance in urban landscape may cause simplification of landscape system resulted in degradation of life quality in living areas. Therefore urban development without consideration on ecological process will damage ecosystems in urban and regional scales. A good ecological design in built areas can improve ecological functions of the whole system. In this study, the application of landscape ecology together with land compatibility has been studied. The result is creating an efficient method in ecological design of urban green spaces. Urban green spaces are the most important parts of urban ecosystems, providing many social and environmental services and promoting the quality of living conditions in cities. The application of landscape ecology in urban design and consideration of urban green spaces as green networks or green infrastructures help to improve the quality of natural areas in cities. It seems that determination of an optimal method in urban landscape and green space design based on landscape ecology principles is a necessary task for landscape and urban designers. Also, recognition and introducing the interdisciplinary method in green landscape design  results in positive ecological function and provides a basis for sustainability. The Kish island is selected as a case study because of its ecological sensitiveness, rapid growth development of tourism, and demand for green spaces. The main objectives of this research are as follows: a) creating a method for designing ecological urban green spaces, and b) zoning for developing, conserving or rehabilitating of green spaces in Kish island. To do this, reviewing existing ecological theories and methods and comparison of existing methods in landscape ecology are applied. The proposed method which has been nominated Ecological Land Suitability Analysis (ELSA) is based on land suitability analysis and landscape ecology principles, using GIS VER 9.2, and AHP techniques. The process of using the method is as follows: 1-Explaining of effective criteria in selection of green areas and their priorities; 2-Determination of criteria values; 3- Providing spatial layers of the selected criteria; 4- Classification of layers based on their special purpose; 5-Quantifying of quality classes using Phasy values; 6-Applying AHP weight and quantitative values in layers and determination of final weight layers; 7- Changing spatial layers from vector to raster; 8- Overlaying the spatial layers; 9-Preparing of land compatibility and suitability map; 10-Extraction of unvalued layers from total spatial layers; 11-Final layer classification and evaluation of different outputs. 12- Zoning the urban green areas in Kish Island. Results have been shown in land suitability GIS maps. The efficiency of the proposed method has been proved, using quality comparative criteria including: comprehensiveness, clearness, completeness, and flexibility, reliability, efficiency, easiness, generalizing, rapidity, necessary technology, being up to date, and fitness with the principles of theory making. It was concluded that, this method (ELSA) could be generalized in the same environmental conditions. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

6 - The Criticism of Methodological Consciousness in Gadamer,s Philosophical Hermeneutics and its Political Implications
ملک Yahya علیرضا Esmailzadeh

The aim of this study is to specifically evaluate how hermeneutical consciousness- as represented in Hans-Gadamer,s philosophical hermeneutics- is formed in some ways in reaction to Rene Descartes,s methodological consciousness. This consciousness indicates a concept of More

The aim of this study is to specifically evaluate how hermeneutical consciousness- as represented in Hans-Gadamer,s philosophical hermeneutics- is formed in some ways in reaction to Rene Descartes,s methodological consciousness. This consciousness indicates a concept of rationality which is based on subjectivity. According to the subject- based concept of wisdom, the origin of rationality is an abstract mind which is opposed to the objective world as a subject of knowledge. But from one point of view, hermeneutic consciousness- which seeks to establish the concept of rationality on the basis of an interpretation of intersubjectivity- is formed in reaction to the results of subject- based rationality. In addition, this paper discusses some results and political implication of philosophical hermeneutics.   Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

7 - Fox Index Reaction Versus Companies With the Possibility of Fraud Based on Content Analysis Methodologies: An Empirical test of Incomplete Revelation Hypothesis
vahid bekhradi nasab

The Incomplete Revelation Hypothesis argues that some companies, for some reason, disclose the information incompletely, complexly, difficultly and rigorously. One of the reasons why disclosure of information is difficult is the existence of fraudulent financial reporti More

The Incomplete Revelation Hypothesis argues that some companies, for some reason, disclose the information incompletely, complexly, difficultly and rigorously. One of the reasons why disclosure of information is difficult is the existence of fraudulent financial reporting. Fraud encourages the director to disclose information in a complex way so that the minds of users of financial information go beyond anything other than fraud. The purpose of the present study is to investigate the Fox Index Reaction Versus Companies With the Possibility of Fraud. Fox Index is a benchmark for identifying the complexity of financial statements. The research methodology is based on a content analysis approach based on an incomplete Revelation hypothesis. The statistical population of the study consisted of all listed companies in Tehran Stock Exchange from 2009 to 2016. The sample size is based on the systematic elimination of 112 companies. The research hypothesis was tested using multiple regression model and parent test based on Panel data. According to the incomplete Revelation hypothesis, the research evidence suggests that companies with a high probability of fraud are more complicated financial reports with less readability than companies with a low likelihood of fraud Publish. The findings of the present study, while completing the gap, have been carried out in the field of concealing the opportunistic behavior of managers about the non-disclosure of financial information, can be used to increase potential investors, stock market organizations and other stakeholders. Accounting information is useful in decision making Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

8 - Right Website Model, RWM Selecting Right Website for Publication of Internet Advertisement
K. Heidarzadeh M. Behboudi A. Ardakani

Publishing advertisement through Internet channel is an issue whose importance has been doubled by commercializing web. Existence of more than 65 billion websites in the Internet has made it impossible to publish advertisement with high efficiency through this channel w More

Publishing advertisement through Internet channel is an issue whose importance has been doubled by commercializing web. Existence of more than 65 billion websites in the Internet has made it impossible to publish advertisement with high efficiency through this channel which seems very easy. In this respect, the present study embarks to answer the question that "what is the most appropriate website for publishing a display ad in the world of web?" Since the concept of "right website" and advertisement in the web are new issues, the combinational method of comparative-inductive is used in this study. In this regard, first a content analysis was conducted on international studies and five features influencing right website selection were identified from among 90 previous studies in the area of Internet advertisement and marketing. The key features include: quality of electronic services, user-oriented design, electronic business model, interaction, and type of website involvement. Then, considering each of the extracted features, the conceptual model of right website selection was designed and in order to evaluate the model, a 5-scale Likert format questionnaire was developed which presented each feature as a hypothesis and tested their effect on the selection of right website for publishing advertisement. Although the test was strict, all hypotheses were confirmed by the experts. After confirmation of the conceptual model, a specific methodology was designed for operationalizing the model on the basis of TOPSIS farness from and closeness to the ideal. According to this mechanism, the model of right website selection is presented. At the end, a case study was conducted to evaluate the performance of the model and the results indicated that the model possess a good operational capacity.   Manuscript profile

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9 - The Necessities and Accomplishments of Development Methodology
Ahmad Naghibzadeh Zaker Hossein Ershad

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Open Access Article

10 - The Beauty of Form and Reigidity of Content due to the rigour of the "Critique"
Musa Akrami

After looking at the development of the idea of writing the bookCritique of Pure Reason and the Features of its two editions, theauthor tries to show its beauty of form and rigidity of content. Then hePresents Kantian great project of evaluating the ability of Pure reas More

After looking at the development of the idea of writing the bookCritique of Pure Reason and the Features of its two editions, theauthor tries to show its beauty of form and rigidity of content. Then hePresents Kantian great project of evaluating the ability of Pure reason,Critique of various kinds of specalative Knowledge, their possibilityor impossibility, the realm of metaphysics, Kant's hope formetaphysics entering upon the secure Path of a science andrepresenting it as a doctrine, and finally, the place of the book in theworld of philosophy Manuscript profile

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11 - Muslim Philosophers' Philosophy of Science and its Aristotlean Legacy
موسی ملایری

It is well known, though, that the philosophy of science is a newbranch of knowledge, but this article has showed that the ancientscholars have also supplied in their scientific investigations somekind of science which can be called “Logic of science” or&ldq More

It is well known, though, that the philosophy of science is a newbranch of knowledge, but this article has showed that the ancientscholars have also supplied in their scientific investigations somekind of science which can be called “Logic of science” or“Philosophy of science” [or philosophical scientiology]. First, fourof the most important issues in the new philosophy of science i.e.criterions of scientific investigations, necessary conditions foraccuracy of scientific explanations, epistemic values, and status ofscientific theories and scientific methods for scientific discoveries,were selected. In each of them, first, we illustrate Aristotle'saccount, then, Muslim thinkers one. Tow point were attained: 1-Aristotle's idea contains all of these issues. 2- Muslim thinkers haveplayed significat role not only in, deepening and criticizing of theAristotelian philosophy of science, but also in its later development Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

12 - The Methodology of Comparative Studies of Mysticism
علی صادقی شهپر

Comparative studies of mysticism tries to compare mysticalphenomena in different cultures in order to bring about a betterunderstanding of these cultures and make an intercultural relationbetween them.This article classifies the sources of the study into the first hand, More

Comparative studies of mysticism tries to compare mysticalphenomena in different cultures in order to bring about a betterunderstanding of these cultures and make an intercultural relationbetween them.This article classifies the sources of the study into the first hand,second hand and third hand sources, and differentiate the translatedsources from exegeses. It reviews the difficulties of the comparativemethod of research on mysticism, like: unavailability of the first handsources, misunderstanding of the original sources by the foreignresearchers, and word by word translation of mystical terms. It alsosuggests some resolutions for dealing with such problems (e. g.functionalist approach). Manuscript profile

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13 - Process Optimization in Vacuum Frying of Green Bean Slices Using Response Surface Methodology
M. Nikkhah Eshghi B. Ghiassi Tarzi A. R. Basiri

Introduction: Vacuum frying is a new technology that might be useful for producing newkind of snacks such as fruit and vegetable chips. The reason for this technology is to reducethe presence of oxygen and lower the processing temperature. The aim of this work is todete More

Introduction: Vacuum frying is a new technology that might be useful for producing newkind of snacks such as fruit and vegetable chips. The reason for this technology is to reducethe presence of oxygen and lower the processing temperature. The aim of this work is todetermine the effect of process parameters namely time, pressure, temperature on the specificcharacteristics of green bean in order to achieve the optimal processing condition.Materials and Methods: In this research, samples were processed in predeterminedtemperatures, pressures and times by using statistical response procedures. The effects offrying time and temperature and pressure on reduction of moisture, oil absorption, shrinkage,texture, and color were studied.Results: The optimum conditions of 119.13oC for the temperature, 285 mbar for the pressureand 14.63 min for the time were obtained. The results showed that the time of the exposure tofrying has a direct and significant relation to vacuum pressure and the samples moisture levelis related to frying time and the moisture of the sample is significantly reduced (p<0.05) byincreasing the frying time. Oil absorption level has a significant relation with temperature andtime (p<0.01).Conclusion :The results indicated that vacuum frying can improve the nutritional quality ofthe food with reduced cost and avoid the loss and wastage of the product. Manuscript profile

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14 - Future Studies of Sustainable Development of Iranian Machine Carpet Industry Using MIC-MAC and SSM
gholamreza jandaghi Mohammad Reza Fathi mohammad hasan maleki mohammad hossein soleymani sarvestani

10.22034/jest.2018.38423.4402

Background and Objective: The main objective of this research is to determine the key drivers for the sustainable development of machine carpet industry and to determine the scenarios for the future of sustainable development of Iranian carpet industry. Material and Me More

Background and Objective: The main objective of this research is to determine the key drivers for the sustainable development of machine carpet industry and to determine the scenarios for the future of sustainable development of Iranian carpet industry. Material and Methodology: In this research, using two methods of structural analysis and scenario analysis, first, identifying the key factors affecting the sustainable development of Iran's machine carpet industry and then developing future scenarios. Subsequently, using one of the soft opreation research tools that include soft systems methodology, these scenarios will become better. Initial research data were collected using interviews with Iranian carpet managers and experts and reviewing the literature and the background of the research. The data were analyzed through a questionnaire of expert opinion and using Mic-Mac software. Findings: Among the 34 key factors extracted, by reviewing the literature and interviewing the experts, key factors entered the checklist questionnaire, and the 16 key factors, according to their assumptions related to them at 0.05, were selected according to experts' opinion. Discussion and Conclusion:  Based on the results of the research, two factors of Business conditions and weakness in design were considered as influential variables in the sustainable development of Iran's machine carpet industry and finally, four scenarios of blossoming, lazy actors, disasters and the unpredictable world were presented.   Manuscript profile

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15 - Qualitative Research Approaches for Environmental Sciences: A review
Pezhman Roudgarmi Abbas Akbarzadeh

The environmental sciences can be constituted based on some branches of natural science, social science and applied science. Solving environmental problems requires integration of expertise in some academic disciplines. This challenge stems from the essence of environme More

The environmental sciences can be constituted based on some branches of natural science, social science and applied science. Solving environmental problems requires integration of expertise in some academic disciplines. This challenge stems from the essence of environmental sciences because these fields have an interdisciplinary nature. The most academic disciplines have specialized research methodology, but environmental sciences need to some research methodologies. The aim of this paper is to present qualitative research methodology for solving environmental problems and respond to expected questions through gathering and inferring from the results of various qualitative studies. In this paper, various qualitative research approaches used in the studies are discussed. Using qualitative research is inevitable under some conditions. Based on presented cases, the capability of qualitative research in environmental areas is explained. Qualitative research can respond to many questions in environmental researches and professional reports. Qualitative research approaches may be used to respond the questions arisen in preparation of environmental professional reports. This research methodology has the advantage that can be performed with minimum planning and equipment. In many complex environmental studies, design of quantitative research is very difficult or impossible. In this condition, using qualitative research design is an appropriate option.  Manuscript profile

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16 - Desirable model for news marketing in financial markets
sara aliyari seyed Reza Naghibossadat Hamidreza Hosseini Dana Bibisadat Miresmaili

The concept of news marketing in financial markets is a new and innovative concept developed in the field of business and the interaction of media activities with financial markets.News marketing is a desirable model designed to explore the concepts related to the four More

The concept of news marketing in financial markets is a new and innovative concept developed in the field of business and the interaction of media activities with financial markets.News marketing is a desirable model designed to explore the concepts related to the four elements.Communication in the social system on the topic of news and marketing is based on the views of activists and analysts in the financial and media markets.In this study,identifying the factors influencing the desirable and effective model of news production in financial markets has been shown that the news in financial markets is subject to demand like any other market and in order to guide it the mentioned factors should be considered and analyzed. . In addition to gaining a significant share of financial market audiences, the model can also reflect the type of thinking of financial market policy makers.This research aims to identify the optimal model of news marketing in the field of financial markets and emphasize factors such as dimensions and components of news marketing including news organization, news content, news messenger (audience) and all the effects and consequences of the search and sales process.The news comes; it's done.The present study is of practical purpose and in terms of a hybrid approach, thus having a quantitative role in the forum review phase and in the Q factor analysis stage.In order to identify the desired model of news marketing, the necessary data were collected from the participants through interviews and Qualitative methodology was used for analysis Manuscript profile

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17 - روش شناسی پژوهش های حوزه ی مدیریت آموزشی در مجلات معتبر داخل و خارج کشور
زهرا جعفری کرفستانی راضیه یوسف بروجردی احمد رضا نصر اصفهانی

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18 - The Method of Historiography in the Political Thought of Khaje Nizam al-Mulk Tusi
Mahin Niroomand Alankesh Garineh Keshishyan Siraki

Historical conceptualization is one of the foundations of understanding political thought, which has been of interest from the ancient Greek period to Iran, Islam and the modern era. In the past, historical conceptualization mainly had an objective and historical proces More

Historical conceptualization is one of the foundations of understanding political thought, which has been of interest from the ancient Greek period to Iran, Islam and the modern era. In the past, historical conceptualization mainly had an objective and historical process, but this thought, with the parties of the contract, placed the conceptualization of the natural state instead of the objectivity of events. Some other thinkers tried to reveal the hidden stages and structures behind the changes by presenting a circular line of history and made an ideal period for themselves from within history and put it as an example of the state-future. Many religious ideas as well as the theories of Hegel and Marx tried to present their ideal model of politics and ideal society in this way. This research is organized with the aim of answering the question, how did Khawaja Nizam al-Mulk try to present his political thought about politics and the state from historical experiences and narratives from history? The primary idea of its authors is that Khwaja Nizam al-Mulk, using the historical texts of his era, which mainly go back to Iran before and after Islam, tried to mention historical examples and the statements of prominent personalities in these two periods. provided a basis for his intellectual apparatus.The method used in this article is theme analysis as one of the new branches of content analysis, based on which the main themes of a text are extracted through exploratory study and taken into consideration for hypothesis testing. Manuscript profile

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19 - تدقیقی بر «تبیین» در روش شناسی جغرافیای انسانی با اشاره بر نظریه نوین آشوب
مهیار سجادیان

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20 - Semantic Methods in Principle Science(Usul Al-Fiqh)
Iran Soleymani

Semantics has an effective role in providing rules for inferring and issuing Shari'a rulings from detailed evidence. The science of the principles of jurisprudence is multilayered and rich in linguistic and semantic complexities and multiple perspectives. This research More

Semantics has an effective role in providing rules for inferring and issuing Shari'a rulings from detailed evidence. The science of the principles of jurisprudence is multilayered and rich in linguistic and semantic complexities and multiple perspectives. This research uses an analytical and inferential method to provide a framework for understanding the concepts, rules, and inferences.Semantic Methods in Principle Science Who came to the conclusion by regularizing the methods of identifying the exact meaning of principled terms, such as recognizing the literal and idiomatic meaning of the principled words, and extracting concepts and knowledge of role-oriented and formalist and cognitive linguistics. That a detailed understanding of the meanings of the science of principles and rules must be in the correct and comprehensive way of the semantics and linguistics of the principles of jurisprudence. Which, by combining formalist and role-oriented semantics, each of which alone does not work in the ambiguity and inference of the true meaning of ambiguous sentences And in combining the two, the role of the mind as the locus of language and the role of the linguist as a person trying to describe what is within the mind and with which human beings are capable of producing and understanding linguistic concepts, has not been given much attention. Therefore, cognitive linguistics should also be considered. Principals and scholars, while separating hermeneutics and semantics, must be able to develop jurisprudential principles with hermeneutical knowledge in accordance with religious beliefs and to better handle the issues of jurisprudence. Manuscript profile

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21 - The Metatheoretical Challenges of the Theory of International Relations
akbar valizadeh sarem shiravand Aboozar omrani kamal ranjbar

Neorealism is one of approaches that for a long time has been considered as the dominant paradigm in the study of international politics and it has an important role to shaping international politics and system. for this reason many theoretical schools have tried to cha More

Neorealism is one of approaches that for a long time has been considered as the dominant paradigm in the study of international politics and it has an important role to shaping international politics and system. for this reason many theoretical schools have tried to challenge its. To resolve the criticism that was imported to classical realism, Neorealism led by Kenneth Waltz tried to offer a scientific version of realism that Conform with current scientific standards and be able to explain international relations. The result of Waltz efforts providing structural theory of realism that is based on the principles and assumptions of positivism. Neorealist have a Structure-based analysis in terms of ontology, In terms of epistemology, objective and in terms of methodology; they are positiv ist and behaviorist.This led the critics, especially post-positivists to challenged neo-realism from different aspects of ontology, epistemology and methodology. the question is what are the most important theoretical challenges of neorealism theory? to answer this question, we have attempted to answer this question in the field of ontology, methodology and epistemology. the research method in this paper is descriptive - analytic Manuscript profile

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22 - عناصر فراگفتمان و چگونگی تکامل آنها در طول زمان : بررسی تکامل تاریخی نشانگرهای موضع در بخش روش شناسی مقالات تحقیقی
شیرین رضایی داود کوهی مهناز سعیدی

10.30495/jal.2020.675864

علیرغم علاقه و تحقیقات گسترده در بین زبان شناسان کاربردی دراستفاده از عناصر فراگفتمان ، اطلاعات کمی در مورد چگونگی تکامل آنها در طول زمان در پاسخ به شیوه های در حال توسعه مجامع دانشگاهی وجود دارد . با داشتن چنین انگیزه ای ، پژوهش حاضر با استفاده از 4.3 میلیون کلمه از سه More

علیرغم علاقه و تحقیقات گسترده در بین زبان شناسان کاربردی دراستفاده از عناصر فراگفتمان ، اطلاعات کمی در مورد چگونگی تکامل آنها در طول زمان در پاسخ به شیوه های در حال توسعه مجامع دانشگاهی وجود دارد . با داشتن چنین انگیزه ای ، پژوهش حاضر با استفاده از 4.3 میلیون کلمه از سه ژورنال برتر زبانشناسی کاربردی به منظور یررسی تکامل تاریخی نشانگرهای موضع در بخش روش شناسی مقالات تحقیقی از سال 1996 تا 2016 شکل گرفنه است. مدل فراگفتمان Hyland's (2005b) برای تجزیه و تحلیل مجموعه داده های انتخاب شده مورد استفاده قرار گرفت. داده ها با استفاده از نرم افزار AntConc مورد بررسی قرار گرفت (آنتونی ، 2011). علاوه بر این ، ازمونChi-Square برای تعیین اهمیت آماری یه کار گرفته شد. تجزیه و تحلیل داده ها کاهش قابل توجهی در فراوانی کلی نشانگرهای موضع در بخش روش شناسی نشان داد. جالب اینجاست که این کاهش کاملاً ناشی از کاهش کلی استفاده ازضمایرابراز خود بود. با بررسی تعاملی نوشتار آکادمیک از چنین منظر تاریخی، می توان چنین استدلال کرد که استفاده انتخابی از نشانگرهای موضع توسط نویسندگان دانشگاهی در طول زمان به معنای ان است که فراگفتمان در خلاء عمل نمی کند و نسبت به تغییرات در رشته های دانشگاهی و شیوه های آنها حساس است. Manuscript profile

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23 - Paradigms of International Relations: A Review of Theoretical Approaches to Paradigms of International Relations in Theory, Methodology and Epistemology
Rahim Bayazidi

Abstract According to the scholars of international relations of the twentieth century, the First World War and the attempt to prevent this inhuman incident from happening again shaped the field of IR. Liberalism was born out of the efforts in international relations f More

Abstract According to the scholars of international relations of the twentieth century, the First World War and the attempt to prevent this inhuman incident from happening again shaped the field of IR. Liberalism was born out of the efforts in international relations for peace. The end of the Cold War led to a dramatic decline of realism and the rise of other approaches. Many researchers expanded Thomas Kuhn's approach in the evolution of science (phisics) to the major theories of international relations. In this paper, we answer this question: Can we call the field of international relations theoretically, methodologically and epistemologically paradigmatic? The answer to this question is based on research and surveys carried out in the United States of America and some other countries, by 'the institution of the theory and practice of international relations'. Our hypothesis is that given the multiplicity and diversity of opinions in the field of international relations, techniques used in the field of international relations theories, cannot be called Paradigm. Therefore, in this paper we believe that the field of international relations is not paradigmatic. Manuscript profile

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24 - The Strategy of Spatial Distribution of Rural Society Infrastructures of the Country
shohreh taj javad razmi

The lack of a comprehensive evaluation of the enjoyment of and relative level of rural society infrastructures of the contry based on scientific methods and relying on precise information and statistics is the most important barrier on and problem of rural plans. Scienc More

The lack of a comprehensive evaluation of the enjoyment of and relative level of rural society infrastructures of the contry based on scientific methods and relying on precise information and statistics is the most important barrier on and problem of rural plans. Science some information and statistics needed for the rural society is not subject to censuses in the demography and housing general censuses made by the Iranian center for statistics all over the contry , the indices of this research are provided based on the plan for the census of rural housing specifications made for the 1st time by the Iranian center for statistics and hosing foundation of the Islamic republic of Iran for 28 provinces of the country in summer 2003 . 208 compound indices are identified in the 1st phase of the research , then , with the objective of crediting indices by CV method, the most proper indices are classified under two behavioral and non-behavioral understanding senses, then ,using numerical Taxonomy method and Morris method and through a final combination of these two methods , the rural society of the contry has been classified under three levels: a-Combination of infrastructural , welfare, and development indices  infrastructural indices, and c-welfare and development indices, in order to find out opportunities and foreign threads, then, in order to find out domestic factors, including weak and power points, the amount of the distribution of services was verified through denim method. Then, information was combined in swat method and twelve strategies were chosen. Finally, strategies were evaluated and priorities were determined based on strategy of Qualitative programming matrix (SQPM). Seven strategies were given priority one and crash program in view of thought, education, technology, and production. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

25 - A study of research methodologies used in Master of Library and Information Science students’ dissertations in Islamic Azad University, North Branch of Tehran (1992-2005)
neshaneh pakdaman

The aim of present research is reviewing research methodology of Master of Library and Information Science students’ dissertations in Islamic Azad University, North Branch of Tehran. Content analysis and bibliometrics are two methods used in this research. Finding More

The aim of present research is reviewing research methodology of Master of Library and Information Science students’ dissertations in Islamic Azad University, North Branch of Tehran. Content analysis and bibliometrics are two methods used in this research. Findings of the research including 192 Dissertations with frequency of 243 research methods between 1992 and 2005 demonstrate that survey research method with 66.6 percent relative frequency was the most used methods in dissertations among 11 research methods, while historical, experimental and bibliometric research methods together account for 2.5 percent of total methods. It is necessary to be mentioned that during different periods of time other methods were used sporadically and survey research method was one of them.   Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

26 - Concept Interpretation, Development of Research Methods in Librarianship and Information Decimination Using Concept Interpretation
hojjat allah hasan

Content analysis is a methodology for studing the content to identifying specified characteristics of messages. The method of content analysis enables the researcher to large amounts of textual information and systematically identify its properties. In this methodology More

Content analysis is a methodology for studing the content to identifying specified characteristics of messages. The method of content analysis enables the researcher to large amounts of textual information and systematically identify its properties. In this methodology two aims are predicted. 1)evaluating content capability to match the educational collection . 2)suitability of texts with mental ability . This article tries to define content analysis and introduce the ways in which researcher can provide a meaningfal reading content. Content analysis can also involve any kind of communication content analysis(speech, written text, interviews, journals, discussions, lectures, …).   Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

27 - Architecture Cognition in Conformity Methodology of Interpretation and Levels of Existence
siamak panahi roya sedighi Manouchehr Foroutan Seid Mousa Dibadj

This research deals with the cognition of architecture in conformity methodology of interpretation and levels of existence derived from Hekmat Sadraei. By thinking in the form of a human paradigm in which human is defined as the width of humanity, the method as the widt More

This research deals with the cognition of architecture in conformity methodology of interpretation and levels of existence derived from Hekmat Sadraei. By thinking in the form of a human paradigm in which human is defined as the width of humanity, the method as the width of the methodology and the values as the width of the human essence in his entire territory without the need for the contractual boundaries of knowledge. The research method is logical reasoning in the interpretive paradigm with a qualitative approach and the method of data collection is library-documentary. Assuming that the understanding of architecture relies on the existing experiences and the meaning system of social structures, from grammatical interpretation to the reconstruction of mental processes and introspective psychology, and from sociological reflections to the interpretation of products. A culture corresponding to the audience's level of knowledge can be identified; It shows that the knowledge of doubt in man, which according to the teachings of Hikmat Sadra is caused by his existence, requires different methods in understanding architecture. All strategies are indirectly related to each other in stages and levels of examining observable or unobservable phenomena, which cause interference of paradigm boundaries. Therefore, depending on what we are looking for in the understanding of architecture, we understand and understand architecture in ways that are appropriate to the set goal. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

28 - Architecture Cognition in Conformity Methodology of Interpretation and Levels of Existence
Siamak panahi Roya seddighi seyed mosa dibaj manoochehr froutan

This research deals with the cognition of architecture in conformity methodology of interpretation and levels of existence derived from Hekmat Sadraei. By thinking in the form of a human paradigm in which human is defined as the width of humanity, the method as the widt More

This research deals with the cognition of architecture in conformity methodology of interpretation and levels of existence derived from Hekmat Sadraei. By thinking in the form of a human paradigm in which human is defined as the width of humanity, the method as the width of the methodology and the values as the width of the human essence in his entire territory without the need for the contractual boundaries of knowledge. The research method is logical reasoning in the interpretive paradigm with a qualitative approach and the method of data collection is library-documentary.Assuming that the understanding of architecture relies on the existing experiences and the meaning system of social structures, from grammatical interpretation to the reconstruction of mental processes and introspective psychology, and from sociological reflections to the interpretation of products. A culture corresponding to the audience's level of knowledge can be identified; It shows that the knowledge of doubt in man, which according to the teachings of Hikmat Sadra is caused by his existence, requires different methods in understanding architecture. All strategies are indirectly related to each other in stages and levels of examining observable or unobservable phenomena, which cause interference of paradigm boundaries. Therefore, depending on what we are looking for in the understanding of architecture, we understand and understand architecture in ways that are appropriate to the set goal. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

29 - Abu Ali Farsi Interpretive Methodology
Muhsen Zarei Jalyani Muhammad Mahdi Rezwani Haqiqi Shirazi Ahmad Jafari

Abu Ali Farsi is one of the great and famous writers of the fourth century AH and one of the famous scholars and Imam al-Nahwiyun of his time. He is the author of valuable and valuable writings on interpretation and syntax that have been cited by commentators. The findi More

Abu Ali Farsi is one of the great and famous writers of the fourth century AH and one of the famous scholars and Imam al-Nahwiyun of his time. He is the author of valuable and valuable writings on interpretation and syntax that have been cited by commentators. The findings indicate the existence of a commentary book by Abu Ali Farsi that has been lost, but his commentary works and opinions can be retrieved from his other writings as well as from commentary societies of the fifth century onwards. The findings also show that there is no name of Abu Ali Farsi in the history of Tafsir. Therefore, this library analytical article has found an approach to the interpretive method of that great scientist by researching the works and writings of Abu Ali and his interpretive opinions in the works of other commentators. The importance of this research is to revive the interpretive heritage of the past, especially the ancients. Because it is basically necessary to complete what and the function of interpretation in the early centuries AH, all the elements were achieved.           Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

30 - Logic as a methodology of philosophical researches
Ali asghar Jafari Valani

The methodology of philosophical researches causes to strengthen the motivation, enhancing the ability to understanding concepts, creative thinking and skill of  analyzing data; this methodology is learned in order to enhance the process of thinking as a base for p More

The methodology of philosophical researches causes to strengthen the motivation, enhancing the ability to understanding concepts, creative thinking and skill of  analyzing data; this methodology is learned in order to enhance the process of thinking as a base for philosophical researches. The conclusion and purposefulness of philosophical inquiry, proper research and the correctness of researching lead to efficiency of researching. Research effectiveness when is ensured that the evaluation of research plan is properly implemented, a plan which embraces goals, necessities, issues, assumptions, context and the methods of the research. Moreover, efficiency of researching requires firm methodology and proper tools, which are appropriate tools of research principles and techniques; also, speed associated with accuracy is the consequence of research efficiency. In this plan, research is the process of thinking and methodology is the form of thinking. Therefore, science of Logic as the guaranty of thinking form can be called as the method of philosophical research. Therefore, our effort is to be able to achieve a comprehensive research methodology that considers new principles and techniques of research, corresponding to the Logical bases, presenting it as the framework of the methodology of intellectual sciences. In fact, “the methodology of philosophical research” is a new dimention of logic instrumental identity  demonstrating that as a skill. Logical discussions,  such as “definition of thought”, “thinking levels”, “eight Vertices”, and so on, are in fact the criteria helping philosophical researchers to order their researches. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

31 - Explanation on Implication and Method of Phenomenology and Its Consequences in Political Science
Javad Aghajar Alireza Sahraee

Abstract One of the important and serious subjects in recent decades is concentration on methodological issues and its application in various areas. Of course using of different procedures and methods has been taken into consideration by scientist from long time ago. B More

Abstract One of the important and serious subjects in recent decades is concentration on methodological issues and its application in various areas. Of course using of different procedures and methods has been taken into consideration by scientist from long time ago. But in recent years focus on this matter which is phenomenology has been clear through various researches. This is one of the most complicated researches in political and social sciences area: which shares specific characteristics with interpretive researches. That developed against positivism and empiricism in 19th century. Application of phenomenological research in politics opens new realms for scientists and scientific elites and creates important theoretical and methodological results. Application and clarifying of some of the methodological and epistemological of this phenomenological research in politics is the main goal of this paper. It seems that the goal of phenomenology encompasses special outcomes and can be appropriate epistemological base for political system. Paleontology genealogy methodological approach of phenomenology and its various types review of the attitudes of its researchers and tinkers and finally the consequences of phenomenological approach in political science make the main format of this article.     Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

32 - Explain the views of financial market and media experts on the role of news marketing in the development of financial markets
sara aliyari Seyed Reza NaghibulSadat Hamidreza Hosseini Dana Bibisadat miresmaili

The significant role of the media in providing information in the modern world has led to the improvement of the notification position in investment decisions and people always try to make the most appropriate decision by using information and news. Investors always pur More

The significant role of the media in providing information in the modern world has led to the improvement of the notification position in investment decisions and people always try to make the most appropriate decision by using information and news. Investors always purposefully use media products to raise awareness and make more profit. This kind of view is not only related to financial market investors but also media activists who always try to gain more market shares during competition by looking at the news as a product. Considering the focus of media function on the two main elements of awareness and information, this study seeks to survey the views of financial and media market participants on the role of news marketing in financial markets and its impact on market development in cognition and specify the connection between two mentioned views and draw a new roadmap for media activists. The research is established on Q-method and the required information has been extracted and processed through a questionnaire. Based on the results, financial market and media activists have a free macro-managerial tendency as well as believing in the requirement to use news marketing for developing financial markets. Also, they emphasize factors such as independence in general, independence from government, and the authority to freely disseminate information in financial markets. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

33 - Discourse as an Effective Methodology in International Relations Studies
Tayebeh Mohammadi kia عبدالمجید مبلغی

Today Discourse is widely used in the social sciences. Discourse is generally known by Foucault name and as an Genealogy theory. But this theory has the same methodological applicability. This article studies the meaning of discourse, the views of influential thinkers a More

Today Discourse is widely used in the social sciences. Discourse is generally known by Foucault name and as an Genealogy theory. But this theory has the same methodological applicability. This article studies the meaning of discourse, the views of influential thinkers and the Methodology of discourse. It also explains the possibilities of using Discourse as a methodology in the field of international relations. It discusses the methodology of Discourse as a Post-Structural Methodology in the international relations studying. This paper consists of two parts and each part includes different subjects. The first part, titled “Discourse as a theory and methodology”, includes subjects such as Foucault's Discourse and Genealogy and Archaeology. It also includes a methodological approach to discourse from the perspective of Laclau and Mouffe. The second part, titled "Using Discourse Methodology in International Relations Studies", includes the use of Discourse in the international relations Studies and the understanding of international relations from the Perspective of Discourse Methodology. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

34 - John Rawls’s System of Thought: Origins and Findings
Saeed Moghimi

Publication of John Rawls’s A Theory of Justice in 1971, can be considered as a prelude to revive liberal idea in political philosophy. This work, apart from that made Rawls the most prominent political philosopher in his time, it led to what is called "social cri More

Publication of John Rawls’s A Theory of Justice in 1971, can be considered as a prelude to revive liberal idea in political philosophy. This work, apart from that made Rawls the most prominent political philosopher in his time, it led to what is called "social critique of liberalism", which we observed from the early of 1980s. According to philosophical tradition, Rawls was influenced by Kant, and as a neo-Kantian philosopher, he has attempted to represent "justice" differently, as one of the most complex issues in political philosophy, an attempt which can be considered as an interaction between Socialism and Liberalism. In one hand, importance and salience of his political doctrine, and in another hand his criticism of Liberalism, both have caused in this research, we try to explain and review the ideas of this outstanding thinker.   Manuscript profile

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