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Open Access Article

1 - fathers and sons in the court of Sultan Masoud of Ghaznavi; From politics to fighting (421-432 AD)
jafar nouri shirin saiddi hadi arefnia

The court of kings in different periods of history has always been a place of tension between different groups and factions of power. The open and hidden politics and competition of the Mahmouds and Masouds in the court of the Ghaznavids is a small example of these comp More

The court of kings in different periods of history has always been a place of tension between different groups and factions of power. The open and hidden politics and competition of the Mahmouds and Masouds in the court of the Ghaznavids is a small example of these competitions in the courts of kings in the history of Iran. The relations between these two groups and the way Massoud Ghaznavi dealt with them was one of the most important issues and challenges during his 11-year rule. These competitions not only led to the removal and imprisonment of important people from the two groups. Rather, it became the basis for many incidents and actions, and ultimately became one of the important factors behind the fall of the Ghaznavids and their defeat against the Seljuk Turkmen in the Dandanghan battle. This research tries to explain the competition of these two groups by looking statistically at the status of fathers (men named in Mahmud's time) and sons (young people and people around Masoud) in the court of Sultan Masoud and the effect of this competition on the weakening and fall of the Ghaznavid government. to check Manuscript profile

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2 - Non-Muslim Physicians in the Islamic Middle Age Courts
Behrooz Shorche Masoumali Panjeh

10.30495/jhcin.2019.14719

This paper seeks to investigate and explore the fields, causes, and consequences of the presence of non-Muslim physicians (dhimmi) in the Islamic courts in the middle Age. According to the statistical survey of biography books of the physicians, nearly half of the well- More

This paper seeks to investigate and explore the fields, causes, and consequences of the presence of non-Muslim physicians (dhimmi) in the Islamic courts in the middle Age. According to the statistical survey of biography books of the physicians, nearly half of the well-known and renowned physicians who worked in Muslim courts were Christian as well as Jewish and, in some cases, Saebi and Samaritans. The caliphs' and courtiers' needed to the therapists and the shortage of Muslim expert physicians in compare with non-Muslim physicians and also the tolerance of the caliphs had made a safe atmosphere for non-Muslim physicians. The presence of those physicians in the courts led to the progress of medical knowledge and practice in addition to treatment. Being aware of the secrets of power and politics changed the physician’s characters and dignity and caused their involvement in the political conflicts and their consequences. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

3 - Sagbān Developments in the Ottoman Administration
حسن حضرتی طاهره بابایی

Sagbān or Sekban as one of the court jobs were allocated a special placein the hunting sector in Iranian states and Ottoman. This term in the Ottomanadministration -as compared with the administration of other states - is moreprominent and There was many changes in this More

Sagbān or Sekban as one of the court jobs were allocated a special placein the hunting sector in Iranian states and Ottoman. This term in the Ottomanadministration -as compared with the administration of other states - is moreprominent and There was many changes in this term. According to the needsand conditions of the Ottoman administration, the sagbāns in addition to thecourt fuctions, has used as military force and also their court duties Wasforgotten over time. With the continuing militarization of Segbans, this termbe synonymous with Warrior or Soldier and was used exclusively in militaryaffairs. Manuscript profile

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4 - Social factors influencing on robbery in Iran (A case study of Tehran Railway Station: 2004-2006)
Alireza Kaldi Reza Vaziri Pak

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5 - Correlation of Intuition and Feeling in Schleiermacher's On Religion
Babak Boroumandfar Shahram Pazouki SEYYED MASOUD Zamani

10.30495/jrs.2022.70052.10798

The article discusses the relationship between feeling and intuition in Schleiermacher's On Religion. It highlights how Schleiermacher presents the human religious experience in the organic system of nature, drawing upon the sameness of subject and object within the thi More

The article discusses the relationship between feeling and intuition in Schleiermacher's On Religion. It highlights how Schleiermacher presents the human religious experience in the organic system of nature, drawing upon the sameness of subject and object within the thinking of the early romantics and the Spinozian context in the theological-philosophical system. Through linking intuition and feeling, Schleiermacher explains the connection between the finite and infinite, emphasizing the pre-theoretical nature of intuition. The article suggests that Schleiermacher's knowledge goes beyond the theoretical knowledge of philosophers like Kant and argues that his intuition and feeling should be considered within the spiritual and inner realm for humans. Additionally, the article touches on the novel topic of the turn from feeling to opinion in the third edition of On Religion (1826 AD). Overall, the main focus of the article is to explore the concept of intuition and feeling as presented in Schleiermacher's work. Manuscript profile

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6 - Roudaki and Chaucer
Ismael Azar

The present article studies the common themes in Roudaki and Chaucer's poetry separately and through comparison.They poets 1 ived in a time full of unrest and that's \vh: happiness and joy can be seen in their poetry. One other theme which they both have mentioned is de More

The present article studies the common themes in Roudaki and Chaucer's poetry separately and through comparison.They poets 1 ived in a time full of unrest and that's \vh: happiness and joy can be seen in their poetry. One other theme which they both have mentioned is death. Roudaki and Chaucer hax e had great impact on the poets after them. Roudakis impact has been extended to the present day while Chaucer's impact did not extend for more than three hundred years.Both poets composed eulogies which were so effective One of the differences between these poets is their language. Roudakis language is still understandable for Persian speakers after thousand years but Chaucer's language is not so and should be translated for todays generation. Manuscript profile

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7 - Manifestation of Islamic, Iranian and Azeri Folk Culture in Nezami's Works
Seyyed Mahmoud Reza Gheibi

Research on the culture, costumes and traditions of the land of Iran, not only enlightens a lot of dark points of the literature but also is important because of different aspects and reasons.Understanding the folk culture through literary texts also has a lot of advant More

Research on the culture, costumes and traditions of the land of Iran, not only enlightens a lot of dark points of the literature but also is important because of different aspects and reasons.Understanding the folk culture through literary texts also has a lot of advantages, some of which are mentioned in this article. The present article is a research on Islamic, Iranian and Azeri folk culture referring to Khamseh Nezami's works including Makhzan al Asriir, Khosro va Shinn, LeW va Majnoon, Haft Peikar and Eskandar Niimeh.Keywords: culture, folk culture, beliefs, costumes and traditions, poetic language, religious beliefs remedial beliefs, astronomical beliefs, social costumes and tratidtions, costumes and traditions of the court, tales, fables.  Manuscript profile

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8 - Manifestation of Folklore in Khajou-ye Kermani’s Poetry
Mahdiye Cheragh Dr. Ahmad Zakeri

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9 - The Validity، Reliability and Factor Structure of the Short Version of Attitude toward Women Scale
Negar Sadeghi Negar Sadeghi Alireza Moradi Shahram Mohammadkhani

The aim of the present study was to examine the validity, reliability and factor structure of the 15-items short version of Attitude toward Women Scale (AWS) (Spence & Helmreich, 1978). The Persian short version of AWS was administrated on Kharazmi students (150 fem More

The aim of the present study was to examine the validity, reliability and factor structure of the 15-items short version of Attitude toward Women Scale (AWS) (Spence & Helmreich, 1978). The Persian short version of AWS was administrated on Kharazmi students (150 females, 100males)that was selected using multi-stage cluster random sampling. The validity of the scale was assessed by Explanatory factor analysis and convergent validity. Explanatory Factor analyses indicated one factor model. Moreover, convergent validity of the AWS with the Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI) was satisfactory .also The Cronbach’s alpha(0/60) and item-rest correlations indicated that reliability of the scale was satisfactory. According to these results, The Persian short version of Attitude toward Women Scale (AWS) may be a useful tool in assessing gender role attitudes and can be used gender studies in Iran. Manuscript profile

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10 - A Study of the Political, Cultural and Economic Roles of the Women of the Abbasid Court(AH 132-334)
Ali Gholami Firoozjaee Nazanin Ghasemi

The purpose of this study was to study the political, cultural and economic roles of women in the Abbasi court. The studied population included all political, cultural and economic roles of women in the Abbasi court in the period of 132 to 334 AH. The sample subsumed th More

The purpose of this study was to study the political, cultural and economic roles of women in the Abbasi court. The studied population included all political, cultural and economic roles of women in the Abbasi court in the period of 132 to 334 AH. The sample subsumed the most significant roles of women such as the bondwomen, caliphates’ mothers, the poetess and so on. The research was designed as descriptive analytical type. To collect data library method was applied by referring to books and scientific documents. The related to the subject and authentic data was analyzed via analytical procedure considering the dominant discourse of the historical incidents era. The results revealed that in Islamic realm specially from the Abbasid era, the societies were divided into different groups and classes; each of them had a relatively important position, including women. The results of preliminary study of the sources also indicated that some of the caliphates’ mothers and wives by imposing their influence, political and economic potency in political arena; sometimes by expressing sentiments, female jealousy, extravagance and sometimes by using reason and wisdom exerted changes in destiny of caliphate successor, powerful political dynasties and wars and played roles in political conspiracies. Some Abbasid women also took advantage of their court status and position in the field of development, prosperity and charitable activities, and some of them showed off in the cultural arena by composing rich poems. Manuscript profile

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11 - The relationship between body dissatisfaction, socio-physical anxiety and socio-cultural attitudes about appearance to body self-concept among female students
somayeh nadiyan ghomsheh saeed bakhtiar pour

The aim of this study was the relationship between body dissatisfaction, socio-physical anxiety and socio-cultural attitudes about appearance to self-concept among fourth year high school female students in district 3 of Ahvaz. To this end, a sample including 250 studen More

The aim of this study was the relationship between body dissatisfaction, socio-physical anxiety and socio-cultural attitudes about appearance to self-concept among fourth year high school female students in district 3 of Ahvaz. To this end, a sample including 250 students were selected at cluster sampling method and tested by multidimensional body-self relation questionnaire, socio-physical anxiety questionnaire, socio-cultural attitudes test about body image, and self-concept scale. In this study, statistical methods of the Pearson correlation and multiple liner regression were used. The results showed that body dissatisfaction, socio-physical anxiety and socio-cultural attitudes about appearance were related significantly and negatively to body self-concept in female students. Also, body dissatisfaction, socio-physical anxiety and socio-cultural attitudes about appearance were significantly predictors of body self-concept. Keywords: Body dissatisfaction, Socio-physical anxiety Socio-cultural attitudes about appearance, Body self-concept. The aim of this study was the relationship between body dissatisfaction, socio-physical anxiety and socio-cultural attitudes about appearance to self-concept among fourth year high school female students in district 3 of Ahvaz. To this end, a sample including 250 students were selected at cluster sampling method and tested by multidimensional body-self relation questionnaire, socio-physical anxiety questionnaire, socio-cultural attitudes test about body image, and self-concept scale. In this study, statistical methods of the Pearson correlation and multiple liner regression were used. The results showed that body dissatisfaction, socio-physical anxiety and socio-cultural attitudes about appearance were related significantly and negatively to body self-concept in female students. Also, body dissatisfaction, socio-physical anxiety and socio-cultural attitudes about appearance were significantly predictors of body self-concept. Keywords: Body dissatisfaction, Socio-physical anxiety Socio-cultural attitudes about appearance, Body self-concept. Manuscript profile

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12 - The relationship between social responsibility and positive attitudes about education with mastery Goal orientation freshman in high school students in Gorgan
معصومه Dangani-Mirmahaleh R. Badri-gogri

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13 - Reflection on the Royal historiography of Safavid era; Case Study: Takmelat Al Akhbar book
saeid najafinezhad Hamid Reza Motahari

Royal historiography , the formation of a government in Iran has grown in same periods , it flourished under the various factors in such as the Safavid era and has important works . One of the historians Abdi Beyg Shirazi is a major work in the field of royal historiogr More

Royal historiography , the formation of a government in Iran has grown in same periods , it flourished under the various factors in such as the Safavid era and has important works . One of the historians Abdi Beyg Shirazi is a major work in the field of royal historiography Takmelat Al Akhbar is considered . The author of this work under the influence of certain political conditions of the time his book completed The religious beliefs of some indicators of historiography and the intensification of the court in the course of this work involved . This study plans with the descriptive and Analytical study to answer the question of which features the Royal historiography and how the book adapted to this purpose , while pointing out features such as sophisticated programming , exaggerations , sanctifying power of analysis , these Takmelat Al Akhbar is explained in the book . Manuscript profile

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14 - The role and position of court women in the ottoman endowment system of the Ottoman Empire from the period magnificent of Suleiman to Abdelhamid ii
kobra shavandi AHMAD KAMRANIFAR mohammad reza barani

The Ottoman Empire was one of the most stable Muslim states that ruled over the Islamic world for over six centuries and the culmination of its authority began in the time of Suleiman the Magnificent. In examining the power diagram, court women played a role in various More

The Ottoman Empire was one of the most stable Muslim states that ruled over the Islamic world for over six centuries and the culmination of its authority began in the time of Suleiman the Magnificent. In examining the power diagram, court women played a role in various developments as behind-the-scenes rulers in the form of the sultan's mother or a minor. Among these areas are endowments and charitable affairs. Waqf is an eternal legacy through which good deeds and public benefits continue in society. Examining the history of waqf in the Ottoman Empire without considering the role and status of women is incomplete research. Therefore, it is necessary to recognize the activity of court women as influential elements, to provide a clearer picture of the endowment system of that period. Religious tendencies and favorable economic influences of court women caused their social and religious presence in the phenomenon of waqf, especially in the period of Suleiman the Magnificent to the end of the reign of Abdul Hamid II. In this article, as a research issue, we will try to examine the extent of the influence of court women in the Ottoman endowment system according to the mentioned hypotheses. Findings indicate that the positive performance of women in the Ottoman court led to the strengthening and increasing development of the endowment system. The presented materials have been provided in a descriptive-analytical manner and by using valid scientific books and articles. Manuscript profile

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15 - A speculation over Timortash’, a minster of Royal Courts during Reza Shah, political behaviour and the end of his currier
usef motevali

Formation of Pahlavi dynasty was the result of efforts a number of Smart administrators  during the Reza Shah who by managing the critical condition of Iran and by help of foreigner governments could provide a ground for the fall of Qajar and the formation of Pahla More

Formation of Pahlavi dynasty was the result of efforts a number of Smart administrators  during the Reza Shah who by managing the critical condition of Iran and by help of foreigner governments could provide a ground for the fall of Qajar and the formation of Pahlavi dynasty. Abdol-Hossian Sadr-e Azam Korasani known as Timortash was one those smart administrators in this period. He together with two other admistrators, Ali Akbar Davar and Nasrollah Firouz played an important role on rise of Reza Khan and formation of Pahlavi dynasty. It was probably because of his effort that he was later appointed as the minster of Royal Court and became the second powerful man in Iran after Reza Shah.  Because of  strong position of Timoretash in early of Reza Shah rule, the appointment of any Prime Minesters, Minsters, MPs, Provincial governors and... was nearly impossible without his consent. However, in middle of Reza Shah Rule anything was changed. In this period not only he lost all of his political influence and power, but also he lost his life as well. In this research and based off on contemporary documents and sources from Qajar and pahlavi it has been tried to examine the process of Timoretash raising to power, his political currier and end of his life by using historical research method Manuscript profile

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16 - The Place and origin of mental and political elites in Iran between two revolutions (the years 1285 to 1357), and the role of government (court) in it
Amir Khoshhal Samad Abedini

The goal of this article is to study the place and origin of mental and  political elites after seventy years of constitution whether formallyor  informally  and  define   the  role of governor  power  in this place.   More

The goal of this article is to study the place and origin of mental and  political elites after seventy years of constitution whether formallyor  informally  and  define   the  role of governor  power  in this place.   In the past our society was  autocracied, back warded and  trible in which king and his confidants werein charge of everything and people were uneducated and  masses and elites were influenced by both of them, but in the late nineteenth century injustice by  governors on people got intensified , import of foreign goods stopped internal goods to flourish, economic concession to foreigners increased, the cost of travelling abroad by kings increased  and other cases provided the way for mental crises in the brain of society elites which led to constitutional revolution in Iran. Generally, the place and origin of mental and political elites in seventy years of constitution were: 1.  Most governor elites were from upper class and related to court and were among court confidents. 2. Most elites of this era (especially parliament members) were from landlords and employees (Divansalaran) and spirituals. 3. Most political elites and somehow mental elites were land lords. 4. Most mental and political elites of this era were freemasonry members.   Manuscript profile

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17 - Investigating the Role of Influential Courtiers in Choosing the King's Successor in the Safavid Era
zahra rezaee naser jadidi mohammad karim yousef jamali

In Iran's history, king succession has been marked an important issue. Often when a king was weak or dead, contenders emerged for taking power. Occasionally, despite the powerful king, there were conspiracies among the influential courtiers. In the Safavid era, the lack More

In Iran's history, king succession has been marked an important issue. Often when a king was weak or dead, contenders emerged for taking power. Occasionally, despite the powerful king, there were conspiracies among the influential courtiers. In the Safavid era, the lack of a codified law caused various forces, especially the Ghezelbash heads and court women, to be involved in the succession process; they were trying to choose the king in their own interests. The question of this study is what role did the influential courtiers play in selecting the king's successor? Before Shah Abbas I, the Ghezelbash played large-scale roles in the succession issue. In post-Shah Abbas I reign, however, influential women played the most important role. This descriptive-analytical study examines the role of influential courtiers in the king succession. Findings showed that the Ghezelbash and court women played large-scale roles in the king succession in the Safavid era. Manuscript profile

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18 - The role of the king in the structure of the Achaemenid court
zhamak khademi naser jadidi ahmad kamranifar

The structure of the court and the political organization that ruled the vast territory under Achaemenid rule were of great importance in the continuation of this rule. The Achaemenid court with a structure including: mother king, queen and crown prince, princes, heads More

The structure of the court and the political organization that ruled the vast territory under Achaemenid rule were of great importance in the continuation of this rule. The Achaemenid court with a structure including: mother king, queen and crown prince, princes, heads of families, eunuchs, a position similar to the great minister - the spy system (known as the corners and eyes of the king) and ... in all political developments of this dynasty Was involved. One of the important issues in examining this structure is the role of the king in this organization. It seems that the Achaemenids in influencing the organization and structure of the court in their Achaemenid Empire were influenced by the ancient civilizations of Mesopotamia, especially Assyria and Babylon. In addition to the Assyrian civilization, the ancient Median and Elamite governments also provided suitable models for the rulers of this dynasty. It was and the power of the Shah was absolute and unlimited and the Shah was a symbol of the full ownership of the Iranian society and the owner of all the property and wealth of the people. What is certain is that the study of this structure will provide valuable information about the role of the Shah in the pyramid of political power of the Achaemenid court to historians. Manuscript profile

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19 - The role of internal and external factors and elements in the construction and ineffectiveness of the New Iran Party
zahra amiri reza shabanisamghabadi mohamad kalhor

During the Pahlavi II era and after the coup d'état on August 28, 1332 A.H., the government of that time tried to create parties to make itself appear democratic. In this way, Faramashi parties found a special place in the political sphere of Iran. These parties More

During the Pahlavi II era and after the coup d'état on August 28, 1332 A.H., the government of that time tried to create parties to make itself appear democratic. In this way, Faramashi parties found a special place in the political sphere of Iran. These parties did not have a social background, they were formed without the support and support of the people and only by the order of the power agents from above, and they had no duty other than to maintain and strengthen the ruling political power. These parties were part of the political and governmental structure of the same era, which defended the power and the central government in all aspects and were themselves among the practitioners of autocracy. This group of parties were known as government parties: among the government parties of this era is the New Iran Party, which started in 1342 AH and was considered the ruling party for 12 years until 1354 AH, and one of It was one of the most important parties of the Pahlavi era. The current research, benefiting from the historical research method with descriptive and analytical approach, aims to analyze the role of internal and external factors and elements in the construction and inefficiency of the New Iran Party in the political field of Iran. Manuscript profile

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20 - مناسبات لژ بیداری ایران با کانونهای قدرت در عصر مشروطیت(مجلس، دولت، دربار)
دکتر حجت فلاح‌توتکار دکتر جواد سخا یحیی آریابخشایش

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21 - Differences and changes in the official Qajar history of history from Fath Ali Shah to Nasir al-Din Shah
Shahla Mansouri Ghavamabadi Soheila Torabi Farasani Faizollah Boussof Corner

Official historiography texts in the Qajar period have changed due to political and socialchanges and connections with the West, and a familiarity with the historical works of theWest, and created new insights in historiography. During this period, two types ofhistoric More

Official historiography texts in the Qajar period have changed due to political and socialchanges and connections with the West, and a familiarity with the historical works of theWest, and created new insights in historiography. During this period, two types ofhistoric studies with different approaches to the official historians Was used. Thebeginning of the Qajar period until the end of Muhammad Shah's period and the earlyperiod of the Nazarene period was more or less traditional in traditional historiography,and in the middle of the Nazari period, some changes were made in the history of history.Considering the necessity of the historiography of this period and the importance of thebooks written by the historians, this paper examines this Two types of officialhistoriography look at and answer the question: What differences can be observed in thehistoriography of this period?The method of this historical research is descriptive-analytic, based on library studiesand archival documents. Manuscript profile

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22 - A case study about social crises of Mozafari 's era described in Merat Al-vagaea Mozafari
Shahla mansori Soheila torabi farsani feisollah boushasb goshe

AbstractThe crise that shook the country from the Nazarite era ,due to the lack ofattention to reforms and modernization in the structure of government,increased in the period of hardship and made the government messy. Thefinancial system of the state collapsed and the More

AbstractThe crise that shook the country from the Nazarite era ,due to the lack ofattention to reforms and modernization in the structure of government,increased in the period of hardship and made the government messy. Thefinancial system of the state collapsed and the economic pressure on thepeople doubled ,causing insurrection and social crises throughout the state.Malek Al-Mukherin,one of the official historians of Mozafari 's court in MeratAl-Dawkh, has well described all the riots and crises.This article tries to use the descriptive –analytical method to examine the kindof official historian's look at people's protests and revolts and the level ofattention and attention to people and their problems. He is trying to answerthe following question: What was the kind of view of Abdul Hussein KhanSehpehr as official historian for the riots and social protests? Manuscript profile

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23 - تطبیق دو اثر منظوم "تریستان و ایزولد" اثر گوتفرید فون اشتراسبورگ و "ویس و رامین" از فخرالدین اسعد گرگانی
افسون گودرز پور عراق

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24 - The role ofthe intellectualand politicalelitesin thepolitical and social developmentsin Iranbetweentwo revolutions(From 1285to 1357p)andthe role ofpopulaceinit
samad abedini amir khoshhal

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25 - Criticism on the Works of Ali Dashti and Mohammad Hejazi
Mohammad Issa Zadeh Haji Agha

Abstract          From the view point of the promulgation or limitations of Persian Literature, especially in story-writing field, the years 1320 – 1300 are of thorough significance. The liberal forces who considered thems More

Abstract          From the view point of the promulgation or limitations of Persian Literature, especially in story-writing field, the years 1320 – 1300 are of thorough significance. The liberal forces who considered themselves the winners of constitution revolution, wished that the victory process and social structure be continued. But in front of them there were new powers that wanted to strengthen its bases. Struggling to attain power which existed in all ranks of society, had influence on the literature, too. The liberalists wanted to unmask the reality to the ordinary people; and the newly founded Pahlavi power wanted, by eliminating the impediment and suppressing the opposition, to legitimize its monarchy in the view of people. Both sides had understood the importance of literature, especially story-writing, and wanted to take benefits of its impact to develop their desires. Consequently, two types of literature and story-writing , with different purposes, were developed in Iranian society which can be called : court and folk literature. Senator Ali Dashti and Senator Motioddowleh Mohammad Hejazi were the leading figures of court literature and their only purposes were to entertain people and lead their minds to other problems including extravagant love and unbridled self-indulgence to divert people's attention from social problems. The stories of these two court writers, in this article, have thematically been investigated to show which of the problems were of importance in their ideas.  Manuscript profile

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26 - Idrīs Bitlīsī, Clerkly Historiography and Islamic Paradigm in the Ottoman Historiography
جعفر نوری shirin saiddi hadi arefnia

The presence of Iranian scholars and scientists and the support of the sultans and princes of it, the Persian language, literature and historiography got a special place in the Ottoman Empire. Under the patronage of the Ottoman court, several historical works were writt More

The presence of Iranian scholars and scientists and the support of the sultans and princes of it, the Persian language, literature and historiography got a special place in the Ottoman Empire. Under the patronage of the Ottoman court, several historical works were written. Idris Bitlisi has a special place among the Persian historians of the Ottoman court, and he can be considered as the most prominent representative of Persian writing and Iranian historiography in the Ottoman court. After presenting a description of the life of Idris Bitlisi, focusing on the text of Hasht Bihisht and Salim Shahnameh as his two historiographical works, the present study aims to identify the main components of his history writing and historiography and explain these components in the final step. The findings of this research show that the detailed report of events, using artificial and literary prose, the mixing of text with poems, verses, and hadiths, the lack of sufficient references to the sources of the narrations, and the Regular division of contents are the most important features of his history writing and the Presenting an imperial image of the Ottoman Empire, the effort to legitimize the Ottomans, using the historical narrative to serve the political purposes of the Ottoman state, placing the court in the center of the narrative, not confining to quoting political history, paying attention to governmental, scientific and social institutions, influential men and scholars, and pay attention to the conditions of neighboring nations are among his historiographical features. Based on the findings of this research, it is possible to prove that Bitlisi's use of complicated and artificial prose aimed to establish his position in the Ottoman court and present an imperial image of the Ottoman Empire, and legitimize it to deal with rivals such as the Safavids and Mamluks Manuscript profile

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27 - Governmental and administrative terminologies in “History of Sistan”
Vagiheh Panahi

Moslems according to Koran (49:13) Sura Hogarat which states: “ We have created you as male and female and divided you into tribes in order to get acquainted with each other” have paid special attention to civil and urban society, and scientists such as Fara More

Moslems according to Koran (49:13) Sura Hogarat which states: “ We have created you as male and female and divided you into tribes in order to get acquainted with each other” have paid special attention to civil and urban society, and scientists such as Farabi  introduced utopia as a place where people gather and help each other.  Historians and geographers in their works, spoke about different aspects of civil life.  One of their innovations was the compilation of independent books about the history of towns among which history of Nayshapour, Sistan, Bokhara, Qom and Bayhaghi remain to this day. In these books, one comes across many civic terms, administrative social institutions, and various professions which are valuable for investigating civil discussions regarding administrative legal systems governing the cities.  History of Sistan apart from  historical social discussions, contains many social, administrative, govermental terms and expressions which are fully discussed in the text. Manuscript profile

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28 - Investigating the Features of Journalistic Prose at Gajar Court
Ali Gholami

Following the advent of printing industry in Iran and the publishing of the first Iranian newspapers by the Gajar Court, its growth and revival, a new literary genre, journalistic genre, found its way into the Persian prose.  Since at that time, this journalistic l More

Following the advent of printing industry in Iran and the publishing of the first Iranian newspapers by the Gajar Court, its growth and revival, a new literary genre, journalistic genre, found its way into the Persian prose.  Since at that time, this journalistic language was quiet new in the country, articles of newspapers were written in the same eloquent style as was used for writing Court correspondences.  This difficult language was neither well understood nor liked by the public, since it did not reflect their pains, complaints and their wishes.  Thus, it was not well received by the people and with the victory of Constitutional Revolution and the freedom of journalism from the absolute monopoly of Court, this sublime style began to decline. This article by painting a picture of the journalistic atmosphere of Gajar Court, discusses its prose features, and deals with the reasons for its decline.   Manuscript profile

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29 - Ministers in Hafez's time
Iraj Shahbazi

This article discusses the concept of viziership in Persian literature, and investigates the life of ministers in Hafez's time. Emadeddin Mahmoud Kermani, Borhaneddin Fatollah, Ghavameddin Mohammad Saheb Ayyar, and jalaloddin Touranshah are the four ministers who were p More

This article discusses the concept of viziership in Persian literature, and investigates the life of ministers in Hafez's time. Emadeddin Mahmoud Kermani, Borhaneddin Fatollah, Ghavameddin Mohammad Saheb Ayyar, and jalaloddin Touranshah are the four ministers who were particularly liked by Hafez and he composed some poetry in their praise. Investigation of this genre of poetry from the historical point of view is the main subject of this article. Such studies could throw light on Hafez's time and pave the way for compiling a complete history of the Persian literature.  Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

30 - The concepts and hints arisen from occupations and posts in the poems of the Teimurid era
Ali Kabili maryam mohammadzadeh Reza aghayari zahed

The recognition of business methods of a society is known as one of the different approaches to gain an accurate knowledge of that society and the individual and social lives of the people. Since the Teimurid era has been a vaguely understood era throughout the history More

The recognition of business methods of a society is known as one of the different approaches to gain an accurate knowledge of that society and the individual and social lives of the people. Since the Teimurid era has been a vaguely understood era throughout the history in Iran, the present research is going to investigate about the introduction of occupations and professions in the Teimurid’s era through collecting the data using a library study method utilizing a descriptive research method to probe and recognize the existence of different jobs within the Teimurid era looking through different poems composed in that historical period. We have done the current study to recognize which occupations and posts were present in the Teimurid’s era through which Teimur tried to revive the business movement and expanded the different businesses. Then, we have tried to acknowledge the readers about the different posts, vocabularies and expressions related with different jobs mentioned in the poems composed within the Teimurid’s era. We would like to investigate and analyze how these expressions and hints were referred to by the different poets and enlighten the readers about literary works in Persian specifically in the Teimurid’s era. Findings showed that there have been different governmental, industrial, and business occupations and services in that era. Some of these occupations and professions are extinct now and some have been changed into other similar jobs. The poets of this era have utilized many vocabularies and expressions related with different occupations and professions in order to achieve several goals such as literary creativeness, inspiration of artistic thoughts, and the creation of novel concepts. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

31 - Fathers and Sons in the Court of Sultan Masūd Ghaznavī: From Politics to Conflicts (421-432 AD)
جعفر نوری Seyyede Shirin saiddi Seyyedi hadi arefnia

The court of kings in different periods of history has always been a place of tension between different groups. The open and hidden politics and competition of the Mahmuds and the Mas’uds in the court of the Ghaznavids is a small example of these competitions in the cou More

The court of kings in different periods of history has always been a place of tension between different groups. The open and hidden politics and competition of the Mahmuds and the Mas’uds in the court of the Ghaznavids is a small example of these competitions in the court of kings in the history of Iran. The relations between those two groups and the way Mas’ud Ghaznavi dealt with them was one of the most important issues and challenges during his 11-year rule. This research tries to explain the competition by looking statistically at the status of fathers (men named in Mahmud's time) and sons (young people and people around Mas’ud) in the court of Sultan Mas’ud and the effect of this competition on the weakening and fall of the Ghaznavids. The findings of the research show that these competitions not only led to the removal and imprisonment of important people from two groups, but also became the basis for many incidents and other actions, and finally one of the important factors behind the fall of the Ghaznavids and their defeat of the Seljuk Turkmans in Dandanqan battle. This research was organized by statistical description of Biyhaqi information about Mas’udian and Mahmudian. Manuscript profile

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