List of Articles اقدام متقابل

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  1 - Legitimacy of Enforcement of Unilateral Economic Sanctions in International Law: Guarantor of International Law or National Policy Means?
  Ehsan Javid
  As a non-organized legal system, international law has been based on decentralized sanction regime. By virtue of this fact, in many cases, states have resorted to unilateral acts particularly unilateral economic sanctions as an aspect of self-help in international law. More

  As a non-organized legal system, international law has been based on decentralized sanction regime. By virtue of this fact, in many cases, states have resorted to unilateral acts particularly unilateral economic sanctions as an aspect of self-help in international law. Economic sanctions have become integral features of many states’ regulatory systems and can take the form of trade embargoes, export controls, and restrictions on financing, investment and state aid. However, they have attracted a great deal of attention in recent years because of their increased use and the substantial economic and social costs they impose on targeted countries, businesses and individuals. The most problematic issue in this respect is about their legitimacy and coincidence with international norms especially international human rights law. It is said that they impose immense humanitarian costs on the civilian populations of targeted countries. Therefore, their grave humanitarian and human rights effects and consequences give rise to international responsibility of sanctioning states. Manuscript profile
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  2 - Jurisprudential and legal principles of adherence to international negotiations and agreements
  javad oliyae tayebe aref nya
  In the international system, adherence to contracts is an important and inviolable principle, because non-adherence to treaties leads to the violation of principles and violations of international rules. On the other hand, due to the existence of rules and laws of count More

  In the international system, adherence to contracts is an important and inviolable principle, because non-adherence to treaties leads to the violation of principles and violations of international rules. On the other hand, due to the existence of rules and laws of countries Domestic people are required to comply with them in international treaties and agreements. It creates a loophole and non-compliance. International is subject to sacred laws and sharia, the analysis and study of which seems necessary from a jurisprudential and legal point of view. Therefore, the main question of the present study is in what cases can international negotiations and agreements not be adhered to? This article seeks to answer this question with an analytical approach and using the library method. It seems to be social and international, on the other hand, due to the existence of inviolable rules and principles such as denying the domination and public interest of Muslims and the Islamic government, and by betrayal and bad faith of the other side, allows breaking the treaty. The country, international treaties and treaties that are concluded with other countries are subject to law and expediency and can not be acted upon. Our country is created to prevent any domination and negligence by violating the covenant. Manuscript profile
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  3 - Barriers to Participation of Developing Countries in the WTO's Dispute Settlement System
  Dydokht Sadeghi – Haghighi Leila Reisi
  Abstract Understanding of the WTO dispute settlement was developed in 1995 and aimed to establish a coherent legal system based on equal access of all member states to the settlement of disputes and make decisions based on rules rather than decision-making by economic More

  Abstract Understanding of the WTO dispute settlement was developed in 1995 and aimed to establish a coherent legal system based on equal access of all member states to the settlement of disputes and make decisions based on rules rather than decision-making by economic powers. Over three quarters of WTO members are developing countries, which they have weak economic systems. Therefore, a provision in the understanding as “special and differential treatment” is considered, upon which the concessions were granted to developing countries aimed at creating a favorable context for increased involvement of these countries in the DSB. But to benefit from these advantages and protections granted by dispute settlement mechanisms, the developing countries face problems and challenges that led to their limited participation in this body. This article assumes that the developing countries has failed to benefit from the dispute settlement mechanisms and concludes that there are real political, commercial problems and domestic limits that must be overcome. Manuscript profile