Introduction: The impact of different effective factors on health expenditure appears in the public health and health promotion. Health is a key element in economic, social, and political development and has an important role in different infrastructure of society. Cons More
Introduction: The impact of different effective factors on health expenditure appears in the public health and health promotion. Health is a key element in economic, social, and political development and has an important role in different infrastructure of society. Considering the previous studies in this field with the classic assumption and according to the fact that existence of spatial dependence between the observations and disregarding these effects, the method of estimating conventional econometrics will be biased. Therefore, the main aim of this study is to consider the spatial dependence between observations. Methods: we use spatial econometrics model and spatial Durbin model in order to analyze the effective variables on health expenditure in 79 selected developing countries during (1995-2014). Results: The empirical results have indicated that there is a significant negative relationship between misery index and health expenditure. It means that if the weighted average of the logarithms of misery index increases 1 percent in neighboring countries, the average logarithm of health expenditures will decrease 0.13 percent in targeted country. Moreover, the effects of per capita income (0.54) and life expectancy (0.49) on per capita health care expenditure are significantly positive. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that if governments do not have appropriate policies to prevent the illegal immigration of foreign nationals and face difficulties in employing labor in their country, the health of the community will be compromised in long term because of the escalation of unemployment and Lack of inhibition of inflation.
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This study investigates the effects of economic and social variables on crimes in Iran by using provincial panel data during 2000-2010. Spatial econometrics is used to study the crime both in space and spillover effects in the model. Research findings suggest More
Abstract
This study investigates the effects of economic and social variables on crimes in Iran by using provincial panel data during 2000-2010. Spatial econometrics is used to study the crime both in space and spillover effects in the model. Research findings suggest that spillover effects caused led by the crimes in provinces are significant in the investigation period. Therefore, any change in crime rate will affect the province and the neighbors by the spillover effects or contagion across boundaries. Furthermore, the results indicate that economic variables of "Income and Industrialization index" and social variables of "Marriage to Divorce Ratio", "Urbanization Ratio" and "Population Increase" all have significant and important effects on the crime along the country.
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The major aim of this paper is to estimate the effect of the state fragility index as institutions represent on Iranian export to Southeast Asian countries. For this purpose, the spatial econometric approach and the mixed regressive-spatial autoregressive mode More
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The major aim of this paper is to estimate the effect of the state fragility index as institutions represent on Iranian export to Southeast Asian countries. For this purpose, the spatial econometric approach and the mixed regressive-spatial autoregressive model was used. Research pattern is a regression model with panel data from Iranian trade with Southeast Asian countries during 2000-2015. The results showed that the effect of the state fragility index variable on Iranian export to Southeast Asian countries is negative and significant. This means that promoting legitimacy and effectiveness in the social, political, and economic and security spheres have positive effect on increasing the export capacities of the country. According to the results, the hypothesis of spatial dependence in the model is confirmed.
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The purpose of this paper is to study empirically the convergence of democracy in developing countries. For this purpose, the spatial econometric and panel data approach was used during the period 1990- 2014. The results show that the geographic proximity of countries h More
The purpose of this paper is to study empirically the convergence of democracy in developing countries. For this purpose, the spatial econometric and panel data approach was used during the period 1990- 2014. The results show that the geographic proximity of countries has a positive and significant effect on democracy. In other words, on average, the increase in the level of democracy in the geographic neighbors has led to a 6 percent increase in democracy, which reflects the political influence of each other. Also, foreign aids does not have a significant effect on the spread of democracy in developing countries. In general, the spatial effects of democracy or the theory of diffusion in developing countries are confirmed. Therefore, According to the theory of diffusion and convergence of democracy, increase or decrease in democracy in a country can increase or decrease democracy in neighboring countries.
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The aim of present study is to identify the convergence of productivity in the provinces of Iran from 2007 and 2010. In order to evaluate, the researcher used the absolute and conditional beta convergence. With respect to the importance of the neighborhood effect in the More
The aim of present study is to identify the convergence of productivity in the provinces of Iran from 2007 and 2010. In order to evaluate, the researcher used the absolute and conditional beta convergence. With respect to the importance of the neighborhood effect in the study, the spatial economy method is used. The result shows that the absolute beta convergence has been approved and this coefficient has the numerical value 0.12.Thiscoefficientisstatistically significant. The conditional convergence coefficient is equal to 0.24, and the coefficient is statistically significant at the 1% level. The control variables in the conditional convergence included industrial diversification, industrial evenness, access to interstate road infrastructure, human capital. Industrial diversification and level of education have negative effect, and industrial evenness positive and access to the road infrastructure have positive effect on productivity convergence. Based on the results of the study it can be suggested that policy- makers and economic planners take more attention to the evenness industry based on the potential of each region
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