ادبیات جهان

Open Access Article

1 - The Meaning of World Literature
Francois Jost Alireza Anoushiravani

This paper is a study of the concept of World Literature from different perspectives. World Literature is closely associated with Comparative Literature, and in fact, provides the raw materials for the comparative researcher. Goethe, the great German intellectual and wr More

This paper is a study of the concept of World Literature from different perspectives. World Literature is closely associated with Comparative Literature, and in fact, provides the raw materials for the comparative researcher. Goethe, the great German intellectual and writer, is the first one who proposes the term in literary circles and persuades others to study World Literature. According to Goethe, literature does not have any geographical boundaries, and a literary man chooses his books according to aesthetic criteria. Hence, literary criticism has become international, and the best literary critics of National Literatures are not necessarily national critics. The writer, then, refers to excessive specialization in literary studies and considers it an obstacle on the way of appreciating the wholeness and the totality of literary' knowledge. An accurate and precise understanding of the concept of World Literature is the pre-requisite knowledge before launching any discussion of Comparative Literature theories.  Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

2 - Historical Development of Comparative Literature
Francois Jost Alireza Anoushirvani

This paper studies the historical development of comparative literature as an academic discipline from the Middle Ages to modern times. It starts with the development of national languages which results in the emergence of national literatures during the Renaissance. Th More

This paper studies the historical development of comparative literature as an academic discipline from the Middle Ages to modern times. It starts with the development of national languages which results in the emergence of national literatures during the Renaissance. The author emphasizes the fact that diversity is wealth and that variety is the spice of intellectual life. This is at the heart of comparative literature that there is oneness and unity beyond all appearances. The author, then, continues with a short survey of comparative literature in France and Germany, and lists the comparative periodicals which were published in Europe and America since the 19th century. The author concludes that comparative literature, which is increasingly expanding all over the world, promises to become a prominent and valid approach to literature and criticism in future.  Manuscript profile

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3 - Philosophy and a new theory in literature
François Youst Alireza Anoushirvani

The comparative literature has been surveyed as a university course in the present article. Indeed the comparative literature is a kind of worldview which goes beyond the national, lingual and geographical boards. The author also differentiates the world literature and More

The comparative literature has been surveyed as a university course in the present article. Indeed the comparative literature is a kind of worldview which goes beyond the national, lingual and geographical boards. The author also differentiates the world literature and the com-parative literature and believes that the world literature does not deal with the effects and affects and studies the literary works individually despite of the comparative literature. The author – knowing that – there is not a single definition of this course, tries to express and analyze different definitions of compara-tive literature. The researchers should notice that the comparative lit-erature’s goal is not to compare but to recognize the literati in general which the details – national literature – are interrelated. The author of the present article believes that the comparative literature is philosophy and a new theory in studying the literature. Manuscript profile

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4 - Goethe and the Concepts of World and Comparative Literature
Seyyed Saeed FirouzAbadi

In recent years comparative literature has become very popular in European countries especially in the German speaking ones. This scientific field of literary study was established in early 19th century and many scientific activities have been conducted in German s More

In recent years comparative literature has become very popular in European countries especially in the German speaking ones. This scientific field of literary study was established in early 19th century and many scientific activities have been conducted in German speaking countries in this regard. Some believe that Goethe who first brought in the concept of world literature is one of the founders of comparative literature. The present article introduces the national literature, colonial literature and world literature and tries to elaborate on the true meaning of world literature according to Goethe. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

5 - “Complete Peace”: The Logical Dialogue of World Literature in the Logic of a Dialogue between Hazef and Goethe
Tahereh Kouchakian

The extreme form of cultural peace and affection among two nations can be found in Goethe’s love towards Hafez. In his spiritual maturity, Goethe was so infatuated by Hafez’s well established thought that he could choose an interactive approach and frequentl More

The extreme form of cultural peace and affection among two nations can be found in Goethe’s love towards Hafez. In his spiritual maturity, Goethe was so infatuated by Hafez’s well established thought that he could choose an interactive approach and frequently talked about this infatuation. Literary relationships between Iran and Germany are not confined to Hafez and Goethe, but the magnificence of the logical dialogue between them stands outside time and place. Goethe introduced the idea of the world literature for the first time; Bakhtin offered dialogism, the relationship of a speech to another one to omit monologism; and Julia Kristeva developed this concept to the relation between texts and literary discourses. This study aims to review Hafez and Goethe’s dialogue as a symbol of east and west and analyze the world literature theory from one hand and study the effect of this dialogue in constituting positive global discourses on the other. In so doing, the role of logical dialogue among texts and discourses is highlighted to create a universal peace and understanding, to glorify the similarities and respect the differences leniently. This study deals with this idea analytically, comparatively and critically. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

6 - A Comparative Survey on Samad Behrangi and Shel Silverstein’s Writings
Nastaran Nosratzādegan

The present article first surveys the general concepts of comparative literature and its principles and then works on the themes of Behrangi- Iranian children’s writer- and Silverstein’s writings-American children’s writer. Differences a More

The present article first surveys the general concepts of comparative literature and its principles and then works on the themes of Behrangi- Iranian children’s writer- and Silverstein’s writings-American children’s writer. Differences and similarities of these two writers, their different times and places of living, and the characters they use in their writings have been surveyed in this article. Manuscript profile

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7 - Study of Shahnameh through a Cosmopolitan Approach
Nozzhat Noohi

This essay aims at considering the characteristics of Shahnameh through a literary cosmopolitan approach. Since many new theories are inspired by antecedent ideas, we should bear in mind that literary cosmopolitanism leads us to two previous theories i.e. world literatu More

This essay aims at considering the characteristics of Shahnameh through a literary cosmopolitan approach. Since many new theories are inspired by antecedent ideas, we should bear in mind that literary cosmopolitanism leads us to two previous theories i.e. world literature and comparative literature. The new reality of global village has impressed literature as well and resulted in a kind of literary cosmopolitanism. It is a new practice for magnificent literary works to stabilize their place on the list of world literature masterpieces. Shahnameh is one of these masterpieces which have been preserved through the ages. Shahnameh closely matches with the criteria of literary cosmopolitanism and invites the readers all around the global village to intelligently read it Manuscript profile

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8 - جلوه‌های فلسفه، سینما و ادبیات جهان در شعر حسین پناهی
مهران صادقی گوغری پوران یوسفی پورکرمانی هوشمند اسفندیار پور

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Open Access Article

9 - A glance at voage Fictions in the realm of Iran and world Literature
morteza Hashemi

The motife of “Traveling” has a high and important position in the field of world literature and remarkable works based on have been created. In addition to uncountable poetical pieces- often- in description of enchanting and charming of traveling, so many e More

The motife of “Traveling” has a high and important position in the field of world literature and remarkable works based on have been created. In addition to uncountable poetical pieces- often- in description of enchanting and charming of traveling, so many epics , tales, fictions and travel accounts based on this old phenomenon of Mankind life are exposed to public view , in the literature domain, and some of most famous literary works are formed based on voyage and navigation. The writer attempt in this article is the presentation of most important works in this field and makes a comparison  between classical and preceding Persian and European (Greek and Latin ) works , also enumeration of similarities and differences of such kind. In this survey, we find out that some valuable works , in poetry and prose , in the Persian literature domain are created by talented and visulizer Persian writers which are notable and comparable with first rate works of world  Literature. As the most important characteristics of these works can be enumerated as followings: confrontation with natural and supernatural obstacles and occurrences, welcoming to danger and adventuresomeness , heros’ entrance to unknown islands and places  and finally shipwreck phenomenon.   Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

10 - Studying the Common Themes in Nibelungenlied and Shāhnāmeh
Kambiz Safiee

Although epic isn’t the oldest narrative genre but it is the most prevailing one in the ancient time and middle ages. Epic and myth, oral or written, can be found in all cultures and sub-cultures. Myths provide the raw material for the epics and in some cultures e More

Although epic isn’t the oldest narrative genre but it is the most prevailing one in the ancient time and middle ages. Epic and myth, oral or written, can be found in all cultures and sub-cultures. Myths provide the raw material for the epics and in some cultures epics are continuation of them. The world's literature is full of epic-mythical themes. We can see these themes in two prominent books of Persian and German literature, namely Nibelungenlied and Shāhnāmeh. The common subjects such as mythical heroes, super-natural animals, war, battle, revenge and the like can be seen in these works. In the present article, after presenting the backgrounds of two epics, the two super-heroes, Siegfried and Rostam, are compared and common themes and common historical and epic features in these two prominent masterpieces are entertained. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

11 - The Heroes Who Disappeared; Decoding the Myth of "the Disappearance of the Heroes" in Some Stories
Leilā Valizādeh Pāshā Mahdi Nikmanesh

The disappearance of the heroes and protagonists is one of the noteworthy points in Iranian fiction. At first, the current study analyzes some literary works of various nations and then, concludes that similar examples of "the disappearance of the heroes" are found in t More

The disappearance of the heroes and protagonists is one of the noteworthy points in Iranian fiction. At first, the current study analyzes some literary works of various nations and then, concludes that similar examples of "the disappearance of the heroes" are found in the literature of other nations. Also, it concludes that the subject has been a common theme among different ethnicities from the prehistoric to the current era. The next step is to explain the reason for this similarity, supporting the hypothesis of commonality in the literature of various nations. The authors consider the subject of "the disappearance of the heroes" from six different aspects and tries to answer these questions: What are the characters of heroes who disappear? Why do they disappear? What is the connection between the heroes and the place of disappearing (cave, mountain and etc.)? Since the subject of the present study fits well with archetypes of hero, time, journey, immortality, death and reborn, return and etc., the subject of the disappearance of the heroes and protagonists are studied by using the archetypal criticism following the theories of Jung, Eliade and Campbell. Manuscript profile

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