The Effect of Eight-Week Aerobic Training with Garlic Supplementation on Anxiety and Depression in Rats Exposed to WIFI Electromagnetic Radiation

Subject Areas : Open Access

Amir Omid ¹ , Asiye Seyyed ² , Maryam Kheirdeh ³

1 - Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Behbahan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Behbahan, Iran
2 - Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Behbahan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Behbahan, Iran
3 - Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Shiraz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran

Received: 2021-08-19 Accepted : 2021-09-10 Published : 2021-05-22

Keywords: Depression, Aerobic training, Garlic, anxiety, Electromagnetic Radiation,

Abstract :

Introduction: It appears that electromagnetic radiations around us can lead to psychological disorders. Even though the role of exercise and herbs in improving mental health has been shown, the interactive effect of aerobic training and garlic supplementation on the nervous system under harmful electromagnetic radiation is still unknown. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of endurance training along with garlic extract consumption on rats exposed to electromagnetic radiation emitted from a WIFI modem.Materials and methods: In this experimental trial, 40 eight-week- male rats weighing 150-200 g were randomly divided into five groups, including: (1) control (C), (2) control + WIFI electromagnetic radiation, (C + WIFI) (3) aerobic training + WIFI electromagnetic radiation (AT + WIFI) (4) garlic extract supplementation + WIFI electromagnetic radiation (GE + WIFI) and (5) aerobic training + garlic extract supplementation + WIFI electromagnetic radiation (AT + GE + WIFI). Groups 2-5 were exposed to 2.45 GHz radiation emitted from a WIFI modem for 1 hour a day for eight weeks. Groups 3 and 5 performed aerobic training for eight weeks, three sessions per week at a rate of 12-18 m / min, and groups 4 and 5 received 800 mg / kg of garlic aqueous extract daily in their drinking water.Findings: Aerobic training and garlic supplementation had a significant effect on reducing depression (P≤0.05) and anxiety (P≤0.05) in rats exposed to WIFI electromagnetic radiation, but garlic supplementation and training had no interactive effect on reducing anxiety and depression in rats (P≥0.05).Conclusion: It seems that the use of either aerobic training or garlic extract supplementation alone has anti-anxiety and anti-depressant effects on rats under WIFI electromagnetic radiation.

References:

1. Narayanan SN, Jetti R, Kesari KK, Kumar RS, Nayak SB, Bhat PG. Radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation-induced behavioral changes and their possible basis. Environ Sci Pollut Res. 2019; 26 (30): 30693– 710. [PMID:31463749] [DOI:10.1007/s11356-019-06278-5]


2. Hosseini SE, Zia Z. Effect of cell-phone radiation in pregnancy on serum levels of sexual hormones and dynastic cells in adult female offspring in rats. J Ardabil Univ Med Sci. 2016; 16 (1): 23- 31. http://jarums.arums.ac.ir/article-1-1040-fa.html


3. Aldinucci C, Carretta A, Maiorca SM, Leoncini S, Signorini C, Ciccoli L, et al. Effects of 50 Hz electromagnetic fields on rat cortical synaptosomes. Toxicol Ind Health. 2009; 25 (4–5): 249– 52. [PMID:19651794] [DOI:10.1177/0748233709103031]


4. Hosseini SA, Salehi O, Keikhosravi F, Hassanpour G, Ardakani HD, Farkhaie F, et al. Mental health benefits of exercise and genistein in elderly rats. Exp Aging Res. 2021; 1– 16. [PMID:33888036] [DOI:10.1080/0361073X.2021.1918473]


5. Shenas NP, Salehi O, Hosseini SA. The effect of resistance training with royal jelly on serotonin and dopamine receptors genes expression in the hippocampus of a rat Model of Alzheimer’s Disease. 2021; 1- 11. [DOI:10.21203/rs.3.rs-350557/v1]


6. Morgan AJ, Parker AG, Alvarez-Jimenez M, Jorm AF. Exercise and mental health: an exercise and sports science Australia commissioned review. J Exerc Physiol. 2013; 16 (4): 64- 73. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Exercise-and-Mental/cf1c5775404a8eb203b8fe83bb8119d4ae52c9ee


7. Perraton LG, Kumar S, Machotka Z. Exercise parameters in the treatment of clinical depression: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. J Eval Clin Pract. 2010; 16 (3): 597– 604. [PMID:20039997] [DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2753.2009.01188.x]


8. Eyre H, Baune BT. Neuroimmunological effects of physical exercise in depression. Brain Behav Immun. 2012; 26 (2): 251– 66. [PMID:21986304] [DOI:10.1016/j.bbi.2011.09.015]


9. Sarkar P, Kumar H, Rawat M, Varshney VP, Goswami TK, Yadav MC, et al. Effect of administration of garlic extract and PGF 2 α on hormonal changes and recovery in endometritis cows. Asian-Australasian J Anim Sci. 2006; 19 (7): 964– 9. [DOI:10.5713/ajas.2006.964]


10. Namjoo A, Heidarian E, Rafieian-Kopaei M, Jafarian-Dehkordi M. Effect of chronic oral administration of garlic aqueous extract on tissue changes, some blood and enzymatical parameters in male rats. J Shahrekord Uuniversity Med Sci. 2013; 15 (1): 103- 113. http://78.39.35.44/article-1-1474-en.html


11. Saki K, Bahmani M, Rafieian-Kopaei M. The effect of most important medicinal plants on two importnt psychiatric disorders (anxiety and depression)-a review. Asian Pac J Trop Med. 2014; 7: S34- 42. [PMID:25312147] [DOI:10.1016/S1995-7645(14)60201-7]


12. Salehi O, Sheikholeslami-Vatani D, Negarandeh Z, Yarahmadi J. The effect of swimming training at different temperatures with cinnamon consumption on avoidance memory, spatial memory and aerobic power in streptozotocin- induced diabetic rats. 2021; 1 (1): 67- 87. https://www.magiran.com/paper/2228515?lang=en


13. Azarian F, AliHosseini S, Azarbayjani MA. The effect of endurance training and crocin consumption on anxiety- like behaviors and aerobic power in rats with Alzheimer’s. Iran J Psychiatry Behav Sci. 2019; 13 (4): e89011. [DOI:10.5812/ijpbs.89011]


14. Pourfazeli B, Azamian Jazi A, Faramarzi M, Mortazavi MJ. Effect of eight weeks aerobic training on oxidative stress markers in rats exposed to electromagnetic microwave radiation emitted from Wi-Fi routers. Armaghane Danesh. 2017; 22 (3): 311– 24. http://armaghanj.yums.ac.ir/article-1-1834-en.html


15. Modaresi M, Mohajer M. The effect of garlic extract on spermatogenesis and sexual hormones in heat- stressed male mice. J Adv Med Biomed Res. 2015; 23 (101): 88– 97. http://zums.ac.ir/journal/article-1-3348-en.html


16. Rahmati-Ahmadabad S, Azarbayjani M-A, Broom DR, Nasehi M. Effects of high-intensity interval training and flaxseed oil supplement on learning, memory and immobility: relationship with BDNF and TrkB genes. Comp Exerc Physiol. 2021; 17 (3): 273– 83. [DOI:10.3920/CEP200046]


17. Jenaro C, Flores N, Gómez-Vela M, González-Gil F, Caballo C. Problematic internet and cell-phone use: Psychological, behavioral, and health correlates. Addict Res Theory. 2007; 15 (3): 309– 20. [DOI:10.1080/16066350701350247]


18. Thomée S, Dellve L, Härenstam A, Hagberg M. Perceived connections between information and communication technology use and mental symptoms among young adults-a qualitative study. BMC Public Health. 2010; 10 (1): 1– 14. [PMCID:PMC2836296] [DOI:10.1186/1471-2458-10-66]


19. Ciejka E, Kleniewska P, Skibska B, Goraca A. Effects of extremely low frequency magnetic field on oxidative balance in brain of rats. J Physiol Pharmacol. 2011; 62 (6): 657. [PMID:22314568]


20. Tofighi A, Nozad J, Babaee S, Dastah S. Effect of aerobic exercise training on general health indices in inactive veterans. Iran J War Public Heal. 2013; 5 (2): 40– 5. http://ijwph.ir/article-1-264-en.html


21. Rashidi M, Rashidy-Pour A, Ghorbani R, Diyant H, Shahvaranian M. The comparison of aerobic and anaerobic exercise effects on depression and anxiety in students. Koomesh. 2017; 333– 40. http://koomeshjournal.semums.ac.ir/article-1-3290-en.html


22. Herring MP, Lindheimer JB, O’Connor PJ. The effects of exercise training on anxiety. Am J Lifestyle Med. 2014; 8 (6): 388- 403. [DOI:10.1177/1559827613508542]


23. Lattari E, Budde H, Paes F, Neto GAM, Appolinario JC, Nardi AE, et al. Effects of aerobic exercise on anxiety symptoms and cortical activity in patients with panic disorder: a pilot study. Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Heal CP EMH. 2018; 14: 11. [PMID:29515644] [DOI:10.2174/1745017901814010011]


24. Song H, Cui J, Mossine V V, Greenlief CM, Fritsche K, Sun GY, et al. Bioactive components from garlic on brain resiliency against neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. Exp Ther Med. 2020; 19 (2): 1554– 9. [PMID:32010338] [DOI:10.3892/etm.2019.8389]


25. Rahmani G, Farajdokht F, Mohaddes G, Babri S, Ebrahimi V, Ebrahimi H. Garlic (Allium sativum) improves anxiety-and depressive-related behaviors and brain oxidative stress in diabetic rats. Arch Physiol Biochem. 2020; 126 (2): 95– 100. [PMID:30169970] [DOI:10.1080/13813455.2018.1494746]


26. Marschollek C, Karimzadeh F, Jafarian M, Ahmadi M, Mohajeri SMR, Rahimi S, et al. Effects of garlic extract on spreading depression: In vitro and in vivo investigations. Nutr Neurosci. 2017; 20 (2): 127– 34. [PMID:25138625] [DOI:10.1179/1476830514Y.0000000148]


27. Habibian M, ASADI MA. The combined effects of swimming exercise and garlic extract on some mediator factors on the cardiac angiogenesis and fibrosis in aged rats. 2015; 13 (4) :39-46. http://jmj.jums.ac.ir/article-1-632-fa.html