The effect of comprehensive modeling of the earth system by the fitting method on lightning overvoltages in isolated wind turbines in the direction of smart arresters
Subject Areas :
Mehrdad
Mahmoudian
1
(Department of Engineering and Technology, Apadana Institute of Higher Education)
Sajad
Sadi
2
(Instructor/Imam Hossein University)
Keywords: wind turbine, electromagnetic transients, earth system, fitting method.,
Abstract :
The construction of wind farms in areas with high isochronic number, high tower height, intensification of the electric field due to the sharp tips of the blades and the possible contact of the blades with the nearby clouds, the importance of checking the overvoltage applied to the network The power by the high frequency wave makes the lightning brighter. Also, the wind turbine grounding system should be designed in such a way that, in addition to achieving impedance specifications with standard steady state values, it can effectively drain the lightning current into the ground. In this article, in the simulation of the earth system, the soil ionization phenomenon and the high frequency behavior of its electrodes have been considered so that it can be used as a reference potential to measure the voltage of all points. Then, the vector fitting method has been used to model the earth system. Of course, the input of the vector fitting method can be considered the frequency response of each element which is calculated numerically using common methods such as the FDTD method. Since the use of a more accurate calculation method provides more reliable results to the users, therefore, in this article, the overvoltage to a 2 megawatt wind turbine has been investigated using EMTP specialized software.
[1] Z. Hu et al., “Fast Distance Protection Scheme for Wind Farm Transmission Lines Considering R-L and Bergeron Models,” Journal of Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 840–852, May 2023,
[2] L. Zheng, K. Jia, W. Wu, Q. Liu, T. Bi, and Q. Yang, “Cosine Similarity Based Line Protection for Large Scale Wind Farms Part II - the Industrial Application,” IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, pp. 1–1, 2021.
[3] M. N. Uddin, N. Rezaei, and O. Emmanuel Olufemi, “Adaptive and Optimal Overcurrent Protection of Wind Farms With Improved Reliability,” IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, vol. 58, no. 3, pp. 3342–3352, May 2022.
[4] R. Hoerauf, "Considerations in Wind Farm Grounding Designs," Industry Applications, IEEE Transactions on, vol. 50, no. 2, pp. 1348-1355. 2014.
[5] IEC International Standard. Lightning protection. IEC 61400-61424. In: Wind turbine generation system, vol. 24. Geneva: International Electro-technical Commission; 2010.
[6] L. He, L. Chen-Ching. A. Pitto, D. Cirio, "Distance Protection of AC Grid With HVDC-Connected Offshore Wind Generators," Power Delivery, IEEE Transactions on , vol. 29, no. 2, pp. 493-501. 2014.
[7] N. Malcolm, R. K. Aggarwal. "Transient overvoltage study of an Island wind farm." 47th International in Universities Power Engineering Conference (UPEC), pp. 1-6. 2012.
[8] H. Jinliang, Y. Gao, R. Zeng, J. Zou, X. Liang, B. Zhang, J. Lee, and S. Chang. "Effective length of counterpoise wire under lightning current." Power Delivery, IEEE Transactions on 20, no. 2, pp. 1585-1591. 2005.
[9] Y. Yasuda, N. Uno, H. Kobayashi, T. Funabashi. "Surge analysis on wind farm when winter lightning strikes." Energy Conversion, IEEE Transactions on 23, no. 1, pp. 257-262, 2008.
[10] S. Petar, G. Ranko, “An EMTP Model for Lightning Surge Analysis of Wind Farms”, International Review on Modelling & Simulations, vol. 3, issue 1, pp. 70-81, 2010.
[11] R. B. Rodrigues, V. M. F. Mendes and J. P. S. Catalao, “Protection of wind energy systems against the indirect effects of lightning”, Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 36, Issue. 11, pp. 2888-2896, 2011.
[12] R.B. Rodrigues, V.M.F. Mende, J.P.S. Catalao, “Electromagnetic Transients Study due to Lightning Strikes on Two Interconnected Wind Turbines”, Industrial Applications, IEEE Transactions on, No. 978-1-4673-0784, pp. 1103-1106, 2012.
[13] “Guide to procedures for estimating the lightning performance of transmission lines”, Working Group 01 (Lightning) of Study Committee 33 (Overvoltages and Insulation Co-ordination), CIGRE, 1991.
[14] Chandrasekaran, K.; Punekar, G.S., "Use of Genetic Algorithm to Determine Lightning Channel-Base Current-Function Parameters," Electromagnetic Compatibility, IEEE Transactions on, vol. 56, no. 1, pp. 235-238. 2014.
[15] J. Zou, T. Jin, W. Li, J. Lee; S. Chang, "A Hermite Interpolation Model to Accelerate the Calculation of the Horizontal Electric Field of a Lightning Channel Along a Transmission Line," Electromagnetic Compatibility, IEEE Transactions on, vol. 55, no. 1, pp. 124-131. 2013.
[16] F. Rachidi, “Effect of vertically extended strike object on the distribution of current along the lightning channel”, Journal of geographical research-atmosphere, Vol. 107, D23. 2002.
[17] B. Badrzadeh, M. H. Zamastil and N. K. Singh, "Transients in Wind Power Plants – Part I: Modelling Methodology and Validation," Industry Applications, IEEE Transactions on, vol. 48, No. 2, pp. 794-807, 2012.
[18] X. Wang, X. Zhang, D. Yang, “An efficient algorithm of transient responses on wind turbine towers struck by lightning”, COMPEL-The international journal for computation and mathematics in electrical and electronic engineering, vol. 28, pp. 372-84, 2009.
[19] X. Wang, X. Zhang, D. Yang, “Calculation of electromagnetic induction inside a wind turbine tower struck by lightning”, Wind Energy, vol. 13, pp. 615-625, 2010.
[20] H. W. Dommel: “Digital computer solution of Electromagnetic Transiens in single and multiphase networks”, IEEE Transactions, Vol. PAS-88, pages 388-399. 1969.
[21] “Power System Transients, Parameter Determination”, J. A. Martinez, CRC Press, 2010.
[22] L. Yaqing, N. Theethayi, R. Thottappillil. "An engineering model for transient analysis of grounding system under lightning strikes: Nonuniform transmission-line approach." Power Delivery, IEEE Transactions on, vol. 2, pp. 722-730, 2005.
[23] L. Yaqing, M. Zitnik, R. Thottappillil. "An improved transmission-line model of grounding system." Electromagnetic Compatibility, IEEE Transactions on, vol. 3, pp. 348-355, 2001.
[24] M. Lorentzou, N. D. Hatziargyriou. "EMTP modelling of grounding electrodes." 32nd UPEC Conference, Manchester, pp. 10-12. 1997.
[25] G, Leonid. "Time-and frequency-dependent lightning surge characteristics of grounding electrodes." Power Delivery, IEEE Transactions on, vol. 4, pp. 2186-2196, 2009.
[26] R. Xiong, B. Chen, C. Gao, Y. Yi, W. Yang, "FDTD Calculation Model for the Transient Analyses of Grounding Systems," Electromagnetic Compatibility, IEEE Transactions on , vol. 56, no.5, pp.1155-1162, 2014.
[27] B. Gustavsen, "Relaxed Vector Fitting Algorithm for Rational Approximation of Frequency Domain Responses," Signal Propagation on Interconnects, IEEE Workshop on , vol. 12, pp.97-100, 2006.
[28] B. Gustavsen, "Improving the pole relocating properties of vector fitting." Power Delivery, IEEE Transactions on, vol. 3 pp. 1587-1592, 2006.
[29] M. Zhou et al., “Experimental Evaluation of Lightning Attachment Characteristic of Two Adjacent Wind Turbines,” IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, vol. 38, no. 2, pp. 879–887, Jun. 2023.