Using the new meta-heuristic algorithm to determine the optimal capacity and location of electric car parking with the presence of renewable energy sources in the distribution system
Subject Areas :
1 - Department of Electrical Engineering, Beyza Branch, Islamic Azad University, Beyza, Iran.
Keywords: meta-heuristic algorithm, renewable energy sources, optimization, electrical parkings, power management,
Abstract :
Due to the importance of distribution systems, optimal planning and safety of these networks are very important. On the other hand, electric vehicles are one of the main characteristics of future electricity distribution networks. The uncoordinated and unmanaged presence of electric vehicles as an additional load in the network can aggravate problems such as voltage drop, voltage stability and increase in network losses. In order to alleviate the effects caused by the uncontrolled presence of these cars, it is necessary to manage their required power in coordination with other dispersed production sources. Therefore, we should try to reduce losses by properly planning the charging and discharging of cars, along with scattered productions, having the right voltage and, as a result, better economic efficiency. Therefore, in this article, the optimal use of electric car parking lots with the presence of renewable energy sources in the distribution system has been studied. Optimization of the problem, a new meta-heuristic algorithm based on the flower pollination algorithm was used to determine the variables of the problem, including the optimal capacity and location of solar sources, as well as electric parking lots and diesel generators in the distribution network. The problem is subject to network operation restrictions (thermal line restrictions, network bus voltage restrictions, etc.), the number of cars in electric parking lots, the permitted power capacity of solar units, and the capacity of diesels have been optimized. In this study, the capability of the proposed method based on the flower pollination algorithm has been evaluated with other algorithms. The simulation was done on the distribution network of 33 IEEE buses, and the results show that the convergence speed and accuracy of the proposed method is high.
[1] C. D. Anderson and J. Anderson, “Electric and hybrid cars: A history,” McFarland, 2004.
[2]R. E. Brown, “Impact of Smart Grid on distribution system design,” in 2008 IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting - Conversion and Delivery of Electrical Energy in the 21st Century, pp. 1–4, 2008.
[3]M. J.Kim and H. Peng, “Power management and design optimization of fuel cell/battery hybrid vehicles,” J. Power Sources, vol. 165, no. 2, pp. 819–832, Mar. 2007.
[4]W. Kempton and J. Tomi´c ,“Vehicle-to-grid power implementation: From stabilizing the grid to supporting large-scale renewable energy,” J. Power Sources, vol. 144, no. 1, pp. 280–294, Jun. 2005.
[5] M. Alsayed, M. Cacciato, G. Scarcella and G Scelba,“Design of hybrid power generation systems based on multi criteria decision analysis,” Sol. Energy, vol. 105, pp. 548–560, Jul. 2014.
[6] A. Ángel, B. Rújula, E. Marta, H. Larrodé and A. M. Gracia,“Sizing criteria of hybrid photovoltaic–wind systems with battery storage and self-consumption considering interaction with the grid,” Sol. Energy, vol. 98, pp. 582–591, Dec. 2013.
[7] H. R. Eichi, U. Ojha, F. Baronti, and M. Y. Chow, “Battery Management System: An Overview of Its Application in the Smart Grid and Electric Vehicles,” IEEE Ind. Electron. Mag., vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 4–16, Jun. 2013.
[8] X. S. Yang, “Flower Pollination Algorithm for Global Optimization,” Unconv. Comput. Nat. Comput. Lect. Notes Comput. Sci., vol. 7445, pp. 240–249, 2012.
[9] A. El-Zonkoly, & L. Dos Santos Coelho, Optimal allocation, sizing of PHEV parking lots in distribution system. International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, vol. 67, pp. 472-477, 2016.
[10] E.L. Karfopoulos, & N.D. Hatziargyriou, A multi-agent system for controlled charging of a large population of electric vehicles. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 1196-1204, 2018.
[11] M. Moradijoz, M.P. Moghaddam, M.R. Haghifam, & E. Alishahi, A multi-objective optimization problem for allocating parking lots in a distribution network. International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, vol. 46, pp. 115-122, 2017.
[12] H. Shariatpanah, M. Sabourikenari, M. Mohammadian, & M. Rashidinejad, Optimal placement and determine parking capacity of electric vehicles to improve VSM and congestion. In Smart Grids (ICSG), 2012 2nd Iranian Conference on (pp. 1-6). IEEE, 2012.
[13] M. Moradijoz, A. Ghazanfarimeymand, M.P. Moghaddam, & M.R. Haghifam, Optimum placement of distributed generation and parking lots for loss reduction in distribution networks. In Electrical Power Distribution Networks (EPDC), 2012 Proceedings of 17th Conference on (pp. 1-5). IEEE, 2014.
[14] Z. Liu, F. Wen, & G. Ledwich, Optimal siting and sizing of distributed generators in distribution systems considering uncertainties. IEEE Transactions on power delivery, vol. 26, no. 4, 2541-2551, 2016.