Study of the antimicrobial, antifungal, and insecticidal properties of hydroalcoholic extract of bitter olive fruit (Melia azedarach) in Iran
Subject Areas : applied chemistryMasoumeh Noroozbeyki 1 , Gholam Reza Najafi 2 * , Maryam Khoshsokhan-mozaffar 3
1 - Department of Chemistry, Qo.C. Islamic Azad University, Qom, Iran.
2 - Department of Chemistry, Qo.C. Islamic Azad University, Qom, Iran
3 - Department of Biology, Qo.C. Islamic Azad University, Qom, Iran
Keywords: pesticide, insecticide, bitter olive, disinfectant, antimicrobial, agriculture,
Abstract :
Introduction: Due to the excessive use of synthetic drugs, especially in developing countries, it has caused multiple drug resistance in human and plant pathogens, hence secondary metabolites of plants such as alkaloids, terpenoids, tannins and flavonoids can be considered as a useful source to eliminate pests and microbes. Bitter olive (Melia Azedarach) is a rich source of natural compounds, and its fruit is expected to have disinfectant and antibacterial properties. This study investigated the extraction and disinfectant and insecticidal effects of the hydroalcoholic extract of bitter olive fruit. Materials and Methods: In this study, first, bitter olive fruits were collected and after preparation, they were extracted using the soaking and rotary extraction method. Then, antimicrobial, antifungal and insecticidal tests were performed using standard methods. Bacterial cultivation was carried out on nutrient agar medium and fungal cultivation on potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were determined using serial microdilution method. In this study, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas and Staphylococcus bacteria were used for antimicrobial testing. Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Fusarium oxisporum, Rhizopus stolonifera fungi were used for antifungal testing. Also, contact toxicity of bitter olive fruit extract on Drosophila melanogaster was carried out in vitro.
Results and Discussion: The results showed that bitter olive fruit extract has strong disinfectant and antibacterial properties due to the presence of active compounds such as oleuropein, phenolic compounds and fatty acids. Microbial tests showed that this extract is capable of inhibiting the growth of various bacteria including bacteria and also has insecticidal properties. This research shows that bitter olive fruit can be used as a natural and effective source for the production of natural disinfectants, fungicides and insecticides. The results of this study can help in the development of natural hygiene products and disinfectants, as well as in the production of natural pesticide and insecticide products in the agricultural sector, and also lead to a reduction in dependence on harmful chemicals in the healthcare industry.
Results and Discussion: The results showed that bitter olive fruit extract has strong disinfectant and antibacterial properties due to the presence of active compounds such as oleuropein, phenolic compounds and fatty acids. Microbial tests showed that this extract is capable of inhibiting the growth of various bacteria including bacteria and also has insecticidal properties. This research shows that bitter olive fruit can be used as a natural and effective source for the production of natural disinfectants, fungicides and insecticides. The results of this study can help in the development of natural hygiene products and disinfectants, as well as in the production of natural pesticide and insecticide products in the agricultural sector, and also lead to a reduction in dependence on harmful chemicals in the healthcare industry.
Results and Discussion: The results showed that bitter olive fruit extract has strong disinfectant and antibacterial properties due to the presence of active compounds such as oleuropein, phenolic compounds and fatty acids. Microbial tests showed that this extract is capable of inhibiting the growth of various bacteria including bacteria and also has insecticidal properties. This research shows that bitter olive fruit can be used as a natural and effective source for the production of natural disinfectants, fungicides and insecticides. The results of this study can help in the development of natural hygiene products and disinfectants, as well as in the production of natural pesticide and insecticide products in the agricultural sector, and also lead to a reduction in dependence on harmful chemicals in the healthcare industry.
1. Khan MR, Kihara M, Omoloso AD. Antimicrobial activity of Horsfieldia helwigii and Melia azedarach. Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society. 2001;16(2): 280–283.
2. Schmidt GH, Ahmed AAI, Breuer M. Effect of Melia azedarach extract on larval development and reproduction parameters of Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) and Agrotis ipsilon (Hufn.) (lep. noctuidae). Anzeiger für Schädlingskunde, Pflanzenschutz, Umweltschutz. 1997:701(70):4–12.
3. Jeba Malar TRJ, et al. In-vitro phytochemical and pharmacological bio-efficacy studies on Azadirachta indica A. Juss and Melia azedarach Linn for anticancer activity. Saudi J. Biol. Sci. 2020:27(2):682–688.
4. Kellogg RL, Nehring R, Grube A, Goss DW, and Plotkin S. Environmental indicators of pesticide leaching and runoff from farm fields. United States Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service. 2000.
5. Sohrabi F, Kohanmoo MA. Toxicity of neem and chinaberry extracts and additive effect of the essential oil Salvia mirzayanii on the date palm spider mite, Oligonychus afrasiaticus (Acari: Tetranychidae). Journal of entomological society of Iran. 2007;37(1):43-54.
6. Gholampour Azizi A, et al. Antifungal effects of Melia azedarach alcoholic and aquatic extract on Malassezia furfur. Novin Health Journal. 2016;1(2):11-17.
7. Ramya s, et al. In Vitro Antibacterial Prospective of Crude Leaf Extracts of Melia azedarach Linn. against Selected Bacterial Strains. Ethnobot. leafl, 2009: 58-254.
8. Mwamatope BD, Tembo I, Chikowe E, and Nyirenda C. Total phenolic contents and antioxidant activity of Senna singueana, Melia azedarach, Moringa oleifera and Lannea discolor herbal plants. Sci. African.2020; 9(24):e00481
9. Demain AL, and Fang A, The Natural Functions of Secondary Metabolites. Adv. Biochem. Eng. Biotechnol. 2000;69:1–39.
10. Cornelio VE. et al. Identification of Meliatoxins in Melia azedarach Extracts Using Mass Spectrometry for Quality Control. Planta Med., 2017;83(3–4):312–317.
11. Pahlavan-Yali M, Mohammadi-Anaii M. Studying chemical compounds of Melia azedarach L. fruit and the insecticidal effect of extract & powder’s on Tribolium castaneum Herbst (Col. Tenebrionidae). Journal of Biosafety. 2017;9(4):67-77.