The effect of psychological capital and moral courage on the effectiveness of internal audit
Subject Areas : Ethics in auditingBehnam Karamshahi 1 * , Ahmadsadegh Soltaninejad 2 , Ebrahim Soltaninejad 3
1 - Department of Accounting, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
2 - Department of Accounting, Faculty of Management and Economics, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
3 - Department of Accounting, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Kerman Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kerman, Iran
Keywords: Psychological capital, Moral integrity, Effectiveness, Internal audit, Corporate governance,
Abstract :
Introduction: The focus of internal auditors is on non-compliance with or non-observance of procedures, regulations, programs, laws, and regulations that have been developed by the company or the government and have a significant impact on the organization's programs. The advantages of internal auditing, which are considered to be a necessity of its existence, include creating value, avoiding losses, preventing waste of resources, saving costs, and implementing the company's programs as intended. Accordingly, the company's stakeholders benefit from an internal audit that performs well and creates value for the company. The results of current research in the field of internal auditing show that in order to achieve the added value of the internal auditor, improvements must be made in the effectiveness of internal auditing. Among the factors that have a significant impact on the effectiveness of internal auditing are the role of psychological capital and moral courage. Our goal is to examine the effect of psychological capital and moral courage on the effectiveness of internal auditing.
Methodology: This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-survey in terms of method. Research data were collected using a survey method and 186 internal auditors and internal audit managers working in companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange in 1402 responded to the research questionnaire. To analyze the findings, the structural equation modeling method was used and the questionnaires of Luthans et al. (2007) and Luthans et al. (2005) were used to measure psychological capital, the questionnaire of Hanna and Avolio (2010) was used for moral courage, and the questionnaire of Al-Zaban and Guillaume (2014) and Lenz et al. (2017) was used for internal audit effectiveness.
Findings: The findings from the first hypothesis state that psychological capital has a positive and significant effect on the effectiveness of internal audit. In other words, psychological capital increases the effectiveness and performance of internal auditors. As we expected, psychological capital is an important factor that increases the motivation and effectiveness of employees and contributes to the prosperity and progress of companies and organizations. People who have higher psychological capital are more motivated to pursue goals and perform better than people who have lower psychological capital. The findings of Khalil's (2022) research show that he has achieved similar findings. Also, Luthans et al. (2007) and Avi et al. (2010) concluded that psychological capital has a positive effect on employee performance. The results of the second hypothesis confirm the positive effect of moral courage on the effectiveness of internal audit. Since the manager directly decides on the internal auditors, he puts his job at risk when submitting the report. Accordingly, various threats and pressures from management are the main reason for their silence. The company's management has the power and authority to oppose the auditors and put them under pressure. Fear is the main reason for the failure of internal auditors to perform their duties as providers of assurance to investors and stakeholders. Moral courage is an important indicator of the auditor's competence. Courage as a moral value allows auditors to perform their duties properly and enter into various issues without any fear. In a similar study, Khalil et al. (2016), Khalil (2022) and Khalil and Khalif (2022) concluded that psychological capital and moral courage have a positive effect on the effectiveness of internal auditors.
Conclusion: The board of directors of companies and regulators should pay more attention to the psychological capital and moral courage of internal auditors as the most important monitoring tool and shareholder trust, and take the necessary measures to increase the level of psychological capital and moral courage.
احمدی، غزل؛ نیاز آذری، کیومرث؛ صالحی، محمد (1398). اثربخشی آموزش سرمایه روانشناختی بر سکوت و آوای سازمانی در دانشگاه آزاد استان مازندران. توسعه آموزش جندی شاپور اهواز، 10(3)، ص22-11.
https://doi.org/10.22118/edc.2019.91020
اسدی، امیرحسین؛ دارابی، رویا؛ نوری، مسعود (1401). ارزیابی الگوی اثربخشی کارکردهای شجاعت اخلاقی حسابرسان داخلی. مطالعات حسابداری و حسابرسی، 11(44)، ص26-5. https://doi.org/10.22034/iaas.2022.168251
سیفی، غزاله؛ دارابی، رویا؛ حشمتی، احمد (1402). تأثیر فضای اخلاقی در رأس سازمان و تردید حرفه‌ای بر قضاوت
در مورد ریسک تقلب در میان حسابرسان داخلی. مطالعات اخلاق و رفتار در حسابداری و حسابرسی، 2(4)،
ص 92-71. https://doi.org/10.71907/sebba.2024.2312-1148
صفرزاده، محمدحسین؛ کریم‌داد، علیرضا (1399). بررسی عوامل مؤثر بر شجاعت اخلاقی حسابرسان داخلی. دانش حسابداری مالی، 7(1)، ص155-133. https://doi.org/10.30479/jfak.2020.12025.2578
علی اصفهانی، یاسمن (1400). تأثیر سرمایه روانشناختی بر رضایت شغلی حسابرسان داخلی شرکت‌های پذیرفته شده در بورس اوراق بهادار تهران. رویکردهای پژوهشی نوین در مدیریت و حسابداری، 5(83)، ص1394-1375.
فتحی عبداللهی، احمد؛ آقایی، محمدعلی (1396). بررسی اثربخشی حسابرسی داخلی در عملکرد مدیریت ریسک و کنترل سازمان‌های دولتی. مدیریت سازمان‌های دولتی، 5(3)، ص94-81.
https://dorl.net/dor/20.1001.1.2322522.1396.5.0.13.5
فخاری، حسین؛ فضل‌اله‌پور نقارچی، مهران (1401). تاثیر سرمایه روانشناختی بر انگیزه پیشرفت، قضاوت حسابرسان و عملکرد موسسه‌های حسابرسی. حسابداری ارزشی و رفتاری، 7(۱۳)، ص۱۵۴-199.
مرادی، مجید؛ اقبال، سارا (1403). تأثیر برابری اخلاقی بر رفتار اخلاقی حسابرس با نقش تعدیل‌گر دینداری. مطالعات اخلاق و رفتار در حسابداری و حسابرسی، شماره 3، ص86-67.
https://doi.org/10.71907/sebba.2024.2310-1140
Al-Twaijry, A.A.M., Brierley, J.A. & Gwilliam, D.R. (2003). The development of internal audit in Saudi Arabia: an institutional theory perspective. Critical Perspectives on Accounting, 14(5),
p. 507-531. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1045-2354(02)00158-2
Alzeban, A. & Gwilliam, D. (2014). Factors affecting the internal audit effectiveness: a survey of the saudi public sector. Journal of International Accounting, Auditing and Taxation, 23(2), p. 74-86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intaccaudtax.2014.06.001
Arena, M. & Azzone, G. (2009). Identifying organizational drivers of internal audit effectiveness. International Journal of Auditing, 13(1), p. 43-60.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1099-1123.2008.00392.x
Avey, J.B., Luthans, F. & Youssef, C.M. (2010). The additive value of positive psychological capital in predicting work attitudes and behaviors. Journal of Management, 36(2), p. 430-452.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206308329961
Avey, J.B., Reichard, R., Luthans, F. & Mhatre, K. (2011). Meta-analysis of the impact of positive psychological capital on employee attitudes, behaviors and performance. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 22(2), p. 127-152. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1002/hrdq.20070
Badara, M.S. & Saidin, S.Z. (2013). The relationship between audit experience and internal audit effectiveness in the public sector organizations. International Journal of Academic Research in Accounting, Finance and Management Sciences, 3(3), p. 329-339.
http://dx.doi.org/10.6007/IJARAFMS/v3-i3/224
Bandura, A. (1997). Self-Self Efficacy: The Exercise of Control. New York: Worth Publishers.
Beasley, M.S., Clune, R. & Hermanson, D. (2006). The impact of enterprise risk management on the internal audit function. International Journal of Academic Research in Accounting Finance and Management Sciences, 14(1), p. 14-31. http://dx.doi.org/10.6007/IJARAFMS/v14-i1/19508
Bidhan, L., Parmar, R., Freeman, E., Harrison, J.S., Wicks, A.C., Purnell, L. & de Colle, S. (2010). Stakeholder theory: the state of the art. Academy of Management Annals, 4(1), p. 403-445.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19416520.2010.495581
Boner, S. (2008). Judgment and decision making in accounting. Publisher Pearson.
Caza, A., Bagozzi, R.P., Woolley, L., Levy, L. & Caza, B.B. (2010). Psychological capital and authentic leadership. Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Administration, 2(1), p. 53-70.
https://doi.org/10.1108/17574321011028972
Chambers, A.D. & Odar, M. (2015). A new vision for internal audit. Managerial Auditing Journal, 30(1), p. 34-55. https://doi.org/10.1108/MAJ-08-2014-1073
Clapp-Smith, R., Vogelgesang, G.R. & Avey, J.B. (2009). Authentic leadership and positive psychological capital: the mediating role of trust at the group level of analysis. Journal of Leadership and Organizational Studies, 15(3), p. 227-240.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1548051808326596
Coetzee, P. & Lubbe, D. (2013). Improving the efficiency and effectiveness of risk-based internal audit engagements. International Journal of Auditing, 18(2), p. 115-125.
https://doi.org/10.1111/ijau.12016
Cohen, A. & Sayag, G. (2010). The effectiveness of internal auditing: an empirical examination of its determinants in israeli organizations. Australian Accounting Review, 20(3), p. 296-307.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1835-2561.2010.00092.x
Čular, M., Slapničar, S. & Vuko, T. (2020). The Effect of Internal Auditors’ Engagement in Risk Management Consulting on External Auditors’ Reliance Decision. European Accounting Review, 29(5), p. 1-39. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638180.2020.1723667
DiMaggio, P.J. & Powell, W.W. (1983). The iron cage revisited: institutional isomorphism and collective rationality in organizational fields. American Sociological Review, 48(2), p. 147-160. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0742-3322(00)17011-1
Endaya, K.A. & Hanefah, M.M. (2016). Internal auditor characteristics, internal audit effectiveness, and moderating effect of senior management. Journal of Economic and Administrative Sciences, 32(2), p. 160-176. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/JEAS-07-2015-0023
Erasmus, L.J. & Coetzee, P. (2018). Drivers of Stakeholders’ View of Internal Audit Effectiveness: Management versus Audit Committee. Managerial Auditing Journal, no. 33, p. 90-114.
https://doi.org/10.1108/MAJ-05-2017-1558
Everett, J. & Tremblay, M.S. (2014). Ethics and internal audit: moral will and moral skill in a heteronomous field. Critical Perspectives on Accounting, 25(3), p. 1-16.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpa.2013.10.002
Ferry, L., Zakaria, Z., Zakaria, Z. & Slack, R. (2017). Watchdogs, helpers or protectors? internal auditing in malaysian local government. Accounting Forum, 41(4), p. 375-389.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.accfor.2017.10.001
Fornell, C. & Larcker, D.F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), p. 39-50.
https://doi.org/10.2307/3151312
Freeman, R.E., Wicks, A.C. & Bishan, P. (2004). Stakeholder theory and the corporate objective revisited. Organization Science, 15(3), p. 364-369. http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/orsc.1040.0066
Goud, N.H. (2005). Courage: Its nature and development. The Journal of Humanistic Counseling. Education and Development, 44(1), p. 102-116.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.2164-490X.2005.tb00060.x
Graafland, J.J. (2010). Do markets crowd out virtues? An aristotelian framework. Journal of Business Ethics, 91(1), p. 1-19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10551-009-0072-6
Gramling, A.A., Maletta, M.J., Schneider, A. & Church, B.K. (2004). The role of the internal audit function in corporate governance: a synthesis of the extant internal auditing literature and directions for future research. Journal of Accounting Literature, 23(1), p. 194-244.
https://doi.org/10.1108/AAAJ-10-2012-1134
Hannah, S.T. & Avolio, B.J. (2010). Moral potency: building the capacity for character-based leadership. Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research, 62(4), p. 291-310.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0022283
Hannah, S.T., Avolio, B.J. & May, D.R. (2011). Moral maturation and moral conation: a capacity approach to explaining moral thought and action. Academy of Management Review, 36(4),
p. 663-685. http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/amr.2010.0128
Hobfoll, S. (2002). Social and psychological resources and adaptation. Review of General Psychology, 6(4), p. 307-324. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.6.4.307
Howard, M.C. & Cogswell, J.E. (2019). The left side of courage: threeexploratorystudies on the antecedents of social courage. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 14(3), p. 324-340.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2018.1426780
Hutchinson, M., Jackson, D., Daly, J. & Usher, K. (2015). Distilling the antecedents and enabling dynamics of leader moral courage: a framework to guide action. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 36(5), p. 326-335. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/01612840.2015.1017627
IIA. (2016). International standards for the professional practice of internal auditing.
URL= https://na.theiia.org/standards-guidance/mandatoryguidance/Pages/Standards.aspx.
Institute of Internal Auditors (IIA) (2021). Internal auditors should Be brav, Norman Marks. URL= https://internalauditor.theiia.org/en/articles/2021/october/internal-auditors-shouldbe-brave/
Irtaza, A., Majid Khan, M., Shakeel, S. & Mujtaba, B.G. (2022). Impact of Psychological Capital on Performance of Public Hospital Nurses: The Mediated Role of Job Embeddedness. Public Organization Review, 22(3), p. 135-154.
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11115-021-00521-9
Jiang, L., Messier Jr., W.F. & Wood, D.A. (2020). The Association between Internal Audit Operations-Related Services and Firm Operating Performance. Auditing: A Journal of Practice & Theory, 39(1), p. 101–124. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/ajpt-52565
Karagiorgos, T., Giovanis, N. & Drogalas, G. (2011). Evaluation of the effectiveness of internal audit in greek hotel business. International Journal of Economic Sciences and Applied Research, 4(1), p. 19-34.
Karssing, E., Jeurissen, R. & Zaal, R. (2017). Moral courage and InternalAuditors. URL=
https://www.iia.nl/SiteFiles/Moral&hx0025;20Courage&hx0025;20and&hx0025;20Internal&hx0025;20Auditors-bw-web.pdf
Khelil, I. & Hussainey, K. (2022). Internal auditors’ moral courage: a cognitive mapping method. Advances in Accounting Behavioral Research, 26(4), p. 349-383.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/MAJ-01-2022-3429/full/html
Khelil, I. & Khlif, H. (2022). Internal auditors’ perceptions of their role as assurance providers: a qualitative study in the tunisian public sector. Meditari Accountancy Research, 30(1), p. 121-141. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/S1475-148820230000026013
Khelil, I. (2022). Psychological capital, moral courage and internal audit effectiveness (IAE): a complementary or substitution effect. Managerial Auditing Journal, 38(4), p. 419-446.
Khelil, I., Akrout, O., Hussainey, K. & Noubbigh, H. (2018a). Breaking the silence: an empirical analysis of the drivers of InternalAuditors’ moral courage. International Journal of Auditing, 22(2), p. 268-284. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/MEDAR-04-2020-0861
Khelil, I., Hussainey, K. & Noubbigh, H. (2016). Audit committee–internal audit interaction and moral courage. Managerial Auditing Journal, 31(4-5), p. 403-433.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ijau.12119
Khelil, I., Hussainey, K. & Noubbigh, H. (2018b). Chief audit executives’ perceptions of drivers of moral courage: TunisianEvidence. International Journal of Accounting, Auditing and Performance Evaluation, 14(4), p. 315-337. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/IJAAPE.2018.095107
Kilmann, R.H., O’Hara, L.A. & Strauss, J.P. (2010). Developing and validating a quantitative measure of organizational courage. Journal of Business and Psychology, 25(1), p. 15-23.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10869-009-9125-1
Klein, P. (1994). Easy-to-factor analysis, translation of Jalal Sadrosadat and Asghar Minaee. Tehran: Samt Publication
Koerner, M.M. (2014). Courage as identity work: accounts of workplace courage. Academy of Management Journal, 57(1), p. 63-93. http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/amj.2010.0641
Lenz, R. & Hahn, U. (2015). A synthesis of empirical internal audit effectiveness literature pointing to new research opportunities. Managerial Auditing Journal, 30(1), p. 5-33.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/MAJ-08-2014-1072
Lenz, R. & Sarens, G. (2012). Reflections on the internal auditing profession: what might have gone wrong? Managerial Auditing Journal, 27(6), p. 532-549.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02686901211236382
Lenz, R., Sarens, G. & Hoos, F. (2017). Internal audit effectiveness: multiple case study research involving chief audit executives and senior management. The EDP Audit Control and Security Newsletter, 55(1), p. 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1080/07366981.2017.1278980
Leung, P., Cooper, B.J. & Perera, L. (2011). Accountability Structures and Management Relationships of Internal Audit: An Australian Study. Managerial Auditing Journal, 26(9), p. 794-816.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02686901111171457
Luthans, F. & Youssef, C.M. (2004). Human, social, and now positive psychological capital management. Organizational Dynamics, 33(2), p. 143-160.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.orgdyn.2004.01.003
Luthans, F. & Youssef, C.M. (a 2007). Positive workplaces. In: Snyder, C.R. & Lopez, S.J. (Eds), Handbook of Positive Psychology. (2nd ed.). New York, NY.: Oxford University Press.
Luthans, F. (2012). Psychological capital: implications for HRD, retrospective analysis, and future directions. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 23(1), p. 1-8.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hrdq.21119
Luthans, F., Avey, J.B., Smith, R.C. & Li, W. (2008). More evidence on the value of chinese workers’ psychological capital. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 19(3), p. 818-827. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09585190801991194
Luthans, F., Avolio, B., Walumbwa, F. & Li, W. (2005). The psychological capital of chinese workers: exploring the relationship with performance. Management and Organization Review, 1(2), p. 247-269. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1740-8784.2005.00011.x
Luthans, F., Avolio, B.J., Avey, J.B. & Norman, S.M. (b 2007). Positive psychological capital: Measurement and relationship with performance and satisfaction. Personnel Psychology, 60(30), p. 541-572. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.2007.00083.x
Luthans, F., Vogelgesang, G.R. & Lester, P.B. (2006). Developing the psychological capital of resiliency. Human Resource Development Review, 5(1), p. 25-44.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1534484305285335
Luthans, F., Youssef, C.M. & Rawski, S.L. (2011). A tale of two paradigms: the impact of psychological capital and reinforcing feedback on problem solving and innovation. Journal of Organizational Behavior Management, 31(4), p. 333-350.
Lyu, T., Tang, L. & Yang, Z. (2022). Psychological Capital on College Teachers’ and Students’ Entrepreneurial Performance and Sports Morality Under Social and Political Education. Academic Journals and Research Commuity, 10(33), p. 178-198. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.810626
Masten, A.S., Reed, M.G.J., Cutuli., J.J. & Herbers, J.E. (2002). Resilience in development. In: The Oxford Handbook of Positive Psychology, p. 1117-132.
https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195187243.013.0012
Mihret, D. & Grant, B. (2017). The role of internal auditing in corporate governance: a foucauldian analysis. Accounting, Auditing and Accountability Journal, 3(3), p. 699-719.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/AAAJ-10-2012-1134
Mihret, D. & Yismaw, A. (2007). Internal audit effectiveness: an Ethiopian public sector case study. Managerial Auditing Journal, 22(5), p. 70-484. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02686900710750757
Mihret, D.G., James, K. & Mula, J.M. (2010). Antecedents and Organisational Performance Implications of Internal Audit Effectiveness: Some Propositions and Research Agenda. Pacific Accounting Review, 22(3), p. 224-252. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/01140581011091684
Newman, A., Ucbasaran, D., Zhu, F.E.I. & Hirst, G. (2014). Psychological capital: a review and synthesis. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 35(1), p. 120-138.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/job.1916
Newman, A., Ucbasaran, D., Zhu, F.E.I. & Hirst, G. (2014). Psychological capital: a review and synthesis. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 35(1), p. 120-138.
Nguyen, T.D. & Nguyen, T.T.M. (2012). Psychological capital, quality of work-life, and quality of life of marketers: evidence from Vietnam. Journal of Macromarketing, 32(1), p. 87-95.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0276146711422065
Norman, C., Rose, A. & Rose, J. (2010). Internal audit reporting lines, fraud risk decomposition, and assessments of fraud risk. Accounting, Organizations and Society, 35(5), p. 546-557.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aos.2009.12.003
Nunnally, J. (1978). Psychometric Theory. (3th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
Okafor, C.K. (2022). Psychological Capital as Predictors of Customer Loyalty in Nkpor Spare
Parts Market, Anambra State, Nigeria. Journal of Psychology and Behavioural Disciplines, 2(1), p. 33-42.
Petersen, K. & Youssef-Morgan, C.M. (2018). The ‘left side’ of authentic leadership: contributions of climate and psychological capital. Leadership and Organization Development Journal, 39(3),
p. 436-452. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/LODJ-06-2017-0171
Peterson, S.J., Luthans, F., Avolio, B.J., Walumbwa, F. & Zhang, Z. (2011). Psychological capital
and employee performance: a latent growth modeling approach. Personnel Psychology, 64(2),
p. 427-450. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.2011.01215.x
Qasim, M., Irshad, M., Majeed, M. & Rizvi, S.T.H. (2021). Examining impact of islamic work ethic on task performance: mediating effect of psychological capital and a moderating role of ethical leadership. Journal of Business Ethics, p. 1-13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10551-021-04916-y
Quinn, R.W. & Worline, M.C. (2008). Enabling courageous collective action: conversations from United Airlines flight 93. Organization Science, 19(4), p. 497-516.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/orsc.1070.0331
Rego, A., Marques, C., Leal, S., Sousa, F. & Pina e Cunha, M. (2010). Psychological capital and performance of Portuguese civil servants: exploring neutralizers in the context of an appraisal system. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 21(9), p. 1531-1552.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2010.488459
Rego, A., Sousa, F., Marques, C. & Pina e Cunha, M. (2012a). Retail employees’ self-efficacy and hope predicting their positive affect and creativity. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 21(6), p. 923-945. https://doi.org/10.1080/1359432X.2011.610891
Rego, A., Sousa, F., Marques, C. & Pina e Cunha, M. (2012b). Authentic leadership promoting employees’ psychological capital and creativity. Journal of Business Research, 65(3), p. 429-437. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2011.10.003
Roussy, M. (2012). How to assess the competence of an internal auditor? The opinion of the members of the audit committee. Telescope Review of comparative analysis in public administration, 18(3), p. 33-51. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1013774ar
Roussy, M. (2013). Internal auditors’ roles: from watchdogs to helpers and protectors of the top manager. Critical Perspectives on Accounting, 24(7-8), p. 550-571.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cpa.2013.08.004
Roussy, M., Barbe, O. & Raimbault, S. (2020). Internal audit: from effectiveness to organizational significance. Managerial Auditing Journal, 35(2), p. 322-342.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/MAJ-01-2019-2162
Sarens, G., Abdolmohammadi, M.J. & Lenz, R. (2012). Factors associated with the internal audit function’s role in corporate governance. Journal of Applied Accounting Research, 13(2),
p. 191-204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09675421211254876
Sekerka, L.E., Bagozzi, R.P. & Charnigo, R. (2009). Facing ethical challenges in the workplace: conceptualizing and measuring professional moral courage. Journal of Business Ethics, 89(4),
p. 565-579. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10551-008-0017-5
Seligman, M.E.P. (1998). Learned Optimism: How to Change Your Mind and Your Life. Vintage.
Simola, S. (2018). Fostering collective growth and vitality following acts of moral courage: a general system, relational psychodynamic perspective. Journal of Business Ethics, 148(1), p. 169-182. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10551-016-3014-0
Snyder, C.R., Feldman, D.B. & Taylor, J.D. (2000). The roles of hopeful thinking in preventing problems and enhancing strengths. Applied and Preventive Psychology, 9(4), p. 249-269.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0962-1849(00)80003-7
Snyder, C.R., Sympson, S., Ybasco, F., Borders, T., Babyak, M. & Higgins, R. (1996). Development and validation of the state hope scale. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70(2),
p. 321-335. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.70.2.321
Soh, D.S.B. & Martinov-Bennie, N. (2011). The internal audit function, perceptions of internal audit roles, effectiveness and evaluation. Managerial Auditing Journal, 26(7), p. 605-622.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02686901111151332
Stajkovic, A.D. & Luthans, F. (1998). Self-efficacy and work-related performance: a meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 124(2), p. 240-261. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.124.2.240
Steinfeldt, J. (2015). What are coaches afraid of? An Exploration of Courage and the Path to Coaching Mastery. Master of Applied Positive Psycholog, Philadelphia. University of Pennsylvania.
Sun, T., Zhao, X.W., Yang, L.B. & Fan, L.H. (2012). The impact of psychological capital on job embeddedness and job performance among nurses: a structural equation approach. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 68(1), p. 69-79. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2011.05715.x
Sweetman, D., Luthans, F., Avey, J.B. & Luthans, B. (2011). Relationship between positive psychological capital and creative performance. Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences, 28(1), p. 4-13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cjas.175
Thorne, L. (1998). The role of virtue in auditors’ ethical decision-making: an integration of cognitive developmental and virtue-ethics perspectives. Research on Accounting Ethics, 2(4), p. 291-308
Turetken, O., Jethefer, S. & Ozkan, B. (2020). Internal Audit Effectiveness: Operationalization and Influencing Factors. Managerial Auditing Journal, 35(2), p. 238-271.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/MAJ-08-2018-1980
Van Gansberghe, C.N. (2005). Internal auditing in the public sector: a consultative forum in Nairobi, Kenya, shores up best practices for government audit professionals in developing nations. Internal Auditor, 62(4), p. 69-74.
Zhong, L. (2007). Effects of psychological capital on employees’ job performance, organizational commitment, and organizational citizenship behaviour. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 39(3),
p. 328-334.