Endocrine Adaptations in Glucose Metabolism: Optimized Performance in Prolonged Exercise
Subject Areas : Plasma biomarkers
DANIEL TARMAST
1
*
,
Ardeshir Zafari
2
1 - Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Humanities,Pa. C., Islamic Azad University, Parand, Tehran, Iran
2 - Department of Sport Sciences, Za. C., Islamic Azad University, Zanjan, Iran.
Keywords: Endurance sports, glucose metabolism, insulin, glucagon, catecholamines, glucose homeostasis, endocrine adaptations,
Abstract :
Endurance sports, characterized by prolonged durations of moderate-intensity exercise, result in substantial changes in the body's hormonal and physiological systems. The impact of endurance training on athletic performance and the endocrine alterations associated with glucose metabolism are the focus of this review article. In regulating blood glucose levels and providing energy to tissues, particularly skeletal muscles, hormones such as insulin, glucagon, and catecholamines are essential. Endurance training reduces insulin secretion and increases the production of glucagon and catecholamines, which collectively promote glucose consumption and maintain glucose homeostasis. Furthermore, the impacts of these hormonal modifications are affected by environmental conditions, individual fitness levels, and biological sex. Current literature suggests that individuals demonstrating elevated physical fitness levels experience more optimal endocrine responses, subsequently enhancing their endurance activity performance. The importance of understanding the intricate hormonal connections in endurance sports and the need for further research to elucidate these adaptations fully is underscored in this article.
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1. Seiler S. What is best practice for training intensity and duration distribution in endurance athletes? International journal of sports physiology and performance. 2010;5(3):276-91.
2. Kubukeli ZN, Noakes TD, Dennis SC. Training techniques to improve endurance exercise performances. Sports medicine. 2002;32:489-509.
3. Latino F, Martinez-Roig R, Susanto N, Setyawan H, Anam K, Saraiello E, et al. Endurance training and physiological variables: effects on sub-elite volleyball players. 2024.
4. Okilanda A, Putri SAR, Fajar M, Febrian M, Saputra M, Tulyakul S, et al. Endurance training and its impact on physical health among university students. Retos: nuevas tendencias en educación física, deporte y recreación. 2024(59):1092-102.
5. Joyner MJ, Coyle EF. Endurance exercise performance: the physiology of champions. The Journal of physiology. 2008;586(1):35-44.
6. Alghannam AF, Ghaith MM, Alhussain MH. Regulation of energy substrate metabolism in endurance exercise. International journal of environmental research and public health. 2021;18(9):4963.
7. Hargreaves M, Spriet LL. Skeletal muscle energy metabolism during exercise. Nature metabolism. 2020;2(9):817-28.
8. MacLaren D, Reilly T, Campbell I, Hopkin C. Hormonal and metabolic responses to maintained hyperglycemia during prolonged exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology. 1999;87(1):124-31.
9. Von Ah Morano AE, Dorneles GP, Peres A, Lira FS. The role of glucose homeostasis on immune function in response to exercise: The impact of low or higher energetic conditions. Journal of cellular physiology. 2020;235(4):3169-88.
10. Qaid MM, Abdelrahman MM. Role of insulin and other related hormones in energy metabolism—A review. Cogent Food & Agriculture. 2016;2(1):1267691.
11. Janah L, Kjeldsen S, Galsgaard KD, Winther-Sørensen M, Stojanovska E, Pedersen J, et al. Glucagon receptor signaling and glucagon resistance. International journal of molecular sciences. 2019;20(13):3314.
12. Barth E, Albuszies G, Baumgart K, Matejovic M, Wachter U, Vogt J, et al. Glucose metabolism and catecholamines. Critical care medicine. 2007;35(9):S508-S18.
13. Nirmalan N, Nirmalan M. Hormonal control of metabolism: regulation of plasma glucose. Anaesthesia & Intensive Care Medicine. 2020;21(11):578-83.
14. Tarmast D, Kumar Ghosh A, Keong Chen C. Metabolic Responses to Sago, Soy and Sago+Soy Combined Supplementations during Endurance Cycling Performance Followed by Time Trial Performance in the Heat. International Conference of Sports Science- AESA. 2017;0(1):7.
15. Gallen I, Tsintzas K, MacDonald IA. Endocrine and metabolic responses to exercise. Type 1 Diabetes: Clinical Management of the Athlete. 2012:1-28.
16. Jiang G, Zhang BB. Glucagon and regulation of glucose metabolism. American journal of physiology-endocrinology and metabolism. 2003;284(4):E671-E8.
17. Lizcano F. The beige adipocyte as a therapy for metabolic diseases. International journal of molecular sciences. 2019;20(20):5058.
18. Mayegowda SB, Gowda BN, Gowda UC, Joshi V, Manjula N. Sustainability and green nanomaterials on nanotechnology-based sensors. Nanotechnology-Based Sensors for Detection of Environmental Pollution: Elsevier; 2024. p. 553-72.
19. Yalow RS, Berson SA. Immunoassay of endogenous plasma insulin in man. The Journal of clinical investigation. 1960;39(7):1157-75.
20. Hackney AC, Walz EA. Hormonal adaptation and the stress of exercise training: the role of glucocorticoids. Trends in sport sciences. 2013;20(4):165.
21. Rivera-Brown AM, Frontera WR. Principles of exercise physiology: responses to acute exercise and long-term adaptations to training. Pm&r. 2012;4(11):797-804.
22. Geor RJ. Body Fluids and Electrolytes: Responses to Exercise and Training. Equine Sports Medicine and Surgery: Elsevier; 2024. p. 954-70.
23. Périard JD, Eijsvogels TM, Daanen HA. Exercise under heat stress: thermoregulation, hydration, performance implications, and mitigation strategies. Physiological reviews. 2021;101(4):1873-979.
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