Future Studies of the Middle East over the Next Three Decades; Analysis of the Trends of Fight against Terrorism at the International Level
Subject Areas :محمدعلی بصیری 1 , زهرا آقامحمدی 2
1 - دانشگاه اصفهان
2 - دانشگاه اصفهان
Keywords: the Middle East, English School, International Community, international arena, Keywords: trends of counter terrorism, solidarity and coherence,
Abstract :
Abstract: The Middle East is one of the most important regions of the world that has been affected by terrorism as one of the most serious security threats for the future of the region. Although the states in the region have adopted different strategies to fight his phenomenon yet these strategies have not been able to effectively resolve the problem in the region and at the international level. The present article takes the help of English school theory of international relations and wants to answer this question as to what desirable and probable trend will exist in future for dealing with terrorism at the international level? The finding of the study shows that a scenario with characteristic like the solidarity of international community in fight against terrorism, more serious leadership of the United Nations, commitment to human rights while fighting against terrorism, formation of a coherent operational strategy, accepting the jurisdiction of International Punitive Court for punishing the agents of terrorist acts and strengthening equality and justice, will be the most favorable and probable outlook for fight against terrorism in the international arena in coming three decades. The purpose of the present paper is to examine the threats coming from terrorism and the opportunities for fighting against it with coming three decades with the cooperation of international community under the leadership of the United Nations. The methodology used in the paper is descriptive-analytical and futures studies.
منابع
آقایی خواجه پاشا، داود .(1392). تحلیلی بر راهکارهای سیاسی – حقوقی مقابله با تروریسم بین‌الملل، فصلنامه سیاست، ش43، صص 237-256.
بل، وندل .(1392). مبانی آینده‌پژوهی، ترجمۀ مصطفی تقوی و محسن محقق، تهران: انتشارات مرکز آینده پژوهی علوم و فناوری دفاعی.
پدرام، عبدالرحیم و زالی، سلمان .(1394). فرایند سناریونویسی در موضوعات راهبردی: موردکاوی سناریوهای آیندهبحران سوریه، تهران: مؤسسه افق آینده پژوهی راهبردی.
عراقچی، عباس؛ دهشیری، محمدرضا و جوزانی کهن، شاهین.(1395). تروریسم و فضای مجازی در خاورمیانه، تهران: شانی.
قوام، سیدعبدالعلی .(1383). تحلیل سیاست بین‌الملل در چارچوب رویکرد جامعه بین‌المللی، پژوهش حقوق عمومی، ش 12، صص 5-14.
قوام، سیدعبدالعلی و فاطمی‌نژاد، سیداحمد .(1387). از منازعه تا همبستگی: بررسی روابط بین‌المللی خاورمیانه از منظر مکتب انگلیسی، تهران: دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد علوم و تحقیقات.
مشیرزاده، حمیرا .(1384). تحول در نظریه‌های روابط بین‌الملل، تهران: سمت.
Abrahms, Max. (2012). The Political Effectiveness of Terrorism Revisited, Comparative Political Studies, Vol. 45, No. 3, pp.366-93.
Alexander, Yonah.. (2008). Contemporary Terrorism: From National to Regional and Global Threats, Defence Against Terrorism Review ,Vol. 1, No. 2, pp.41-46.
Bellamy, A. J. (2007). The English School in International Relations Theory for the Twenty-First Century: An introduction, (eds.) Martin Griffiths, London and New York: Routledge.
Bianchi, Andrea. (2006). Assessing the Effectiveness of the UN Security Council’s Anti-terrorism Measures: The Quest for Legitimacy and Cohesion, The European Journal of International Law, Vol. 17, no.5, pp. 881-919.
Bloomberg, Michael R. and Scoppetta, Mayor Nicholas.(2007). Terrorism and Disaster Preparedness Strategy, Fire Department City of New York, pp. 1-45.
Bull, H. (1977). The Anarchical Society, Basingstoke: Macmillan.
Buzan, B. (2004). From International to World Society? English School Theory and the Social Structure of Globalization, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Buzan, Barry .(2012). The primary institutions of international society, UK : Cambridge University Press, pp. 161-204.
Council on Foreign Relations.(2013).The Global Regime for Terrorism, Council on Foreign Relations, PP. 1-11.
Couto, Richard A.(2010). The Politics of Terrorism: Power, Legitimacy, and Violence, Integral Review, Vol.6, No,1, pp. 63-81.
Danieli, Yael. (2014). The Trauma of Terrorism: Sharing Knowledge and Shared Care, An International Handbook, Routledge..
Devlen, Balkan and James, Patrick. (2005). The English School, International Relations and Progress, International Studies Review, pp..171.192.
Dunne, T. (1998). Inventing International Society, London: Palgrave.
Eland, Ivan. (2008). Does US Intervention Overseas Bread Terrorism, The Historical Record Cato, Foreign Policy Briefing.
Gage, Andrew C.and Cordesman, Anthony H. (2011). Patterns in Terrorism in North Africa, the Middle East, Central Asia and South Asia: 2007-2010, Center for Strategic and International Studies, pp. 1-49.
Helmke , Gretchen and Levitsky, Steven.(2003). Informal Institution and Co,parative Politics: A Research Agenda, The Helen Kellogg Institute for International Studies, pp. 1-33.
Inbar, Efraim.(2016). The Middle East Will Remain a Source of Terrorism, BESA C enter Perspectives Paper No. 361.
James Cockayne and Camino Kavanagh. (2011). Flying Blind? Political Mission Responses to Transnational Threats, in Review of Political Missions 2011, ed. Alischa Kugel, New York: Center on International Cooperation.
Krueger, A.B. and J. Maleckova. (2003). Education, Poverty and Terrorism: Is Therea Casual Connection?, Journal of Economic Perspectives, Vol. 17, No. 4, pp. 119-144.
Kuipers, Arie C.(2009). The Root Causes of Terrorism in the Middle East, POL 135, PP.1-12.
Laitin, D. and J. Shapiro. (2006). The Political, Economic and Organizational
Sources of Terrorism, in Keefer and Loayza, eds. Terrorism and Economic
Development, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Linklater, A .(2005). The English School in Theories of International Relations: Third Edition, Scott Burchill and others, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Lutz, James M. and Lutz, Brenda J. (2013). Global Terrorism, 3rd ed. London: Routledge
Mariniello, Triestino. (2014). the International Criminal Court in Search of Its Purpose and Identity, Routledge.
Martin , Lisa and Simmons, Beth.(2012). International Organizations and Institutions,scholar harvard education, pp. 326-351.
Mitra, Siddharta. (2008). Poverty and terrorism, Economics of Peace and Security Journal, Vol. 3, No. 2, pp. 57-61.
Newman, E. (2006). Exploring the "root causes" of terrorism, Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, Vol. 29, pp. 749-772.
Quan Li and Drew Schaub. (2006). Economic Globalization and Transnational Terrorism: A Pooled Time-Series Analysis, Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol. 48, No. 2, pp. 230-258.
Quintana, María Martín. (2012). Protection of human rights defenders:Best practices and lessons learnt, Brussels:Protection International.
Sandler, T. and Enders, W. (2004). An Economic Perspective on Transnational
Terrorism, European Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 20, No. 2, pp. 301-316.
UNESCO. (2013). Intercultural Competences, Intersectoral Platform for a Culture of Peace and Non-Violence, Bureau for Strategic Planning, pp. 1-46.
Vermeulen, Gert and Bondt, Wendy De. (2014). Justice, Home Affairs and Security. European and international institutional and policy development, Ma klu..
_||_