Analytic philosophy: 4 (5)

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1 - Monastic Order in Buddhism (Samgha
T. Tavakkoli

Monasticism is regarded as the most essential principle of attainingNirvāna, so much so that it may be claimed that according to theBuddha, attainment of Nirvāna is impossible without renunciationof the common worldly life and exercising ascetic practices.« Samgha More

Monasticism is regarded as the most essential principle of attainingNirvāna, so much so that it may be claimed that according to theBuddha, attainment of Nirvāna is impossible without renunciationof the common worldly life and exercising ascetic practices.« Samgha » is the concrete expression of this cocept, which wasformed during Buddha’s lifetime. It was designed to provide acontext for applying monastic discpline, as well as teaching andtransmitting Dharma by constituting a unified and homogenousparty.On the importance of this community it suffices to say that from thedoctrinal point of view samgha is one of the three jewels or threerefuges alongside the other two, i. e. Buddha and Dharma. It is alsoseen as the guardian of these two principles. From the sociologicalpoint of view samgha, like any other sociological doctrinalinstitution, in spite of having common elements and functions inpersonal and communal spheres in various lands, it graduallytransformed into a distinctive form in each society.Introducing the cods and disciplines of samgha and the relatedbooks, alongside the analysis of common distinguishing charactersand functions of samgha, constitute major themes of this article. Manuscript profile

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2 - The Concept of Society From Confucian Point of View
Y. Jafarzadeh

The Chinese society of the time of Confucius was worn out bycontinuous civil wars, wickness of the government, cruelties,unsecurity, break up of family relations, and ethical corruption. Toreform this “natural society”, Confucius proposed a culturalexample f More

The Chinese society of the time of Confucius was worn out bycontinuous civil wars, wickness of the government, cruelties,unsecurity, break up of family relations, and ethical corruption. Toreform this “natural society”, Confucius proposed a culturalexample for an ideal society which was once realized by themythical, ancient emperors “Yao”, “Shu” and “Yu” in about 3000B.C., and again by king “Wan” and his son “Wu” at the beginningof the Chu dynasty.Confucius viewed society as a great family, founded on ahierarchical structure of fivefold familial relations. Such a society,with the celestial family – Heaven (father), earth (mother), ruler(son) – as its archetype, prospers through the filial piety of the ruler,and its benefits permeate to the lower ranks and even to theancestral souls in heaven. So, the society is the field ofmanifestation of the will of Heaven (T’ien), embracing the mysteryof life, and therefore, it is considered sacred. In such an idealsociety,preforming the social duties and rituals cultivates humanity,which in its turn brings about harmony of Heaven, earth and man,and prevents the society from any calamities. Manuscript profile

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3 - Allegorical Interpreaion in Plato and Biblical Exegesis: A Comparative Study
T. Hajebrahimi

Belief in  a transcendent and mysterious God, and in the existence of hidden meanings in Sciptures naturally leads to allegorical interpretation of these texts. In other words, such a              &nb More

Belief in  a transcendent and mysterious God, and in the existence of hidden meanings in Sciptures naturally leads to allegorical interpretation of these texts. In other words, such a                     belief  presupposes a  twofold meaning in the Scriptures, a  literal or      Manuscript profile

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4 - Vedic Theology
M. J. Shams

The most ancient and most important sources of Hindu religion arethe Vedas, and among them Rg Veda, which is a collection ofhymns composed in praise of various gods, undoubtedly occupiesthe most prominent place.Glorification and praise of each god in many hymns of the R More

The most ancient and most important sources of Hindu religion arethe Vedas, and among them Rg Veda, which is a collection ofhymns composed in praise of various gods, undoubtedly occupiesthe most prominent place.Glorification and praise of each god in many hymns of the Rg Veda,sometimes as the greatest of the gods, has led the scholars topropose various theories of Vedic religion, from polytheism tohenotheism (or kenotheism) and monotheism, and to make differentcategorizations of the Vedic gods.The present article tries to explain and analyse the Vedic theologyin the light of these theories. It also deals with the various classes ofthe Vedic gods. Manuscript profile

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5 - A Survey of Doctrines and Rites in Eastern Orthodox Church
فاطمه Lajevardi

The Eastern Orthodox Church is one of the largest branches ofChristianity which comprises numerous followers in easternEurope, Greece, Russia and other parts of the world, and consists ofa number of autonomous local churches in various countries. Thischurch is the remai More

The Eastern Orthodox Church is one of the largest branches ofChristianity which comprises numerous followers in easternEurope, Greece, Russia and other parts of the world, and consists ofa number of autonomous local churches in various countries. Thischurch is the remainder of the Byzantine Greek church and in thecourse of its development has tried to preserve its historical heritageand traditions. Due to its characteristic beliies, rites andorganization it is considered distinct from the Roman CatholicChurch.The present article deals with the history, faith, rites and the innerstructure of the Eastern Orthodox Church. Manuscript profile

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6 - The Way of the Buddhisatva
A. Mahmoodi

The doctrine of the existence of suffering is a central teaching inBuddhist thought. To stop suffering, Buddha himself presented theEightflod Path, but after him other pathes, such as the path ofbuddhisatva also gained recognition. The doctrine of boddhisatva inits prim More

The doctrine of the existence of suffering is a central teaching inBuddhist thought. To stop suffering, Buddha himself presented theEightflod Path, but after him other pathes, such as the path ofbuddhisatva also gained recognition. The doctrine of boddhisatva inits primitive from was derived from historical and mythological lifeof shakyamuni, however, its later development was due toMahayanism.This path begins with boddhicitta or "the awakened mind" andtaking the boddhisatva vow, and continues with passing through tenstages or bhumis, In each stage the boddhisatva perfects a paramitaor perfection in himself and finnaly becomes a buddha. Manuscript profile

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