The effectiveness of supportive and non-supportive behaviors of coaches on self-efficacy and subjective well-being of Wushu athletes
Subject Areas :
knowledge Management
Amir
Karimi
1
(Master of Sport Management, Islamic Azad University, Qorveh Branch, Iran.)
atefeh
Taemori
2
(Department of literature,
Qorveh Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qorveh, Iran)
navid
mahtab
3
(Assistant Professor of Sport Management,Qorveh Branch, Islamic Azad University,Qorveh , Iran)
Received: 2021-12-06
Accepted : 2022-07-10
Published : 2022-08-23
Keywords:
Subjective well-being,
Sports Performance,
Positive affect,
negative affect,
Wushu,
Abstract :
The purpose of the present study is to analyze the effectiveness of supportive and non-supportive behaviors of the instructors on the self-efficacy and subjective well-being of wushu athletes.Statistical population of this study includes all wushu athletes of Kurdistan Province who participated in national championship at different age ranges in 1399. The data on these athletes was based on the information from Kurdistan wushu sports staffs. According to Krejecie-Morgan table, statistical sample of this study includes 86 athletes who were selected based on simple random sampling. In order to collect data, some questionnaires were used. The validity of these questionnaires was approved by the professors and their reliability and sub-scales were at optimal level at Cronbach's alpha coefficient test. Statistical indicators such as frequency, percent, mean and standard deviation were used in the descriptive analysis of the data. Kolmogrov-Smirnov test, and analysis of variance (ANOVA) –SPSS; version 22-were used in the section of inferential statistics. The result of this study shows that 47.2% of the statistical samples have Associate degrees and 34.8% were in the range of 26 to 30 years old. The result of the referential statistics shows that supportive behaviors of the instructors have effect on the athletes' self-efficacy (96.2 =F, p≤ 0.05) and also their non-supportive behaviors have such result: (59.4 =F, p≤ 0.05). Moreover, supportive behaviors of the instructors have effects on the athletes' subjective well-being (58.3=F, P≤ 0.05). This is also true for the non-supportive behaviors of the instructors on the athletes' subjective well-being(34.10=F,P ≤ 0.05).  
References:
Aghababaei, N., Sohrabi, F., Eskandari, H., Borjali, A., Farrokhi, N., & Chen, Z. J. (2016). Predicting subjective well-being by religious and scientific attitudes with hope, purpose in life, and death anxiety as mediators. Personality and Individual Differences, 90, 93-98.
Bandura, A. (2006). Guide for constructing self-efficacy scales. Self-efficacy beliefs of adolescents, 5(1), 307-337.
Bandura, A., Freeman, W. H., & Lightsey, R. (1999). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. In: Springer.
Blecharz, , Luszczynska, A., Tenenbaum, G., Scholz, U., & Cieslak, R. (2014). Self‐efficacy moderates but collective efficacy mediates between motivational climate and athletes’ well‐being. Applied Psychology: Health and Well‐Being, 6(3), 280-299.
Chang, A.-C., & Huang, K.-C. (2021). Subjective Well-Being among Female Migrant Workers: the Role of Social Support, Self-Efficacy and Organizational Commitment. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 12(4) 12-26
Dana, A., Sabzi, A. H., & Gozalzadeh, E. (2016).The Structural Relationships of Coaching Efficacy, Players' Self-Efficacy, and Collective Efficacy in Female Professional Basketball Teams. Sport Psychology Studies (ie, mutaleat ravanshenasi varzeshi), 5(18), 81-98. doi:10.22089/spsyj.2016.830
Diener, E., Oishi, S., & Lucas, R. E. (2003). Personality, culture, and subjective well-being: Emotional and cognitive evaluations of life. Annual Review of Psychology, 54, 403- 425. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.54.101601.145056
Diener, E., Lucas, R. E., Oishi, S., Hall, N., & Donnellan, M. B. (2018). Advances and open questions in the science of subjective well-being. Collabra: Psychology, 4(1)44-56
Downward, P., Hallmann, K., & Rasciute, S. (2018). Exploring the interrelationship between sport, health and social outcomes in the UK: implications for health policy. The European Journal of Public Health, 28(1), 99-104.
Durayappah, A. (2011). The 3P Model: A general theory of subjective well-being. Journal of Happiness Studies, 12(4), 681-716.
Falcao, W. R., Bloom, G. A., & Sabiston, C. M. (2020). The impact of humanistic coach training on youth athletes’ development through sport. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 15(5-6), 610-620.
Feltz, L. (2021). Having a Little Confidence: A Career of Studying Self-Efficacy in Sport. Kinesiology Review, 1(aop), 1-9.
Gearity, B. T., & Metzger, L. H. (2017). Intersectionality, microaggressions, and microaffirmations: Toward a cultural praxis of sport coaching. Sociology of Sport Journal, 34(2), 160-175.
Gilbert, W. D., & Trudel, P. (2004). Analysis of coaching science research published from 1970–2001. Research quarterly for exercise and sport, 75(4), 388-399.
Halliwell, P., Mitchell, R., & Boyle, (2021). Interrelations between enhanced emotional intelligence, leadership self-efficacy and task-oriented leadership behaviour–a leadership coaching study. Leadership & Organization Development Journal.
Heidari, A., Asgari, P., & Bakhtiarpour, S. (2021). Obesity modeling of children based on self-efficacy and maternal body mass index with mediated emotional overeating and the level of physical activity of the child. Journal of Pediatric Nursing, 7(2), 46-57.
Heydari Alekasir, A., Khatibi, A., & Heydarinejad, S. (2018). The effect of coaching behavior on female Kabbadi athlete’s self-efficacy and sportspersonship. Scientific Journal Of Organizational Behavior Management in Sport Studies, 5(3), 79-89. doi:10.30473/fmss.2018.5125
Holzberger, D., & Prestele, E. (2021). Teacher self-efficacy and self-reported cognitive activation and classroom management: A multilevel perspective on the role of school characteristics. Learning and Instruction, 76, 101513.
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Jowett, S., & Ntoumanis, N. (2004). The coach–athlete relationship questionnaire (CART‐Q): Development and initial validation. Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports, 14(4), 245-257.
Jowett, S., & Poczwardowski, A. (2007). Understanding the coach-athlete relationship.
Karmakar, A. (2021). Fractal antennas and arrays: a review and recent developments. International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies, 13(2), 173-197.
Kenow, L., & Williams, J. M. (1999). Coach-athlete compatibility and athlete's perception of coaching behaviors. Journal of Sport Behaviour, 22, 251-259.
Kenow, L. J., & Williams, J. M. (1992). Relationship between anxiety, self-confidence, and evaluation of coaching behaviors. The Sport Psychologist, 6(4), 344-357.
Kim, J., & James, J. D. (2019). Sport and happiness: Understanding the relations among sport consumption activities, long-and short-term subjective well-being, and psychological need fulfillment. Journal of Sport Management, 33(2), 119-132.
Kozma, A., Stone, S., & Stones, M. (2000). Stability in components and predictors of subjective well-being (SWB): Implications for SWB structure. In Advances in quality of life theory and research (pp. 13-30): Springer.
Kuan, G., & Roy, J. (2007). Goal profiles, mental toughness and its influence on performance outcomes among Wushu athletes. Journal of sports science & medicine, 6(CSSI-2), 28.
LaVoi, N. M., McGarry, J. E., & Fisher, L. A. (2019). Final thoughts on women in sport coaching: Fighting the war. Women in Sport and Physical Activity Journal, 27(2), 136-140.
Lundberg, E., & Andersson, T. D. (2021). Subjective Well-Being (SWB) of Sport Event Participants-Causes and Effects. Event Management.
Lundqvist, C., & Sandin, F. (2014). Well-being in elite sport: Dimensions of hedonic and eudaimonic well-being among elite orienteers. The Sport Psychologist, 28(3), 245-254.
Mahtab, N., Ghafouri, F., Sahabi, J., & Yektayar, M. (2020). The Role of Sport and Art Activities in Subjective Well-Being with offording Conceptual Model. Sport Psychology Studies, 8(30), 1-22.
Moen, F., & Allgood, E. (2009). Coaching and the effect on self-efficacy. Organization Development Journal, 27(4), 69.
Olympiou, A., Jowett, S., & Duda, J. L. (2008). The psychological interface between the coach-created motivational climate and the coach-athlete relationship in team sports. The Sport Psychologist, 22(4), 423-438.
Rahman, S. U., Cao, Q., Ullah, H., & Khalil, H. (2019). Compact design of trapezoid shape monopole antenna for SWB application. Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, 61(8), 1931-1937.
Sarı, İ., & Bayazıt, B. (2017). The relationship between perceived coaching behaviours, motivation and self-efficacy in wrestlers. Journal of human kinetics, 57, 239.
Seghers, J., Van Hoecke, A.-S., Schotte, A., Opdenacker, J., & Boen, F. (2014). The added value of a brief self-efficacy coaching on the effectiveness of a 12-week physical activity program. Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 11(1), 18-29.
Stevens Jr, J. H. (2005). Executive coaching from the executive's perspective. Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research, 57(4), 274.
Valcke, B., Van Hiel, A., Van Roey, T., Van De Putte, B., & Dierckx, K. (2020). Societal actors shape collective identities of minorities: procedural fairness climate effects on identification, subjective well-being and psychological health. Social justice research, 33(4), 379- 405.
Wicker, P., & Thormann, T. F. (2021). Well-being of sport club members: the role of pro-environmental behavior in sport and clubs’ environmental quality. Sport Management Review, 1-22.
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Aghababaei, N., Sohrabi, F., Eskandari, H., Borjali, A., Farrokhi, N., & Chen, Z. J. (2016). Predicting subjective well-being by religious and scientific attitudes with hope, purpose in life, and death anxiety as mediators. Personality and Individual Differences, 90, 93-98.
Bandura, A. (2006). Guide for constructing self-efficacy scales. Self-efficacy beliefs of adolescents, 5(1), 307-337.
Bandura, A., Freeman, W. H., & Lightsey, R. (1999). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. In: Springer.
Blecharz, , Luszczynska, A., Tenenbaum, G., Scholz, U., & Cieslak, R. (2014). Self‐efficacy moderates but collective efficacy mediates between motivational climate and athletes’ well‐being. Applied Psychology: Health and Well‐Being, 6(3), 280-299.
Chang, A.-C., & Huang, K.-C. (2021). Subjective Well-Being among Female Migrant Workers: the Role of Social Support, Self-Efficacy and Organizational Commitment. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 12(4) 12-26
Dana, A., Sabzi, A. H., & Gozalzadeh, E. (2016).The Structural Relationships of Coaching Efficacy, Players' Self-Efficacy, and Collective Efficacy in Female Professional Basketball Teams. Sport Psychology Studies (ie, mutaleat ravanshenasi varzeshi), 5(18), 81-98. doi:10.22089/spsyj.2016.830
Diener, E., Oishi, S., & Lucas, R. E. (2003). Personality, culture, and subjective well-being: Emotional and cognitive evaluations of life. Annual Review of Psychology, 54, 403- 425. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.54.101601.145056
Diener, E., Lucas, R. E., Oishi, S., Hall, N., & Donnellan, M. B. (2018). Advances and open questions in the science of subjective well-being. Collabra: Psychology, 4(1)44-56
Downward, P., Hallmann, K., & Rasciute, S. (2018). Exploring the interrelationship between sport, health and social outcomes in the UK: implications for health policy. The European Journal of Public Health, 28(1), 99-104.
Durayappah, A. (2011). The 3P Model: A general theory of subjective well-being. Journal of Happiness Studies, 12(4), 681-716.
Falcao, W. R., Bloom, G. A., & Sabiston, C. M. (2020). The impact of humanistic coach training on youth athletes’ development through sport. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 15(5-6), 610-620.
Feltz, L. (2021). Having a Little Confidence: A Career of Studying Self-Efficacy in Sport. Kinesiology Review, 1(aop), 1-9.
Gearity, B. T., & Metzger, L. H. (2017). Intersectionality, microaggressions, and microaffirmations: Toward a cultural praxis of sport coaching. Sociology of Sport Journal, 34(2), 160-175.
Gilbert, W. D., & Trudel, P. (2004). Analysis of coaching science research published from 1970–2001. Research quarterly for exercise and sport, 75(4), 388-399.
Halliwell, P., Mitchell, R., & Boyle, (2021). Interrelations between enhanced emotional intelligence, leadership self-efficacy and task-oriented leadership behaviour–a leadership coaching study. Leadership & Organization Development Journal.
Heidari, A., Asgari, P., & Bakhtiarpour, S. (2021). Obesity modeling of children based on self-efficacy and maternal body mass index with mediated emotional overeating and the level of physical activity of the child. Journal of Pediatric Nursing, 7(2), 46-57.
Heydari Alekasir, A., Khatibi, A., & Heydarinejad, S. (2018). The effect of coaching behavior on female Kabbadi athlete’s self-efficacy and sportspersonship. Scientific Journal Of Organizational Behavior Management in Sport Studies, 5(3), 79-89. doi:10.30473/fmss.2018.5125
Holzberger, D., & Prestele, E. (2021). Teacher self-efficacy and self-reported cognitive activation and classroom management: A multilevel perspective on the role of school characteristics. Learning and Instruction, 76, 101513.
Inoue, Y., Sato, M., & Filo, K. (2020). Transformative sport service research: Linking sport services with well-being. Journal of Sport Management, 34(4), 285-290.
Jowett, S., & Ntoumanis, N. (2004). The coach–athlete relationship questionnaire (CART‐Q): Development and initial validation. Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports, 14(4), 245-257.
Jowett, S., & Poczwardowski, A. (2007). Understanding the coach-athlete relationship.
Karmakar, A. (2021). Fractal antennas and arrays: a review and recent developments. International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies, 13(2), 173-197.
Kenow, L., & Williams, J. M. (1999). Coach-athlete compatibility and athlete's perception of coaching behaviors. Journal of Sport Behaviour, 22, 251-259.
Kenow, L. J., & Williams, J. M. (1992). Relationship between anxiety, self-confidence, and evaluation of coaching behaviors. The Sport Psychologist, 6(4), 344-357.
Kim, J., & James, J. D. (2019). Sport and happiness: Understanding the relations among sport consumption activities, long-and short-term subjective well-being, and psychological need fulfillment. Journal of Sport Management, 33(2), 119-132.
Kozma, A., Stone, S., & Stones, M. (2000). Stability in components and predictors of subjective well-being (SWB): Implications for SWB structure. In Advances in quality of life theory and research (pp. 13-30): Springer.
Kuan, G., & Roy, J. (2007). Goal profiles, mental toughness and its influence on performance outcomes among Wushu athletes. Journal of sports science & medicine, 6(CSSI-2), 28.
LaVoi, N. M., McGarry, J. E., & Fisher, L. A. (2019). Final thoughts on women in sport coaching: Fighting the war. Women in Sport and Physical Activity Journal, 27(2), 136-140.
Lundberg, E., & Andersson, T. D. (2021). Subjective Well-Being (SWB) of Sport Event Participants-Causes and Effects. Event Management.
Lundqvist, C., & Sandin, F. (2014). Well-being in elite sport: Dimensions of hedonic and eudaimonic well-being among elite orienteers. The Sport Psychologist, 28(3), 245-254.
Mahtab, N., Ghafouri, F., Sahabi, J., & Yektayar, M. (2020). The Role of Sport and Art Activities in Subjective Well-Being with offording Conceptual Model. Sport Psychology Studies, 8(30), 1-22.
Moen, F., & Allgood, E. (2009). Coaching and the effect on self-efficacy. Organization Development Journal, 27(4), 69.
Olympiou, A., Jowett, S., & Duda, J. L. (2008). The psychological interface between the coach-created motivational climate and the coach-athlete relationship in team sports. The Sport Psychologist, 22(4), 423-438.
Rahman, S. U., Cao, Q., Ullah, H., & Khalil, H. (2019). Compact design of trapezoid shape monopole antenna for SWB application. Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, 61(8), 1931-1937.
Sarı, İ., & Bayazıt, B. (2017). The relationship between perceived coaching behaviours, motivation and self-efficacy in wrestlers. Journal of human kinetics, 57, 239.
Seghers, J., Van Hoecke, A.-S., Schotte, A., Opdenacker, J., & Boen, F. (2014). The added value of a brief self-efficacy coaching on the effectiveness of a 12-week physical activity program. Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 11(1), 18-29.
Stevens Jr, J. H. (2005). Executive coaching from the executive's perspective. Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research, 57(4), 274.
Valcke, B., Van Hiel, A., Van Roey, T., Van De Putte, B., & Dierckx, K. (2020). Societal actors shape collective identities of minorities: procedural fairness climate effects on identification, subjective well-being and psychological health. Social justice research, 33(4), 379- 405.
Wicker, P., & Thormann, T. F. (2021). Well-being of sport club members: the role of pro-environmental behavior in sport and clubs’ environmental quality. Sport Management Review, 1-22.
