Evaluation of Gender Justice in Urban Public Spaces (A Case Study: Tabriz City Center)

Subject Areas : Quarterly Journal of Woman and Society

اکبر Rahimi ¹ , موسی Vaezi ² , حجت Mohamadi ³ , مائده Bakooyi ⁴

1 - Tabriz University
2 - Tabriz University
3 - Tabriz University
4 - tabriz university

Received: 2017-11-02 Accepted : 2018-11-26 Published : 2018-11-22

Keywords: Women, Factor Analysis, sexual equity, urban public spaces, zone8 of Tabriz city,

Abstract :

 Urban public spaces are used for compulsory, voluntarily, and, more importantly, social activities and women certainly have the right to play an active role in, and they should benefit from equal right the same as men. This study aimed to address the amount of adaptation of public spaces in zone 8 of Tabriz the needs of women. The present study is applied and, in essence, is descriptive-analytic. 242 questionnaires were distributed, according to the Cochran formula, among women and data were analyzed using Factor-analysis and t-Test. The Cronbach Alpha was 88/3 which is ‘good’. The questions, based on Exploratory Factor Analysis model, have been categorized into four factors: physical, accessibility, social-cultural, and security. Overall, these factors specify %68/32 of variance of the variables. The result shows that the factors of infrastructure of physical, accessibility, social-cultural with the levels of significance, 0/04, 0/01, and 0/03, respectively, are not adapted desirably to the needs of women, but the level of significance for the security factor (0/217) shows a suitable condition through the lens of the respondents. According to results and due to the fact that citizens and tourists visit the zone regularly, this issue should be taken into account significantly by the authorities and the related organizations.

References:

Begum, J. (2000). Women, Environment and Sustainable  Development, Making the Links.

- Bounds, M. (2004). Urban Social Theory (City, Self and Society), New York: Oxford University Press.

- Boyle, J, Catherine F. & Lelie F. (2001). An investigation into women's perceptions of fear and the design of architecture. Tourism management , 5-16.

- Fleury, B, Ghozlane E. (2008). Processes of Place Identification and EsidentialSatisfaction, Environment and Behavior, Vol .XX, No .X. Available at: http://online.sagepub.com.

- Foruzandeh, A. (2006). Assessment of Gender Considerations in the Planning and Creation of New Cities, International Conference on New Towns, Tehran. (Persian).

- Franck, K, Paxson, L. (1989). Women and urban public space. In public Places and Spaces I Altman, EH Zube, pp.121-146, Plenum Press, New York.

- Garcia, R, Maria, D. Ortiza, A. & Parts, M. (2004). Urban Planning, gender and the Use of Public Spaces in Pereiphral Neighborhood of  Barcelona; Cities. Vol.21, No.3, pp. 215-223.

- Gehl, J. (1987). Life between Buildings, Van Nostrand Reinhold.

- Gharibi, F, Rad‌ Jahanbani, N & Rashidpour, N. (2010). Surveying and measuring the sense of security in different urban areas (Case study: Tehran's 2nd and 11th districts), utopia, Sh 41, pp. 17-32. (Persian).

- Goli, A. (2011). Women and Security in Urban Public Spaces (Case Study of Azadi Park, Shiraz), Historical Sociology, pp. 2, pp. 143-164. (Persian).

- Habibi, Kiumars; Rahimi Kaka Jobb; Arman; Abdi; Mohammad Hamed; Ahmadi T. (2013). Securing Urban Public Spaces to Increase Women's Attendance, Case Study: Ferdowsi Avenue, Sanandaj, Shahrgarar, Sh. 6, pp. 93-62. (Persian).

- Habibi, M. (2012). The quality and diversity of activities and facilities in public spaces and their effect on the presence of women with an emphasis on Tehran, The first scientific and research conference on women and urban life, Tehran. (Persian).

- Hxley, M. (2002). Govern mentality, Gender, Planning, in 'Planning Future. Philip Allmendinger & Mark Tewdwr-Jones, Rutledge, London.

- Jiang, B, Mak, C. N. S, Larsen, L. & Zhong, H. (2017). Minimizing the gender difference in perceived safety: Comparing the effects of urban back alley interventions. Journal of Environmental Psychology.

- Kallantari, K. (2003). Data processing and analysis in socio-economic research, Tehran, Sharif Publishing. (Persian).

- Kazemi, M. (2009). An Analytical Approach to Gender and Its Impact on the Quality of Space, Journal of Identity City, Volume 4, Issue 3, Pages 47-58. (Persian).

- Kurniawati,W.( 2012). Public Space for Marginal People, Social and Behavioral Sciences 36. pp 476-484.

- Madani Pour, A. (2000). Urban spatial design, Attitude to spatial social process, Farhad Mortazai, Tehran, Urban Planning and Processing Company. (Persian).

- Massey, D. (2013). Space, place and gender, John Wiley & Sons.

- Movahed, M & Hemmat, S. (2013). Study of Cultural and Social Factors Related to Social Safety of Women, Journal of Women and Society, Vol. 4, No. 2, pp. 55-82. (Persian).

- Naghdy, A. (2011). Man and City, Sociology and Urban Planning, University of Buenos Aires Publications, First Edition. (Persian).

- Noroozi, F & Fooladisepehr, S. (2009). Investigation of 15-29 years old women’s Feeling of Social Security in Tehran and Social Factors Influencing Them, Quarterly Journal of Rahbordi, 18th year, No. 53, PP: 129-159. (Persian).

- Nourani, S & Pourmohammadi, M. R. (2012). Women-Friendly City: The City of Ardabil", Quarterly Journal of Environment, No. 19, pp. 165-180. (Persian).

- Parsi, H.R. (2002). Recognition of Urban Space Content, Fine Arts, Volume 11, Issue 11, pp. 49-41. (Persian).

- Partovy, P. (2012). Women Working Group and Urban Public Space, First Women and Life Science and Research Conference, Tehran. (Persian).

- Pasaogullari, N,  & Doratli, N. (2004). Measuring Accessibility and Utilization of Public Spaces in Famagusta, Cities, Vol. 21, No.3, pp. 225-232.

- Pierce, J, Williams, O. R. & Martin, D. G. (2016). Rights in places: An analytical extension of the right to the city. Geoforum, 70, 79-88.

- Pourahmad, A, Rashidi, Y. &  Ashrafi, T. (2013). Changes in the presence of women in urban public spaces, Exploring the Park of Ael Goli and Khaghani in Tabriz, Women in Development and Politics, Vol. 11, No. 3, pp. 376-351. (Persian).

- Renee shorts, J. (2009). Urban Theory, Critical Evaluation, Karmat Allah Ziari, Hafez Mahdanezhad and Faryad Parjez, Tehran, University of Tehran. (Persian).

- Reza Zadeh, R, & Maryam M. (2007). Gender Equity in Urban Design, Women's Architecture Conference in Tehran, Tehran. (Persian).

- Rezazadeh, R. & Maryam M. (2009). Investigating Women Limiting Factors in Urban Spaces, Journal of Fine Arts, No. 36. (Persian).

- Sadeqi, A. R, Ahmadi, F, Ghaffari Sarvestani, N. & Rafiyan, M. (2012). Determining the Concepts Governing the Presence of Muslim Women in Urban Areas (Case Study: Shiraz City), Quarterly Journal of Urban Studies, No. 2, p. 71-85. (Persian).

- Shokohi, M. (2012). Designing a Network for Accessing and Securing Women in the Urban Public Spaces Network, The First Women's and City Life Science and Research Conference, Tehran, pp. 11-54. (Persian).

- Talebi, H. & Zangi Abadi, A. (2001). Indicators Analysis and Determination of Factors Affecting Human Development Methodology in Major Cities of the Country, Geographical Survey Quarterly, No. 60. (Persian).

- UNCHS. (2014). Women in Urban Governance, Nairobi: United Nations Centre for Human Settlements (Habitat).

- Wekerle,Gerda R. (2010). Gendered spaces of a pluralistic citizenship, in Democracy, citizenship and the global city. Elgin F. Is in Rutledge, London.

- Zabetiyan, E, Bemanian, M. R. & Rafiean, M. (2010). A Study on the Pattern of Urban Space Planning on Increasing the Safety of Women (Case Study: Central District of Tehran), Social Sciences Quarterly, No. 48, pp. 108-148. (Persian).

- Zibayi Nejhad, M. R. (2009). Gender Identity and Roles, Women's Studies and Research Office. (Persian).

-Abbas Zadegan, M. (2005). Socio-Psychological Dimensions in Urban Spaces, International Journal of Engineering Sciences, University of Science and Technology, Vol. 16, No. 1, pp. 68-69. (Persian).