Assessing the Governance Effects Worthwhile on the Resilience of Villages Case study: Central part of Ardabil city

Subject Areas : Regional Planning

kuomars khodapanah ¹

1 - Assistant Professor, Department of Geography and Rural Planning, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran

Received: 2019-07-14 Accepted : 2019-11-26 Published : 2021-04-21

Keywords: Resilience, Sustainable Development, good governance, Rural Governance,

Abstract :

Proper governance is a good approach in modern rural management to apply administrative, social, economic, and political authority in pursuit of sustainable development that seeks to improve viability and to reach the healthy village by providing appropriate conditions in different dimensions. The purpose of this study was to investigate and evaluate the proper governance effects on rural areas' habitat. This research is applied in terms of its purpose and based on the descriptive-analytical nature. The statistical population is 32 villages in the central part of Ardabil city with 8038 households. The sample size was estimated to be 366 people based on the Cochran formula, which was promoted to 384 people to achieve better results. The distribution of the number of samples in the studied villages is categorized based on the number of households. In order to analyze the subject in the appropriate variable, seven indicators were used in the form of 39 items and in the variables of viability in three dimensions of economic, social and environmental, 10 indicators were used in 55 items. Validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by a panel of expert and experienced experts. Correlative reliability coefficient based on Cronbach's alpha was 0/806, the viability of 0.835 and overall reliability was 0.821. Results of the findings based on Pearson correlation coefficient indicate that there is a moderate to weak correlation between the indices. The results of multivariate regression show that the participatory index with 0.772 of the total variance of viability is explained and increasing the rate of participation increases the rate of viability in rural areas. The results of the Cooper's technique of leveling 32 villages on the basis of viability showed that only one village was in a very good level, not a village at a good level, and 21 villages were in medium to poor levels, and two villages were at a very weak level, indicating that the viability indicators Not in a good condition.
Introduction
The development of villages is possible through efficient and effective management and the use of participatory practices based on the participation of the people in the development process. This is due to the complexity of the issues and the emergence of multiple needs, the need for a broader concept of rural management, and specialized organizations in the field of local management such as tenure. Effective rural management requires the use of modern institutional and managerial models and approaches. One of these models is good governance, which demonstrates good performance, transparency, participation, accountability, accountability, legitimacy, collective agreement, efficiency, effectiveness and justice, because good governance is a prerequisite for sustainable development, rather than biodiversity. Make it attractive, valuable, safe and suitable for all segments. Providing opportunities to live in the countryside leads to a stabilization of their livelihoods, making them viable and resistant to external shocks and stress. Villages in the central part of Ardebil city have long struggled with these issues. The importance of the issue of livelihoods in rural areas in Ardebil in the development and livelihoods of rural communities and the fact that most vulnerable and poor people live in rural areas requires a more scientific and rigorous understanding of the issue. This kind of recognition helps to increase the livelihood of the villages and thus reduce poverty and eliminate the problems and problems in the rural areas of Ardabil. Because the performance of the Rural Governance Institutions in the study area also indicates that it requires serious attention of the people in order to increase efficiency, accountability, consensus and justice.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of decent governance on the livelihoods of rural areas in the central part of Ardabil city in order to answer the following questions.
 
• To what extent is the correlation between the indicators of viability and governance appropriate?
• To what extent is the impact of decent governance indicators on rural livelihoods?
• What is the status of livelihood indicators in rural areas?
 
Methodology
The leading research is applied in terms of purpose and is based on descriptive-analytical nature. The statistical population of the study is 64 villages with a rural village in the central part of Ardebil city. Thirty-two villages with 8038 households with 8038 households were randomly selected for the study. The sample size was 366 according to Cochran formula and for better results the sample size was increased to 384 heads of households. They are. The data collection method was library and questionnaire. The instrument used in the survey was a questionnaire that was used to measure research variables in the variable governance section of the index using seven indices in the form of 39 items and in the viability variable in three dimensions of 10 indices in the form of 55 items. The validity of the questionnaire was evaluated and confirmed by a panel of expert and experienced experts in this field. To determine the reliability of the questionnaire, 30 questionnaires were distributed in the same area and the total reliability coefficient of the questionnaire was 0.821. Pearson's correlation coefficient, multivariate regression coefficient, and Cooper's decision making technique were used for analysis.
results and discussion
In the present study, Pearson correlation coefficient was used to investigate the relationship between research variables. The results indicate that there is a moderate to weak correlation between the studied indexes, so that the efficiency and effectiveness index had the highest correlation (0.492), and the equity index with 0.159 had the lowest correlation. Significance level of all indices, equality index and equality of significance was 0.006 for other indices. Multivariate regression results, used to determine the contribution of each of the governance indices in predicting the dependent variable of biodiversity, show that all decent governance indices except for the equity and equity indices had a positive effect on biodiversity. Among the indices studied, participativeness index with beta coefficient of 0.727 had the most effect on biodiversity and 0.552 of the total biodiversity variance is explained by this component. Coprass decision making technique was used to classify the studied villages based on livability indices. The q value represents the final value and weight of the villages, the more desirable it is, so among the 32 villages in the central part of Ardebil city, Diamond Village, At the highest level, the village of Amuqin and Omidzeh were at the lowest level. Nine villages were in the upper level, 14 were in the middle level and finally six were in the lower level.
conclusion
The results indicate that among the seven indicators of good governance, participatoryism has had the most impact on livelihoods in rural areas. This can be attributed to the cooperation of local authorities with government agencies in the implementation of projects and cooperation with other grassroots organizations that increase their ability and influence to organize and mobilize people, as well as consulting and consulting with the villagers and using their ideas and opinions on this. It has been impressive. Therefore, it can be said that with the increase of people's participation in rural responsibilities, the level of livelihoods in rural areas is improved and there is a mutual and reciprocal relationship between them. In addition, the use of authority and authority to safeguard personal interests has led to unequal distribution of resources and facilities across the rural areas of the study area and has hampered the sustainable development of rural areas and the social, economic and environmental sustainability. Finally, one of the issues that is found in most villages is the lack of participation in decision-making that has reduced the fairness of service delivery and livelihoods among rural residents. These include challenges such as unemployment, poverty, stagnation, isolation, low income, low productivity, migration, individualism, social conflict, environmental pollution, and ultimately reduced rural livelihoods. In this regard, providing rural living conditions and utilizing the services and facilities needed to improve livelihoods and consequently increase the efficiency of rural areas can be effective. According to the results, it is suggested that the authorities provide explanations to the public by holding public meetings to outline the activities involved. Provision of services and facilities to rural areas to improve accessibility and increase equity and equity in rural areas. Given that the indicators of efficiency and effectiveness, consensus, and equity and equity were at a low level, it is suggested that more attention be paid to improving these indicators, such as field visits and inspections of the village, coordination and cooperation with the village councils, and The equitable distribution of resources and facilities increased and controlled the use of authority and authority for personal gain.

References:

1. Ajzashokoohi, M., Eistgoldi (2013): INVESTIGATING THE FACTORS INFLUENCING GOOD GOVERNANCE, CASE STUDY: TURKMEN CITY, Geographical Studies of Arid Regions, 4 (14), pp: 31-49. (Persian)


2. Ansari, M., Fahiminia, M., Farzadkia, M (2018): NEEDS ASSESSMENT AND PRIORITIZATION OF ESTABLISHMENT OF RURAL WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT FACILITIES TO PROVIDE SAFE AND ALTERNATIVE WATER SUPPLY IN PROVINCES WITH SEVERE WATER STRESS IN IRAN, Journal of Health and Environment,  11 (4), pp: 599-612. (Persian)


3. Bezi, Kh. R., Kiani, A., Hanifi Asl, Y., Razi, A (2011): ANALYSIS OF SPATIAL DIFFERENCES OF SOCIAL CAPITAL IN BORDERLINE URBAN AND RURAL AREAS OF IRAN, COMPARATIVE COMPARISON OF URBAN AND RURAL CENTERS OF URMIA CITY, Iranian Journal of Sociology, 11 (2), pp: 74-102. (Persian)


4. Boozarjomhari, Kh., Esmaeili, A., Roomiani, A (2017): THE ROLE OF RURAL INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE IN RURAL LIVELIHOODS, CASE STUDY: DEVIN AND TUKOR VILLAGES OF SHIRVAN COUNTY, Geography and Urban-Regional Planning, 24, pp: 93-110. (Persian)


5. Dadvarkhani, F., Salmani, M., Farhadi, S., Zaree, Z (2011): STRATEGIC GOOD GOVERNANCE FOR RURAL POVERTY REDUCTION, New Approaches in Human Geography, 3 (4), pp: 103-120. (Persian)
   
   
   1. Daftary, D (2019):ELECTED LOCAL BODIES, SPACE, AND THE GOVERNANCE OF MARKET EXPANSION IN RURAL INDIA, GEOFORUM, IN PRESS, CORRECTED PROOF, Available online 1 May 2019: :156-172
   
   


6. Darban Astane, A. R., Rezvani, M. R (2012): EXPLAINING THE FACTORS AFFECTING RURAL GOVERNANCE IN LOCAL GOVERNMENTS, CASE STUDY: QAZVIN CITY, Urban Management, 28, pp: 179-198. (Persian)


7. Darban Astane, A. R., Rezvani, M. R., Motiee, S. H., Badri, S. A (2010): MEASURING AND ANALYZING FACTORS AFFECTING RURAL GOVERNANCE IN LOCAL GOVERNMENTS, CASE STUDY: QAZVIN CITY, Human Geography Research, 73, pp: 99-118. (Persian)


8. Eisaloo, A. A., Baiat, M., Bahrami, A. A (2014): THE VIABILITY OF A NEW APPROACH TO IMPROVING THE QUALITY OF LIFE IN RURAL COMMUNITIES, CASE STUDY: QOM CITY, KAHAK DISTRICT, Housing and Rural Environment, 146, pp: 107-120. (Persian)


9. Eizadi, A., Alavizade, S. A. A (2018): INVESTIGATING THE ROLE OF PSYCHOLOGICAL EMPOWERMENT OF RURAL MANAGEMENT IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT PROCESS, CASE STUDY: RASHTKHVAR DISTRICT, Geographic Exploration of Desert Areas, 6 (1), pp: 199-227. (Persian)


10. Faiz, A.F., Aysha. W., Wei. B. Ch (2012): SUSTAINABLE RURAL ROADS FOR LIVELIHOODS AND LIVABILITY, Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 53, pp: 1-8.


11. Faraji Sabokbar, H., Rezvani, M. R., Morshedi, H. B., Roosta, H (2014): SPATIAL CLASSIFICATION OF FARS PROVINCE TOURISM BASES BASED ON TOURISM SERVICES AND FACILITIES, Human Geography Research, 46(3), pp:561-581. (Persian)


12. Gough, M (2015): RECONCILING LIVABILITY AND SUSTAINABILITY: CONCEPTUAL AND PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS FOR PLANNING, Planning Education and Research, Vol. 35 (2), pp: 145-160.


13. Haeidari Sareban, V., Arshadi, A., Saeb, Sh (2018): ASSESSING THE IMPACTS OF GOVERNANCE ON RURAL TOURISM DEVELOPMENT, CASE STUDY: NAIR COUNTY, Tourism Area, 7 (25), pp:33-50. (Persian)


14. Haeidari, M. T., Shamaei, A., Sasanpoor, F., Solaimani, M., Ahadnezhad Roshani, M (2017): ANALYSIS OF FACTORS AFFECTING THE BIODIVERSITY OF URBAN DECAY TEXTURES, CASE STUDY: DECAYED TEXTURE OF ZANJAN CENTRAL AREA, Geographical Space, 17 (57), pp: 1-25. (Persian)


15. Hankins, Katherine B (2009): THE DISAPPEARANCE OF THE STATE FROM “LIVABLE” URBAN SPACES, Antipode,  41 (5), 2009 ISSN 0066-4812, Pp: 845–866.


16. Hyden G., Court J. and Mease K. (2004): MAKING SENSE OF GOVERNANCE: EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE FROM SIXTEEN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, Boulder: Lynne Rienner, forest policy and economics, 22, pp: 47-52.


17. Jomeepoor, M., Tehrani, Sh (2013): Explaining the Sustainability and Quality of Life in Suburban Villages, 3, pp: 49-60. (Persian)


18. Leach, J.M., Lee, S.E., Hunt, V. L. D., Rogers, Ch. D.F(2017): IMPROVING CITY-SCALE MEASURES OF LIVABLE SUSTAINABILITY: A STUDY OF URBAN MEASUREMENT AND ASSESSMENT THROUGH APPLICATION TO THE CITY OF BIRMINGHAM, UK, Cities, 71, pp: 80-87.


19. Lotfi, s., koohsari, m.j,(2009): MEASURING OBJECTIVE ACCESSIBILITY TO NEIGHBORHOOD FACILITIES IN THE CITY, A CASE STUDY: ZONE6 IN TEHRAN, Cities, 26, pp: 133-140.


20. Meshkini, A., Moazen, S (2015): ANALYSIS OF FAVORABLE URBAN GOVERNANCE IN SUSTAINABILITY OF CITIES, CASE STUDY: AJABSHIR, Environmental Preparation, 8(29), pp: 99-132. (Persian)


21. National association of regional councils, (2010): RURAL BENEFITS OF THE LIVABLE COMMUNITIES ACT, available at: www.narc.com.


22. Omar, sk,(2010): CHALLENGES OF THE K-ERA: THE PSYCHOLOGICAL CONTRACT OF KNOWLEDGE SHARING AND ORGANIZATIONAL COMMITMENT, International journal of knowledge, culture and change management, 4, pp: 1061-1073.


23. Rahmani Fazli, A. A., Sadeghi, M., Alipoorian, J (2014): THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF GOOD GOVERNANCE IN THE PROCESS OF MODERN RURAL MANAGEMENT, Urban Management, 37, pp: 43-54. (Persian)


24. Roknoldin Eftekhari, A. A., Azimi  Aamoli, J., Poortaheri, M., Ahmadipoor, Z (2012): PROVIDING AN APPROPRIATE MODEL OF GOOD RURAL GOVERNANCE IN IRAN, Geopolitics, 8(2), pp: 1-28. (Persian)


25. Sanford, E.L. & Reeder, V.S. (2011): HOW CAN TRANSPORTATION AGENCIES USE PERFORMANCE METRICS TO SUPPORT OUR LIVABILITY AND SUSTAINABILITY GOALS? Retrieved From WWW.Camsys. Com. 2012.


26. Shapiro, W. R (2008): THE LOCAL CONNECTION LOCAL GOVERNMENT PERFORMANCE AND SATISFACTION WITH DEMOCRACY IN ARGENTINA, Comparative Political Studies, 41(3): 285-308.


27. Sharifzade, M. Sh., Abdolahzade, Gh, H., Salehi Taleshi, F., Khaje Shahkoohi, A (2017): COMPETITIVE GOVERNANCE BASED ON SOCIAL CAPITAL IN RURAL MANAGEMENT IN JOUYBAR CITY, Geographical Space Preparation, 7(23), pp: 105-122. (Persian)


28. Solaimani Mehrjani, M., Tavalaei, S., Rafieian, M., Zangane, A., Khazaeinezhad, F (2015): URBAN LIVING: CONCEPT, PRINCIPLES, DIMENSIONS AND INDICATORS, Urban Planning Geography Research, 4 (1), pp: 27-50. (Persian)


29. Taleshi, M., Darban Astane, A. R., Moosavi, S. A (2017): EXPLANATION OF THE SPATIAL PATTERN OF GOOD RURAL GOVERNANCE AROUND KARAJ METROPOLIS, Urban Planning Geography Research, 5(4), pp: 585-606. (Persian)


30. UN-HABITAT(2002): THE GLOBAL CAMPAIGN ON URBAN GOVERNANCE, concept paper, 2nd Edition, Nairobi, 3- 18.
    
    
    1. Wong, H. L., Wang, Y., Luo, R., Zhang, L., Rozelle, S(2017): LOCAL GOVERNANCE AND THE QUALITY OF LOCAL INFRASTRUCTURE: EVIDENCE FROM VILLAGE ROAD PROJECTS IN RURAL CHINA,  Public Economics, v152, pp 119-132.
       
       
       1. Woods, M(2005), Rural Geography. London: Sage.
       
       
    
    

11. Elmenofi,G., Bilali, H.E., Berjan, S (2014): Governance Of Rural Development In Egypt, Annals of Agricultural Science, 2 (59), pp: 285-296.

22. Mengisteab, Kidane (2009): GOOD GOVERNANCE IN THE ERITREAN CONTEXT, WHAT DOES IT ENTAIL?, Eritrean Studies Review, 2, No (2), 20-57.

32. Suang, P. K (2008): THE CHANGING PARADIGM OF RURAL GOVERNANCE FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, Defining The Nice and Role of GIS. Available at: http://www. Livelihoods. org/post/docs/turmedi. rtf.

37. Yuan, J., Wu, Q., Liu, J. (2012): UNDERSTANDING NDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE IN SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES IN CHINA TAKING TWO VILLAGES FROM GUIZHOU PROVINCE AS A CASE, Forest Policy and Economics, Vol 22, pp 47-52.