Effectiveness of Instructional Hope centered Parenting Package on Parental Stress of Mothers of Preschool Children in Isfahan

Subject Areas : Woman and family

Mehdi  Mazaheri Tehrani ¹ (PhD Student in Counseling, Department of Counseling, KhomeiniShahr Branch, Islamic Azad University. KhomeiniShahr / Isfahan, Iran)
Mohammad Masoud  Dayariyan ² (Assistant Professor, Department of Counseling, KhomeiniShahr Branch, Islamic Azad University. KhomeiniShahr / Isfahan, Iran (Corresponding Author) [e-mail])
Fatemeh  Javadzadeh Shahshahani ³ (Assistant Professor, Department of Counseling, KhomeiniShahr Branch, Islamic Azad University. KhomeiniShahr / Isfahan, Iran)

Received: 2021-02-13 Accepted : 2021-05-03 Published : 2022-02-20

Keywords: parental stress, preschool, mothers, parenting, Hope Center,

Abstract :

The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of instructional hope centered  parenting package on Parenting Stress of  mothers of  Preschool children in Isfahan. The research method was quasi-experimental, pre-test-post-test and follow-up with experimental and control groups. The statistical population of the study was mothers of preschool children in Isfahan in 2020, of which 30 mothers were screened through accessible sampling. Finally, 30 mothers randomly assigned to the experimental group (15 mothers) and the control group (15 mothers). The applied instruments included instructional hope center parenting package (researcher-made) and short form Parenting Stress (Abidin,1983). Participants in both groups completed short form of Parenting Stress questionary in three stages. The experimental group received a 90-minute training package (researcher-made) for 10 sessions. Data were analyzed by repeated measures analysis of variance in SPSS software. The results indicated the effect of the Instructional Hope Center Parenting Package on the score of negative Parenting Stress (P< 0.05) in the post-test stage and the stability of this effect in the follow-up stage.  The results of the study suggest evidences that training this package to reduce ParentingStress in mothers. This research can be useful for psychotherapists and counselors in the field of family and children counseling and choosing the type of intervention to educate parents. Stress in three stages. The experimental group received a 90-minute training package (researcher-made) for 10 sessions. Data were analyzed by repeated measures analysis of variance in SPSS software. The results indicated the effect of the Instructional Hope centered Parenting Package on the score of negative Parenting Stress (P< 0.05) in the post-test stage and the stability of this effect in the follow-up stage.  The results of the study suggest evidences training though this package can reduce the parenting stress in mothers. This research can be useful for psychotherapists and counselors in the field of family and children counseling and choosing the type of intervention to educate parents.

References:

Abbasi, M., Pirani, Z., Zanguei, A.R., & Zarei, M.H. (2018). Effect of Hope Promotion Cognitive Training on Characteristic Abilities, Psychological Flexibility, and Cognitive Functions Reconstruction of Veterans’ Wives. Iranian Journal of War and Public Health, 10(2): 107-113

Abdollahi, A., Panahipour, H., Hosseinian, S., & Allen, K. A. (2019).The effects of perceived stress on hope in women with breast cancer and the role of psychological hardiness. Journal of the Psychological , Social and Behavioral Dimension of   Cancer. 28(7):14771482.

Abidin, R. R. (1983). Parenting stress index: Manual.Pediatric Psychology Press: Manual, Administration Booklet,Research Update. Charlottesville, VA:Pediatric Psychology Press.(Pediatric Psychology Press, 2915 Idlewood Drive, Charlottesville, VA 2290.

 Alarcon, G. M ., Bowling, N.A., & Khazon,  S. (2013). Great expectation: A metaanalytic examination of optimism and hope. Personality and Individual Differences, 54(7), 821827.

Babore, A., Trumello, C., Candelori, C., Paciello, M.,. & Cerniglia, L. (2016). Depressive symptoms, self-esteem and perceived parent–child relationship in early adolescence. Frontiers in Psychol, 7: (982).

 Bahari, F. (2013). Fundaments of Hope and Hope Therapy.Tehran: Danjeh Publishing. (In Persian).

Bahari, F. (2018). The Psychology of Hope.Tehran: Danjeh Publishing. (In Persian).

 Barati Sedeh, F., Sadeghi, A. (2018). Positive Psychology in the Clinical Domain. Tehran: Roshd Publishing. ( In Persian).

Barimani, S.,  Mahmudi, G., Masoudzade, A. (2013). Gary Parent Stress Associated with Parenting Practices of Parents of Deaf and Normal Children. Journal of Health Breeze. 2(3):9-14. (In Persian).

 Barrera, T. L., Zeno, D., Bush, A. L., Barber, C.R., & Stanley, M. A. (2015). Integrating religion and spirituality into treatment for late-life anxiety: three case studies. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 19(2): 346-58.

Bernardo , A.B. (2014). Hope in early adolescence: Measuring internal and external Locus of Hope. Child Indicators Research, 8: 699-715.

Chang, E.C., Chang, O.D., Martos, T., Sallay, V., Zettler, I., Steca, P., DAddario, M. D., Boniwell, I., Pop, A., Tarragona, M., Slemp, G.R., Shin, J., Fuente, A., & Cardeñoso, O. (2018). The positive role of hope on the relationship between loneliness and unhappy conditions in Hungarian young adults: How pathways thinking matters. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 14(6): 724-733.

 Cox, R. B., Brosi, M., Spencer, T., & Masri, K. (2021). Hope, Stress, and Post-Divorce Child Adjustment: Development and Evaluation of  the Co-Parenting for Resilience Program. Journal of Divorce & Remarriage, 62(2).

 Delnavaz, F. (2018).Induction of Hope in Psychotherapy.Tabriz: Aidin & Yanar Publishing. (In Persian).

 Edwards, L., Rand, K. L., Lopez, S. J., & Snyder, C.R. (2007). Understanding Hope: A Review of Measurement and Construct Validity. Research.e-Publications@Marquette.

 Fadaei, Z., Dehghani, M., Tahmasian, K., & Farhadei, M. (2010). Investigating Reliability, Validity and Factor Structure of Parenting Stress- Short Form in Mother`s of 7-12 Year-Old Children. Journal of Research in Behavioural Science, 8(2): 81-91. ( In Persian)

Fichman, R.A., & Davidson‐Arad, B. (2015). Hope and perceptions of parental role among  parents assessed as maltreating their children. Health and Social Care, 25(1): 92-104.

Frosch, C.A.,  Schoppe-Sullivan, S. G,. &  O’Banion, D. D. (2021). Parenting and Child Development: A Relational Health Perspective. American Journal of Life style Medicine, 15( 1 ): 45-59.

Firoozbakht, M. (2017). Assessment and Treatment of Childhood Problems: A Clinical Guide. Tehran: Danjeh Publishing. ( In Persian).

Geravand, P., Manshaee, G., Nadi, M. (2018). Effectiveness of Hope Therapy Based on Cognitive-Spiritual Approach on the Worry and Subjective Burden of Mothers with Children with Cancer Disease. Journal Child Ment Health, 5 (2): 174-184.

Ghanavaty, M., Hamid, N., & Mehrabizadeh Honarmand, M. (2021). The Effect of Mindful Parenting Training on Parental Stress in Mothers of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders. Journal of Pediatric Nursing, 7(2):75-86.

Goldstain, D. S., & Mc Eween, B. (2002). Allostasis homeostats and the nature of stress.The International Journal on the Biology of Stress, 5(1):55-58.

Griggs, S., Baker, H., & Chiodo, L. M. (2019). Nursing student perceptions of hope in children: A qualitative descriptive study. NURSING FORUM, 3(54): 441-447.

      Hashemi Gharetapeh, M., & Sardary, B. (2021).The Effect of Hope Training on the Hardiness Level of Female Candidates of  the University Entrance Exam. Studies in Learning & Instruction, 12(2: 47-60,

Hu, X., Han, Z. R., Gao, M. M. (2019). The Mediating Role of Parenting Stress in the Relations Between Parental Emotion Regulation and Parenting Behaviors in Chinese Families of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Dyadic Analysis. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 49:3983–3998.

Jamshidian, P. (2020). Positive psychology. Tehran: Arjmand Publication. (In Persian).

Hessen, C., Gold, S.M., Huitinga,I., &Reul,J.M.(2007). Stress and hypothalamic – pituitary adrenal axis function in experimental autoimmue encephalomyelitis and multiple sclerosis – a review. Psychoneuro endocrinology , 32: 604-618.

 Leahy R.L. (2019). Introduction: Emotional Schemas and Emotional Schema Therapy. International Journal of Cognitive Therapy, 12:1–4.

 Lee, C. S., Hyang, Y.K., & Park, S.U. (2016). The Structural Relationship between Mother’s Parenting Stress and Child’s Well-being: The Mediating Effects of Mother’s Growth Mindset and Hope.Indian Journal of Science and Technology ·9(36):1-16.

 Li  onetti, F., Pastore, M., & Barone, L. (2015). Parenting stress: the roles of attachment states of mind and parenting alliance in the context of adoption.Parenting. Science and Practice, 15(2):75 -91.

Manouchehri, M., Golzari, M., Kordmirza Nikouzadeh, E. (2016). The Effectiveness of Hope Therapy on Employing Positive Coping with Stress Strategies in Wives of Addicted Men. Clinical Psychology Studies, 6(21):78-90.

 Marquez, V., & Iglesias, J. (2019). Internal and External Locus of  Hope Dimensions as

Predictors of Subjective Well-Being among Filipino college Students. Philippine Journal of  Counseling Psychology ,21(1): 39-50.

 Mishra, A., & Datta, A. (2019). Exploring the relationship between Hope and Personality  Trait. Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 10(3): 861-865.

 Nasiri Ziba, F., Mehrabani, F., & Haqqani, H. (2018). The relationship between quality of life and hope in people with ischemic heart disease admitted to Shahid Rajaie Cardiovascular Medical and Research Center in Tehran. Iranian Journal of Cardiavascular Nursing,8(1):130-137. ( In Persian).

Nasr, A.R., Oreizi, H. R., Abolghasemi, M., Pakseresht, M. J., Kiamanesh, A., Bagheri, K., Khayer, M., Shehni Yeylagh, M., & Khosravy, Z. ( 2019). Educational Research: An Introduction. Tehran: Samt Publication. ( In Persian).

 Nordheim, T., Rustoen, T., Solevag,  A.L.,  Samstuen, M.C.,  Cvancarova, M.,  Nakstad, B. (2017). Hope in parents of very – low birth weight infant and its association with parenting stress and quality of life. Journal of Peditric Nursing, 38: 53-58.

 Paghandeh, M., Hassanzadeh, S., & Ghasemzadeh, S. (2019). Effectiveness of Parent-Child Interaction Program on Parenting Stress and Parent-Hearing Impaired Child Relationship. Journal of  Research in Psychological Health,13(1): 99-124. ( In Persian).

 Pecoraro, N., Ginsberg, A. B., Warne, J. P, Gomez, F., La Fleure, S. E., & Dallman, M. F. (2006). Divers basal and stress related phenotypes of Sprague Dawley rats from three vendors. Physiology & Behavior,89(4): 598-610.

 Saldena, J. ( 2013). The Coding Manual for Qualititative Researchers. London: Sage Publications Ltd

 Saltalin, D. (2020). The mediating role of parenting efficacy in the association between preschool father-child relationship and parental stress. Participatory Educational Research, 7(2): 230-240.

 Shahrivar, Z., & Arabgol F. (2014). Instruction Package of Parental Skills.Iran,Tehran: Ministery of Health, Treatment and Medical training. (behdasht.sarabums.ac.ir). ( In Persian).

Snyder, C. R., Rand, K. L., & Sigmon, D. R. (2017). Hope Theory: A Member of the Positive Psychology Family. The Oxford Handbook of Hope.

 Sotoudeh Navrood, S.O., Nicknam, M., Ahmadi, A., Pooragha Roodbarde, F., & Azami,  S. (2018). Examining the Effectiveness of Group Positive Parenting Training on Increasing Hope and Life Satisfaction in Mothers of Children with Autism. Iranian Journal Psychiatry. 13(2):128 –134.

 Ryan, G. W., & Bernard, H. R. (2003). Techniques to Identity Themes. Field Method, 15(1): 85-109.

 Rubin, H.H. (2001). Hope and Ways of Coping after Breast Cancer. Unpublished MA  Thesis,Rand Afrikaans University, Johannesburg

Ruini, C. (2017). Positive Psychology in The Clinical Domains. Tehran: Roshd Publication. (In Persian).

Ruini, C., Fava, G. A. (2013). The polarities of psychological well-being and their response to treatment. Terapia Psicologica, 31(1): 49-57.

 Winsper, C., Wolke, D., & Lereya, T. ( 2015). Prospective associations between prenatal adversities and borderline personality disorder at 11-12 years. Psychol Med, 45(5): 1025-37.

 zamani foroushani, S ., sharifi, T., ghazanfari, A., abedi, M., & naghavi, A. (2019). Develop of compassion-based education package on mother-child interaction and its effectiveness on mother-child relationship and parental stress improvement. Journal of Nursing Education, 8(1): 1-12. (In Persian).