List of articles (by subject) History & Archeology
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Open Access Article
1 - Review Of Women's Role And Position In Parthian Era
Maryam Ghasemnezhad Hosein KohestaniThe aim of the current research was to study the position and role of women in Parthian era in the history of Iran. The research was as descriptive-analytic one. The implemented method was library study and followed Parthian women’s trace in history base on archae MoreThe aim of the current research was to study the position and role of women in Parthian era in the history of Iran. The research was as descriptive-analytic one. The implemented method was library study and followed Parthian women’s trace in history base on archaeological data and Parthian art. The influence of Greek art and culture on Parthian women’s dress was also investigated. The findings of the research revealed out that women’s role in society in Parthian era was less than Achaemenes era but more attention to women’s Pictography in Parthian era was observed. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
2 - Study of Women's Clothing in the Sixth Century (AH) and its Impact on the Social Status of Women Based on Enamel -Work Pottery Figures
Khadijeh Sharif Kazemi Fakhredin Mohamadian Sayyed Rasool Mousavi HajiThe purpose of the present study was to investigate the type of Iranian women's clothing in the sixth century (AH), and its impact on the social status of women of that period based on the enamel -work paintings. The population of the present study was the female motifs MoreThe purpose of the present study was to investigate the type of Iranian women's clothing in the sixth century (AH), and its impact on the social status of women of that period based on the enamel -work paintings. The population of the present study was the female motifs on the enamel -work pottery which have been studied based on objective documentation of women's clothing. This research was conducted with a descriptive-analytical method. To collect data library resources and field studies were used via visiting and examining clay art collections. The rational and methodological study of archaeological evidence, examples of how the clothing of past societies can play an important role in rebuilding their social and cultural system. Archaeological evidence in the middle period of Islam such as paintings and paintings on enamel -work and luster painted potteries could be valuable in recognizing and reflecting the attitudes and influences of social and cultural structures on women's clothes in this period. The results of this study showed that there were several factors in this course such as the type of climate of the region, the pattern of the traditional styles, indigenous styles, and the type of demand for quality and the appearance of clothing has been impressive. The type of women's clothing in this period was proportional to the social atmosphere and the venue in which they would attend. In fact, the themes and types of motifs on the women's clothing of the Seljuk period can represent a part of the culture and position of the women of that period. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
3 - The Figure of Parthian Women on Ancient Relics
Sara Zolfaghari Bahman Firuzmandi Yaghub MohammadifarThe research intenteded to study the woman presence, expostion and status in extenended concept on the ancient relics in Parthian era. Thes research univers was women portraits on the ancient relics from the Parthian era. The sample included the woman image of the archa MoreThe research intenteded to study the woman presence, expostion and status in extenended concept on the ancient relics in Parthian era. Thes research univers was women portraits on the ancient relics from the Parthian era. The sample included the woman image of the archaeological evidences. The method was a descriptive-analytical study based on qualitve data comparing. Data collection was done through library, musem printed and digital reffrences. The results indicated that comparing to the prvious era more consideration was taken to the woman portrait and the Parthian presentation of the female was completely different from the preceding periods. The artistic objects were highly eclectic and did not follow a certain style. The clothing customary style of women differed in different regions on Parthian era. The queens and women figures and portraits on the Parthian ancient relics embodied in forms of heads, busts, figurines, statues, murals, coins, architectural decorations, ornaments, dishes and raytheon illustrated the women political and social role and presence on the mentioned era. In addtiona, comparing the above mentioned ancient relics with other different periods archologics would led to more recognition of the social, cultural, religious and political context of the Parthian era. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
4 - Women position in Sassanian civilization based on historical and archaeological evidence
Milad BaghsheikhiThe present paper studied is to examine the position of women in Sassanian civilization from the perspective of historical and archaeological evidence. The present research includes women's role in cultural relics from the Sassanian era. The sample studied is the role o MoreThe present paper studied is to examine the position of women in Sassanian civilization from the perspective of historical and archaeological evidence. The present research includes women's role in cultural relics from the Sassanian era. The sample studied is the role of women in cultural materials left over from the Sassanian era based on archaeological evidence. The method was descriptive -analytical. Data collection It was done in the form of a library and through a receipt. And after that, study archeological evidence from the position of women in Sassanian cultural Iran was examined and the information was analyzed qualitatively. The results showed that the role of women in the arts related to architecture such as painting, plastering, weaving, mosaic, etc is evident and in terms of political position, women had good power in society and historical sources and archaeological evidence, such as coins, confirm that. On the other hand Finding the image of women among most archeological cultural materials shows that Respect for women and the spread activities of political, economic and etc art Another special of the court and in the hands of royal members But also by improving social laws women have a better position and freedom of action Along with the class society, they were patriarchal. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
5 - Women's Financial Rights In Ancient Civilizations And Monotheistic Religions
Zeinab Soodi Fariba HajialiThe aim of this study was to investigate the financial rights of women in ancient civilizations and monotheistic religions. The research population was the registered financial rights in the civilizations of ancient times and monotheistic religions. The studied sample i MoreThe aim of this study was to investigate the financial rights of women in ancient civilizations and monotheistic religions. The research population was the registered financial rights in the civilizations of ancient times and monotheistic religions. The studied sample included women's financial rights in preceding civilizations, post Islam, and monotheistic religions. The research design was descriptive. Documentary and library methods were used to collect data. The data analysis performed qualitatively. The findings showed that women's financial rights in different historical periods was not stable and specified. And it differed from one civilization to other civilizations and in different religions, there were a lot of rises and falls. In pre-Islamic civilizations, women enjoyed certain rights and were deprived of some. But in monotheistic religions, including Judaism, a woman loses her property by marriage. In Christianity, both the woman and her property were owned by the man, and the woman had no control over her property. But with the emerge of Islam, women's economic independence and the right to own property became official and the economic system of the family was formulated in such a way that from the beginning of birth to the death of the woman, the source of financing for the woman and the enjoyment of her property became very clear and determined by her humanity. And over time, women had been able to secure their financial and economic rights. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
6 - Study of Lorestan Bronze Jewelry in The Iron Age and Its Reflection on Modern Handicrafts
Reza Rezaloo Ali Karimikiya Zahra Cherahi Leila SarhadyThe present study was intended to study the contemporary jewelry and handicrafts and their transfer from previous cultures. The universe of the research included various animal, plant, human and geometric motifs in metal ornaments left over from the Iron Age, among whic MoreThe present study was intended to study the contemporary jewelry and handicrafts and their transfer from previous cultures. The universe of the research included various animal, plant, human and geometric motifs in metal ornaments left over from the Iron Age, among which animal motifs were the most used. The sample subsumed Lorestan Iron Age jewelry which were divided into twelve different types in terms of form and application including bracelet, hairpin, earrings, necklace, rings, pendant, coronet, fibula, button, fille, mirror, armlet and anklet. The research was designed with descriptive-analytical method. The data were collected by case study in Poshtkuh region of Lorestan with field investigation (field report preparation) and library studies. With respect to the conducted studies the results indicated that The designs on the bronze ornaments of Lorestan women were taken from rites and customs that have preserved their unique features for many centuries. Each of the bronze jewelry designs in all cultures had a special meaning and concept that the recognition and study of these objects reveal the beliefs of the people of that period. By studying bronze objects, it was also revealed that the hand-woven patterns of Lorestan were taken from the patterns of bronze and metal objects of the Iron Age, and the motifs used in today's handicrafts conveyed the artistic, intellectual and ideal belief of past societies to today 's societies. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
7 - An Analysis of the Social Status of Rural Women in The Ilkhanid Period Based on the Haas Village Cemetery Gravestones
Mehdi KazempourThe object of the present research was the analysis of the social status of rural women in the Ikhanid period based on the Haas village cemetery gravestones. 200 gravestones were intact which by non-probabilistic sampling procedure 20 gravestones that contained the maxi MoreThe object of the present research was the analysis of the social status of rural women in the Ikhanid period based on the Haas village cemetery gravestones. 200 gravestones were intact which by non-probabilistic sampling procedure 20 gravestones that contained the maximum data on women professions were selected and studied. Concerning the object, the research was a qualitative with descriptive-analytical method. To obtain the data, in the initial stage, based on field studies, the necessary documentation such as photography, redesign and interpretation of inscriptions and motifs were proceeded. After presenting the descriptions and library information, the data were reviewed by analytical method. The results indicated that, with the arrival of the Mongols in Iran, the situation of women changed and they were able to play a freer role alongside men in the various society affairs. Historical sources as well as artistic evidence showed the prominent position of court women (especially the Ladies) in political and social relations, and no data were available about rural women of the period. Meanwhile, on the tombstones of Haas Cemetery, rural men and women were depicted who, during their lifetime, each held a job in a social position and had acquired a social status commensurate with their profession. This was recognizable by the type and dimensions of the tombstones, artistic techniques, inscriptions, motifs, as well as objects on the tombstone. Men in professions such as farmer, rancher, hunter, musician and servant, and women in “Varni” weaving (durries weaving), who played a prominent role in the livelihood of the society of that period, enjoyed a similar position with men. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
8 - The Study of the Role of Women in the Achaemenid, Parthian and Sassanid Periods Based on the Surviving Coins
Azizeh Yousefi Hossein Alizadeh Hassan DerakhshiThe present research aimed to study the role of women in the Achaemenid, Parthian and Sassanid dynasties by examining the coins left over from those periods. The study universe included the written historical references and other related works about the status of women MoreThe present research aimed to study the role of women in the Achaemenid, Parthian and Sassanid dynasties by examining the coins left over from those periods. The study universe included the written historical references and other related works about the status of women in the Achaemenid, Parthian and Sassanid dynasties. The sample subsumed the coins left over from those periods. The research method was descriptive - analytical. To collect data library procedure by using written documents and authentic resources was implemented The data was analyzed via content analysis. The findings showed: while a coin is a tool for economic exchanges, a sign of independence, and the representation of the nationality of each ethnicity but at the same time it is a valid document that indicates the social, cultural, political, and ancient history of nations and provides useful information about the status of women. The images, names and titles of royal women, images of goddesses and related symbols that engraved on Parthian and Sassanid coins, indicated the high position of women in those periods. Although the surviving artworks from the Achaemenid period provide valuable information about the women of this era, but in the coins of this period, like other works, the image of a woman is not seen. Achaemenid, Parthian and Sasanian court women played a role in politics and society as examples of powerful, resourceful and strong-willed women. In general, women in these periods reached a position equal to that of men (kings), and their names and images have been preserved on coins. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
9 - Evaluation of Women’s Clothing during the Sassanid Era
Sara Sadeghi Zahra Mirazi Farzad FeyziThe present study aimed to evaluate women’s clothing during the Sassanid era. The research population consisted of the women's images in the reliefs, coins, seals, paintings, stuccos, and tessellations during the Sassanid era. The study sample included women&rsquo MoreThe present study aimed to evaluate women’s clothing during the Sassanid era. The research population consisted of the women's images in the reliefs, coins, seals, paintings, stuccos, and tessellations during the Sassanid era. The study sample included women’s clothing in cultural data of this era. The research design was a descriptive-analytical method. The data were gathered via library (documentary) research method by using written sources, field research, and tools such as cameras and taking note cards. The pictures were analyzed using an archaeological data method. The Sassanids' archaeological findings such as metal dishes, reliefs, coins, seals, etc. clearly showed that Iranian women were using a special kind of clothing despite their broad range of political and economic activities. The clothing was inspired by the art and culture of Sassanid kings and artists, and it was mentioned in the Avesta and most importantly, the clothing of Persians during the Sassanid era was a little different from the past so that various kinds of pleated silk and thin clothes such as shirts or tunics, capes, belts have replaced the rough and thick clothes of the past eras. In conclusion, Sassanid women such as goddess Anahita, the queen, and princesses wore clothes, running down to the ankles, a crown on their heads, pearl necklaces, and braided their hair, following the clothing described in Avesta. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
10 - The Role of Umm Al-Salma's Management in the Battle of Jamal
Reza Moeini Roudbali Mohammad Keshavarze (Beyzaie) Ali NajarporianThe aim of the present study was the role of Umm al-Salma's management in the Battle of Jamal. The research universe included all the texts related to Umm al-Salmah; one of the Prophet's wives. The sample of the research was the managerial role of Umm al-Salmah in the B MoreThe aim of the present study was the role of Umm al-Salma's management in the Battle of Jamal. The research universe included all the texts related to Umm al-Salmah; one of the Prophet's wives. The sample of the research was the managerial role of Umm al-Salmah in the Battle of Jamel. The research was designed as descriptive-historical. Data was collected based on library information, documents and index note taking. The results showed that Umm Salma was aware of her significant and sensitive role among Muslims not only in the important events of the Prophet's era; but also during the era of Hazrat Ali (AS). She also supported him during the caliphate of Ali (AS). While rejecting the proposals of the initiator of the Battle of Jamal in the war against Hazrat Ali (a.s.), she tried to prevent Ayesha from going to Basra by reminding the Prophet of Islam speech that denoted Ali (AS) was the guardian of every believer. Umm Salma gave a speech to the Mohajarin(the emigrants) and Ansar(the supporters), asking for their support to Hazrat Ali (AS) and succeeded in dissuading many groups from accompanying the Jamal troops. Her dilouges with Ayesha before and after the Battle of Jamal emphasized her foresight towards the unity of Muslims. She revealed their plots and conspiracies by writing numerous letters to Hazrat Ali (AS). Referring to the words of the Messenger of Allah, who spoke about women staying at home during war, she sent her son Amr bin Abi Salama to help him in the war against the enemies. This issue made Umm Salma to be praised by Hazrat. Manuscript profile