Femininity Representation in Parvin E'tesami 's Poetry Based on Elaine Showalter's theory (Psychological, Sociological, Biological and Linguistics Approach)

Subject Areas : Persian the literature

Mahdi Rostami ¹ (Associate Professor, Department of Persian Language and Literature, Faculty Literature and Humanities, Salman Farsi University, Kazerun, Iran)
Zohreh Dehghani ² (M.Sc. Graduate of Persian Language and Literature, Department of Persian Language and Literature , Faculty Literature and Humanities, Salman Farsi University, Kazerun, Iran)

Received: 2023-03-18 Accepted : 2023-04-04 Published : 2023-06-22

Keywords: Parvin E'tesami, Femininity representation, Elaine Showalter,

Abstract :

The current research was purposed to study femininity representation in Parvin E'tesami 's poetry based on Elaine Showalter's theory i.e. psychological, sociological, biological and linguistics approach. The research universe encompassed Parvin E'tesami 's collected poetry. The sample encased all femininity related contents in Parvin E'tesami 's poetry. The research was designed as descriptive-analytical. The data was collected via library method. The results indicated; based on Showalter's quadruple model i.e., psychological, sociological, biological, and linguistic perspectives, it was determined. Parveen Etsami not only had a feminine language, but despite not having the experience of motherhood, one could get a sense of motherhood in her poems. In terms of psychology and psychoanalysis, E'tesami had characteristics and maternal feeling, attention and sympathy for women and love for wife. From a sociological and cultural point of view, she was concerned about improving the position of women in the society and encourages them to obtain higher positions. Linguistics of Etsami's poems showed more than anything the characteristic of her female writing. Only one of Showalter's models was not observed in E'tesami 's poetry and that was the biological approach. Many contemporary poets and writers had spoken about their female experiences and the experiences that are specific to their gender; but Etisami's modesty prevented her from using these features in her poems. Thus, no data according to this approach was observed in her court.

References:

Anonymous, A. (2007). Criticism and opinions of writers and critics about Parvin E'tesami's poetry. Journal of Literature and Philosophy of the Book of the Month, 1(112), 72-83. [Persian] URL: https://ensani.ir/fa/article/237904/

Asadifiroozabadi, M.  (2013). Family and familial relations in Parvin E'tesami's court poetry. Journal of Woman and Culture, 5(17), 21-40. [Persian] URL:  https://jwc.ahvaz.iau.ir/article_523008.html  

Bastani, S. (2010). Gender, Culture, Values ​​and Attitudes. Tehran: Institute of Culture, Art and Communication Research. [Persian] URL: https://www.gisoom.com/book/1590897 

Dadkhahtehrani, H., & Mehakipour, A. R. (2005). A review of psychological approach in literature. Journal of literary Text Research, 8(25), 156-166. [Persian] URL:  https://ltr.atu.ac.ir/article_6347.html

E'tesami, P. (2020). Complete Poems. Tehran: Negah. [Persian] URL: https://www.gisoom.com/book/11544560/    

Guerin, W. L., & Labor, E. & Morgan, L. & Reesman, J. C., & Willingham, J. R. (1966). A Handbook of Critical Approaches to Literature. Translated by Zahra Mihankhah. (1997). Tehran: Ettelaat.  [Persian] URL: https://www.gisoom.com/book/151278/

Ibnorrasool, M., & MohammadiFesharaki, M. (2011). Parvin E'tesami and the influence of Qasim Amin's Thoughts on her Works. Journal of Comparative Literature, 3(5), 1-24. [Persian] URL: https://jcl.uk.ac.ir/article_226.html

Jahangiri, F. (2020). Surveying of Jaleh ghaem-maghami’s opinions women based on quadruple approaches of feminist criticism by Elaine Showalter. Master's thesis, University Payam Noor, Tehran Jonoub. [Persian] URL: https://ganj.irandoc.ac.ir

Khademazghadi, M. (2007). Femininity in the poetry of Parvin Etisami. Journal of Poetry, 52, 57-62. [Persian] URL: https://www.noormags.ir/view/fa/articlepage/263877/

Lakoff, R. T. (1975). Language and Woman's Place. Translated by Maryam Khodadadi & Yaser Pouresmaeil. (2020). Tehran: Negah. [Persian] URL: https://www.gisoom.com/book/11649964/

Luscher, M. (1970). Psychology of colors. Translated by Moniro Ravanipour. (1994). Tehran: Afarinesh. [Persian] URL: https://www.gisoom.com/book/165106/

Meghdadi, B. (2014). Encyclopedia of literary theory from Plato to the present. Tehran: Cheshmeh. [Persian] URL:  https://www.gisoom.com/book/11640923/

Mirhadi, M. (2014). Revising the Status of women: The Effects of the E'tesam al-Molk's Constitutionalist Thought on Parvin E'tesami's Poems. Journal of Historical Studies of Islam, 6(121), 187-212. [Persian] URL: https://journal.pte.ac.ir/article-1-220-fa.html

Nafisi, S. (1994). Parvin E'tesami. Journal of New Message, 1(2), 98-104. [Persian] URL: https://ensani.ir/fa/article/282504/

Paz, O. (2006). Language. Translated by Saeed Honarmand. (2007). Journal of zendehrood, 1(39,40), 79-100. [Persian] URL: https://www.magiran.com/paper/385229

Rakei, F., Zandi, B., & Mazbanpour, F. (2017). An analysis of the vocabulary and the meaning of femininity in the poems of Parvin E'tesami, Forough Farrokhzad and Fatemeh Rakei. Journal of women's Studies, 8, 47-67. [Persian] URL:  https://womenstudy.ihcs.ac.ir/article_2822.html

Rezaei, N. (2015).  Analysis of the use of color in Parvin Etsami's poems based on the psychology of Max Luscher. Poster presented at the 10th international conference of the Iranian Society for the Promotion of Persian Language and Literature. University of Mohaghegh Ardabili. [Persian] URL: https://www.sid.ir/paper/847531/fa

Royaee, Y. (1978). From the Red Platform. Tehran: Morvarid. [Persian] URL:  https://www.gisoom.com/book/11402857/

Sadat Hoseini, M. (2015). Sexuality in Parvin E’tesami Poems. Journal of Woman And Culture, 7(26), 55-64. [Persian] URL: https://jwc.ahvaz.iau.ir/article_522569.html

SadeghiShahpar, R., & Hajjar, R. (2013). A feministic criticism of the dog and the long winter by Shahrnoosh Pārsipoor. Journal of Persian Language and literature, 7(26), 73-94. [Persian] URL: https://adab.guilan.ac.ir/article_475.html 

Shafieikadkani, M. R. (2019). With Lights and Mirrors. Tehran: Sokhan. [Persian] URL: https://www.gisoom.com/book/11157722/ 

Shamisa, S. (1997). Elements of Stylistics. Tehran: Ferdows. [Persian] URL: https://www.gisoom.com/book/1635833/

ShariatNaseri, Z. (2004). An overview of the biography of Parvin Etisami. Journal of Shia women, 1(1), 153-160. [Persian] URL:  https://www.sid.ir/paper/459431/fa

Sharifimoghadam, A., & Bordbar, A. (2010). Genden" in Parvin E'tesami's poems. Journal of Language Research, 2(3), 125-151. [Persian] URL: https://zabanpazhuhi.alzahra.ac.ir/article_1060.html

Showalter, E. (1981). Feminist criticism in the wilderness. Critical inquiry, 8(2), 179-205. URL: https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/448150

Showalter, E. (1997). Towards a feminist poetics. Edited by ken newton. In Twentieth-century literary theory, London, Macmillan Education. URL: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-349-25934-2_43

Trudgill, P. (1997). Sociolinguistics: An introduction to language and society. Translated by Mohammad Tabatabaee. (1997). Tehran: Agah. [Persian] URL: https://www.gisoom.com/book/11233313

Zarrinkoob, A. (1995). The Book of Days. Tehran: Elmi. [Persian] URL:  https://www.gisoom.com/book/1686813/

Zarrinkoob, A. H., & Zarrinkoob, H. (2007). literary criticism Tehran; Agah. [Persian] URL:  https://amp.taaghche.com/book/70491/%D9%86%D9%82%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A8%DB%8C