A Survey of Maternal Instinct Based On The Theories Of Simone De Beauvoir

Subject Areas : Morality

Sheida Safvat Safai ¹ , Seyed Fazlollah Ghodsi ²

1 - Islamic Azad University Central Tehran Branch,, Department of Language and Literature, Tehran, Iran.
2 - Islamic Azad University Central Tehran Branch,, Department of Language and Literature, Tehran, Iran.

Received: 2017-09-17 Accepted : 2017-12-11 Published : 2017-12-22

Keywords: maternal instinct, Feminism, Simone de Beauvoir,

Abstract :

The main purpose of the present research was to investigate «Simone de Beauvior’s» (1949) point of view on «maternal love». This study investigated the various ideologies on «maternal instinct» with regard to the important and principal role of women within the society during their lifetimes, which considered the childbirth and motherhood. «Simone de Beauvior» (1949) considered motherhood as a form of female slavery and asked them to avoid marriage and childbirth to end the patriarchal culture. This was whilst many philosophers considered motherhood a privilege, which coud not be achieved by men. The method used in this research was a descriptive-analytical, with the implementation of library tools. The findings based on the analysis of evidence and data indicated that despite a lack of enthusiasm shown by modern western women for married life and motherhood, there were many amongst them who tried to conjoin motherhood with progress and freedom. They believed that by creating a balance between the societies’ working condition and that of the pregnant women and mothers, they could be helped to attain scientific, educational, economical and political progress.

References:

- اسلامی نسب بجنوردی، علی. (1371).بحران خودکشی. تهران : نشر فردوس.

- بستان، حسین. (1383). اسلام و جامعه‌شناسی خانواده.قم : انتشارات مؤسسه پژوهشی حوزه و دانشگاه.

-دمارنف، دافنه. (2004). فمینیسم در ترازوی نقد (جلد هشتم) غریزه مادری.ترجمه آزاده وجدانی، (1389). قم : دفتر نشر معارف.

- دوبوار، سیمون.(1949). جنس دوم. ترجمه ی قاسم صنعوی، (1388).تهران :‌ انتشارات توس.

- دیکسون، ان. (1946). قدرت زن مؤثرترین شگردهای قاطعیت. ترجمه توران تمدن، (1373). تهران : نشر البرز.

- رکاوندی، سید مجتبی هاشمی. (1378). مقدمه ای بر روان‌شناسی.قم: انتشارات شفق.

- رودگر، نرجس. (1388). فمینیسم، تاریخچه، نظریات، گرایشها. تهران : دفتر مطالعات و تحقیقات زنان.

- صادقی فسایی، سهیلا. (1384). چالش فمینیسم با مادری.  نشریه مطالعات راهبردی زنان ، سال یازدهم، شماره 28: 116-93.

- فالودی، سوزان. (1991).ا گر زنان با مردان برابرند؛ پس چرا؟. نشریه زنان،‌ ترجمه زهره زاهدی .(1372). دوره 2، شماره12: 25-19.

- گاردنر، ویلیام. (1992).جنگ علیه خانواده. ترجمه معصومه محمدی. (1387). قم: دفتر مطالعات و تحقیقات زنان.

- گرنت، تونی. (1989). زنبودن. ترجمه فروزان گنجیزاده،(1381). تهران :نشر ورجاوند.

- مورنو، آنتونیو. (1970). یونگ خدایان و انسان مدرن. ترجمه داریوش مهرجویی.(۱۳۹۰). تهران: نشر مرکز.

- هارتمن، هایدی. (1979).مردسالاری و تفکیک شغل بر اساس جنسیت. ترجمه آویده نهاوندی. (1385).تهران : انتشارات روشنگران و مطالعات زنان. 

- Adams, Parveen & Elizabeth Cowie. (1990). The Woman In Question. Cambridge: MIT Press.

- Agacinski, Sylviane. (2001).Parity of the Sexes. New York: Columbia University press.

- Badinter, Elisabeth. (2010).Le Conflit: la femme et la mère. Paris: Edition Flammarion.

- Badinter, Elisabeth. (1980).L’Amour en plus: histoire de l’Amour maternel. Paris: Flammarion.

- Blaffer Hrdy, Sarah. (1999). Mother Nature: Maternal Instincts and How They Shape the Human Species. New York: Ballantine Books.

- Chodorow, Nancy. (1978). The Reproduction Of Mothering. Berkeley: University Of California: Press.

- Daly, Mary. (1998). Pure Lust: elemental frminism philosophy. Boston: Women’s Press.

- De Beauvoir, Simone. (1945). The Second Sex trans. H. M. Parshley. (1975). New York: Alfred A. Knopf.

- Delphy, Christine. (1994). Familiar Exploitation: A New Analysis of  Marriage in Contemporary Western Societies. American Jounal of Sociology, Vol. 99: Issue. 6: 1633-1635.

- De Marneff, Daphne. (2004). Maternal Desire: On Children, Love, and the inner Life.Boston : Back Bay.

- Descarries, F. & Corbeil, C. (1991). Penser la maternité : les courants d’idées au sein du mouvement contemporain des femmes.La Bibliothèque Paul-Emile-Boulet de l’Université du Québec à Chicoutimi.

- Fireston, Shulamith. (1970). The Dialectic of Sex. New York: Bantam Books.

- Glenn, Evelyn Nakano. (1974). Social Constructions of Mothering: A Thematic Overview. In E. Glenn, G. Chang & L. Forcey, ed. Mothering: Ideology, Experience and Agency. London: Routledge.

- Hekman, Susan J. (1992).Gender and Knowledge. Boston: Northeastern University Press.

- Kersten, Katherine. (1994). How the feminist establishement hurts women: a christian critiaue of a movement gone wrong. Christianity Today, June 20m vol 38, no.7: 20-25

- Knibiehler, Yvonne. (2015).La revanche de l’amour maternel. Paris: érès. 

- Knibiehler, Yvonne. (2000). Histoire de mères et de la maternité en occident. Paris: Puf.

- Kristeva, Julia. (1997).New Maladies of The Soul. New York: Columbia University Press.

- O’Brien, Mary. (1981). The Politics of Reproduction. New York: Harper Collins.

- Rich, Adrienne. (1976). Of woman born: motherhood as experience and institution. New York: Norton.

- Ruddick, Sarah. (1989). Maternal Thinking: Towards a Politics of Peace. Boston: Beacon Presse.

- Sherwin, Susan. (1998). Abortion through a Feminist Ethics Lens. Revue Canadienne de philosophie, Volume 30, Issue 3m summer 1991: 327-342.

- Wolff, Toni. (1959). Structural forms of the feminine psyche, Zurich: Privately printed for the C.G. Jung Institute.