Effect of ginseng hydro-alcoholic extract along with aerobic exercise on antioxidant levels and inflammatory factors of cardiac tissue in male rat model of endocarditis caused by Listeria Monocytogenes (ATCC: 19114)
Subject Areas :
Veterinary Clinical Pathology
Seyed Zanyar
Athari
1
(Ph.D. Student of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran.)
Younes
Anzabi
2
(Assistant Professor, Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Tabriz Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran.)
Zahra
Karamouz
3
(Graduate of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Tabriz Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran.)
Mir Alireza
Nourazar
4
(Assistant Professor, Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Tabriz Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran.)
Received: 2022-08-27
Accepted : 2022-11-30
Published : 2022-11-22
Keywords:
Rat,
Aerobic exercise,
Ginseng,
Endocarditis,
Listeria monocytogenesis,
Abstract :
Endocarditis is a rare but serious infection following listeriosis. Ginseng extract has immunomodulatory effects. Regular exercise reduces the risk of chronic metabolic and cardiopulmonary diseases through its anti-inflammatory effects. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of ginseng extract against experimental endocarditis with Listeria monocytogenes in rats and the effect of aerobic exercise on improving its antimicrobial properties. For this purpose, 36 rats weighing 250±20 gr were randomly divided into six groups of 6, including sham, patient (receiving bacterial suspension), ampicillin treatment (15 mg/kg, s.c. for one month), ginseng treatment (0.025 mg/kg, i.p. for one month), aerobic exercise (60% of maximal oxygen consumption for one month) and ginseng+exercise (treated similarly to ginseng treatment and aerobic exercise groups). At the end of the study and after sacrifice, the levels of Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC), Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Glutathione Peroxidase (GPx), and Paraoxonase-1 (PON-1), as well as the concentration of cardiac tissue cytokines including Interleukine-1 (IL-1), IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α, were measured. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey post hoc test, and the significance level was considered as p<0.05. Tissue levels of antioxidants were significantly reduced in the patient group, while their levels were significantly increased in the ginseng+exercise group (p<0.05). On the other hand, tissue levels of IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α increased in the patient group, while their levels decreased significantly in the ginseng+exercise group (p<0.05). This study showed that hydro-alcoholic extract of ginseng along with aerobic exercise has a better effect than either of them alone against experimental endocarditis caused by listeria monocytogenesis.
References:
Ahn, H., Han, B.C., Kim, J., Kang, S.G., Kim, P.H., Jang, K.H., et al. (2019). Nonsaponin fraction of Korean Red Ginseng attenuates cytokine production via inhibition of TLR4 expression. Journal of Ginseng Research, 43(2): 291-299.
Ahn, J.Y., Song, J.Y., Yun, Y.S., Jeong, G. and Choi, I.S. (2006). Protection of Staphylococcus aureus -infected septic mice by suppression of early acute inflammation and enhanced antimicrobial activity by ginsan. FEMS Immunology & Medical Microbiology, 46(2): 187-197.
Alter, P., Hoeschen, J., Ritter, M. and Maisch, B. (2002). Usefulness of cytokines interleukin-6 and interleukin-2R concentrations in diagnosing active infective endocarditis involving native valves. The American Journal of Cardiology, 89(12): 1400-1404.
Araújo, I.R., Ferrari, T.C.A., Teixeira-Carvalho, A., Campi-Azevedo, A.C., Rodrigues, L.V., Guimarães Júnior, M.H., et al. (2015). Cytokine signature in infective endocarditis. PLOS ONE. Edited by J. Spencer, 10(7): e0133631.
Awad, A.E., Kandalam, V., Chakrabarti, S., Wang, X., Penninger, J.M., Davidge, S.T., et al. (2010). Tumor necrosis factor induces matrix metalloproteinases in cardiomyocytes and cardiofibroblasts differentially via superoxide production in a PI3Kγ-dependent manner. American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology, 298(3): C679-C692.
Banerjee, A.K., Mandal, A., Chanda, D. and Chakraborti, S. (2003). Oxidant, antioxidant and physical exercise. Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, 253(1-2): 307-312.
Batista Júnior, M.L., Lopes, R.D., Seelaender, M.C.L. and Lopes, A.C. (2009). Anti-inflammatory effect of physical training in heart failure: role of TNF-α and IL-10. Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia, 93(6): 692-700.
Barghi, N., Bambaeichi, E., Rezaei‑Tavirani, M. and Khaledi, N. (2020). Aerobic exercises induce antioxidant pathways activation in rats. International Journal of Prevention Medicine, 144(11): 1-8.
Belotto, M.F., Magdalon, J., Rodrigues, H.G., Vinolo, M.A.R., Curi, R., Pithon-Curi, T.C., et al. (2010). Moderate exercise improves leucocyte function and decreases inflammation in diabetes. Clinical and Experimental Immunology, 162(2): 237-243.
Brigelius-Flohé, R. (1999). Tissue-specific functions of individual glutathione peroxidases. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 27(9-10): 951-965.
Chakraborti, S., Chakraborti, T., Michael, J.R., Batabyal, S.K. and Ghosh, S.K. (1998). Targets of oxidative stress in cardiovascular system. Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, 187(1-2): 1-10.
Choi, J.H., Jang, M., Kim, E., Lee, M.J. and Park, K.S. (2019). Korean Red Ginseng alleviates dehydroepiandrosterone-induced polycystic ovarian syndrome in rats via its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. Journal of Ginseng Research, 44(6): 790-798.
Choi, Y.H., Kim, S.E., Huh, J., Han, Y.H. and Lee, M.J. (2012). Antibacterial and antioxidative activity of roasted coffee and red ginseng mixture extracts. Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition, 41(3): 320-326.
Dadkhah, A. and Fatemi, F. (2011). Heart and kidney oxidative stress status in septic rats treated with caraway extracts. Pharmaceutical Biology, 49(7): 679-686.
Dorresteijn, M.J., Draisma, A., van der Hoeven, J.G. and Pickkers, P. (2010). Lipopolysaccharide-stimulated whole blood cytokine production does not predict the inflammatory response in human endotoxemia. Innate Immunity, 16(4): 248-253.
Ekdahl, C., Broqvist, M., Franzén, S., Ljunghusen, O., Maller, R. and Sander, B. (2002). IL-8 and tumor necrosis factor alpha in heart valves from patients with infective endocarditis. Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases, 34(10): 759-762.
Forbes, B.A., Sahm, D.F. and Weissfeld, A.S. (2007) Bailey & Scott’s Diagnostic Microbiology. 12th ed., United State: Elsevier Mosby, pp:11-22.
Halliwell, B. (1991). Drug antioxidant effects. Drugs, 42(4): 569-605.
Hejazi, K., Ghahremani Moghaddam, M. and Darzabi, T. (2019). Effects of an 8-week aerobic exercise program on some indicators of oxidative stress in elderly women. Salmand, 13(4): 506-517.
Hsu, M.F., Yu, S.H., Korivi, M., Jean, W.H., Lee, S.D., Huang, C.Y., et al. (2017). Hormetic property of ginseng steroids on anti-oxidant status against exercise challenge in rat skeletal muscle. Antioxidants, 6(2): 1-12
Kachur, K. and Suntres, Z.E. (2016). The antimicrobial properties of ginseng and ginseng extracts. Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 14(1): 81-94.
Karadeniz, A., Yıldırım, A., Karakoç, A., Kalkan, and Celebi, F. (2009). Protective effect of Panax ginseng on carbon tetrachloride induced liver, heart and kidney injury in rats. Revista de Medicina Veterinaria, 160(5): 237-243.
Kim, H.G., Yoo, S.R., Park, H.J., Lee, N.H., Shin, J.W., Sathyanath, R., et al. (2011). Antioxidant effects of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer in healthy subjects: A randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 49(9): 2229-2235.
Kim, S.H., Kim, S.Y. and Choi, H.K. (2018). Lipids in ginseng (Panax ginseng) and their analysis. Natural Product Sciences, Korean Society of Pharmacognosy, 24(1): 1-12.
Kim, Y.R.R. and Yang, C.S.S. (2018). Protective roles of ginseng against bacterial infection. Microbial Cell, 5(11): 472-481.
Lee, J.S., Ko, E.J., Hwang, H.S., Lee, Y.N., Kwon, Y.M., Kim, M.C., et al. (2014). Antiviral activity of ginseng extract against respiratory syncytial virus infection. International Journal of Molecular Medicine, 34(1): 183-190.
Lee, K.A., Kim, W.J., Kim, H.J., Kim, K.T. and Paik, H.D. (2013). Antibacterial activity of Ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) stems-leaves extract produced by subcritical water extraction. International Journal of Food Science & Technology, 48(5): 947-953.
Li, M.R., Shi, F.X., Li, Y.L., Jiang, P., Jiao, L., Liu, B., et al. (2017). Genome-wide variation patterns uncover the origin and selection in cultivated ginseng (Panax ginseng Meyer). Genome Biology and Evolution, 9(9): 2159-2169.
Lim, D.S., Bae, K.G., Jung, I.S., Kim, C.H., Yun, Y.S. and Song, J.Y. (2002). Anti-septicaemic effect of polysaccharide from Panax ginseng by macrophage activation. The Journal of Infection, 45(1): 32-38.
Liu, K.T., Liu, Y.H., Lin, C.Y., Kuo, P.L. and Yen, M.C. (2016). Inflammatory molecules expression pattern for identifying pathogen species in febrile patient serum. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 12(1): 312-318.
Minato, K.I., Miyake, Y., Fukumoto, S., Yamamoto, K., Kato, Y., Shimomura, Y., et al. (2003). Lemon flavonoid, eriocitrin, suppresses exercise-induced oxidative damage in rat liver. Life Sciences, 72(14): 1609-1616.
Nowak, D. and Janczak, M. (2006). Effect of chemotherapy on serum end-products of lipid peroxidation in patients with small cell lung cancer: Association with Treatment Results. Respiratory Medicine, 100(1): 157-166.
Özgenç, O. and Meltem, A. (2016). The infectious disease of the immunocompromised host and the elderly listeriosis. International Journal of Immunology and Immunotherapy, 3(1): 1-3.
Ostrowski, S., Kasielski, M., Kordiak, J., Zwolinska, A., Wlodarczyk, A. and Nowak, D. (2013). Myocardial oxidative stress in patients with active infective endocarditis. International Journal of Cardiology, 167(1): 270-276.
Ramesh, T., Kim, S.W., Sung, J.H., Hwang, S.Y., Sohn, S.H., Yoo, S.K., et al. (2012). Effect of fermented Panax ginseng extract (GINST) on oxidative stress and antioxidant activities in major organs of aged rats. Experimental Gerontology, 47(1): 77-84.
Rautiainen, L., Pavare, J., Grope, I., Tretjakovs, P. and Gardovska, D. (2019). Inflammatory Cytokine and chemokine patterns in paediatric patients with suspected serious bacterial infection. Medicina, 55(1): 1-7 .
Saha, M., Debnath, C. and Pramanik, A.K. (2015). Listeria monocytogenes: An emerging food borne pathogen. The Journal of Infection in Developing Countries, 10(2): 149-154.
Salim, S., Sarraj, N., Taneja, M., Saha, K., Tejada-Simon, M.V. and Chugh, G. (2010). Moderate treadmill exercise prevents oxidative stress-induced anxiety-like behavior in rats. Behavioural Brain Research, 208(2): 545-552.
Sallam, N. and Laher, I. (2016). Exercise Modulates Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Aging and Cardiovascular Diseases. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 20 (16): 1-32.
Shun, C.T., Yeh, C.Y., Chang, C.J., Wu, S.H., Lien, H.T., Chen, J.Y., et al. (2009). Activation of human valve interstitial cells by a viridians streptococci modulin induces chemotaxis of mononuclear cells. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 199(10): 1488-1496.
Sung, W.S. and Lee, D.G. (2008). The combination effect of Korean red ginseng saponins with kanamycin and cefotaxime against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 31(8): 1614-1617.
Temple, M.E. and Nahata, M.C. (2000). Treatment of listeriosis. Annals of Pharmacotherapy, 34(5): 656-661.
Tian, D. and Meng, J. (2019). Exercise for prevention and relief of cardiovascular disease: Prognoses, mechanisms, and approaches. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 20 (19): 1-11
Valckx, W.J., Lutgens, S.P., Haerkens-Arends, H.E., Barneveld, P.C., Beutler, J.J. and Hoogeveen, E.K. (2017). Listeria endocarditis: A diagnostic challenge. Journal of Investigative Medicine, High Impact Case Reports, 5(2): 1-3.
Vijayarathna, S., Zakaria, Z., Chen, Y., Latha, L.Y., Kanwar, J.R. and Sasidharan, S. (2012). The antimicrobial efficacy of Elaeis guineensis: Characterization, in vitro and in vivo studies. Molecules, 17(5): 4860-4877.
Watkin, R.W., Harper, L.V., Vernallis, A.B., Lang, S., Lambert, P.A., Ranasinghe, A.M., et al. (2007). Pro-inflammatory cytokines IL6, TNF-α, IL1β, procalcitonin, lipopolysaccharide binding protein and C-reactive protein in infective endocarditis. Journal of Infection, 55(3): 220-225.
Wu, F., Schuster, D.P., Tyml, K. and Wilson, J.X. (2007). Ascorbate inhibits NADPH oxidase subunit p47phox expression in microvascular endothelial cells. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 42(1): 124-131.
Wu, F., Tyml, K. and Wilson, J.X. (2008) iNOS expression requires NADPH oxidase-dependent redox signaling in microvascular endothelial cells. Journal of Cellular Physiology, 217(1): 207-214.
Yokozawa, T., Satoh, A. and Cho, E.J. (2004). Ginsenoside-Rd attenuates oxidative damage related to aging in senescence-accelerated mice. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 56(1): 107-113.
_||_
Ahn, H., Han, B.C., Kim, J., Kang, S.G., Kim, P.H., Jang, K.H., et al. (2019). Nonsaponin fraction of Korean Red Ginseng attenuates cytokine production via inhibition of TLR4 expression. Journal of Ginseng Research, 43(2): 291-299.
Ahn, J.Y., Song, J.Y., Yun, Y.S., Jeong, G. and Choi, I.S. (2006). Protection of Staphylococcus aureus -infected septic mice by suppression of early acute inflammation and enhanced antimicrobial activity by ginsan. FEMS Immunology & Medical Microbiology, 46(2): 187-197.
Alter, P., Hoeschen, J., Ritter, M. and Maisch, B. (2002). Usefulness of cytokines interleukin-6 and interleukin-2R concentrations in diagnosing active infective endocarditis involving native valves. The American Journal of Cardiology, 89(12): 1400-1404.
Araújo, I.R., Ferrari, T.C.A., Teixeira-Carvalho, A., Campi-Azevedo, A.C., Rodrigues, L.V., Guimarães Júnior, M.H., et al. (2015). Cytokine signature in infective endocarditis. PLOS ONE. Edited by J. Spencer, 10(7): e0133631.
Awad, A.E., Kandalam, V., Chakrabarti, S., Wang, X., Penninger, J.M., Davidge, S.T., et al. (2010). Tumor necrosis factor induces matrix metalloproteinases in cardiomyocytes and cardiofibroblasts differentially via superoxide production in a PI3Kγ-dependent manner. American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology, 298(3): C679-C692.
Banerjee, A.K., Mandal, A., Chanda, D. and Chakraborti, S. (2003). Oxidant, antioxidant and physical exercise. Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, 253(1-2): 307-312.
Batista Júnior, M.L., Lopes, R.D., Seelaender, M.C.L. and Lopes, A.C. (2009). Anti-inflammatory effect of physical training in heart failure: role of TNF-α and IL-10. Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia, 93(6): 692-700.
Barghi, N., Bambaeichi, E., Rezaei‑Tavirani, M. and Khaledi, N. (2020). Aerobic exercises induce antioxidant pathways activation in rats. International Journal of Prevention Medicine, 144(11): 1-8.
Belotto, M.F., Magdalon, J., Rodrigues, H.G., Vinolo, M.A.R., Curi, R., Pithon-Curi, T.C., et al. (2010). Moderate exercise improves leucocyte function and decreases inflammation in diabetes. Clinical and Experimental Immunology, 162(2): 237-243.
Brigelius-Flohé, R. (1999). Tissue-specific functions of individual glutathione peroxidases. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 27(9-10): 951-965.
Chakraborti, S., Chakraborti, T., Michael, J.R., Batabyal, S.K. and Ghosh, S.K. (1998). Targets of oxidative stress in cardiovascular system. Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, 187(1-2): 1-10.
Choi, J.H., Jang, M., Kim, E., Lee, M.J. and Park, K.S. (2019). Korean Red Ginseng alleviates dehydroepiandrosterone-induced polycystic ovarian syndrome in rats via its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. Journal of Ginseng Research, 44(6): 790-798.
Choi, Y.H., Kim, S.E., Huh, J., Han, Y.H. and Lee, M.J. (2012). Antibacterial and antioxidative activity of roasted coffee and red ginseng mixture extracts. Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition, 41(3): 320-326.
Dadkhah, A. and Fatemi, F. (2011). Heart and kidney oxidative stress status in septic rats treated with caraway extracts. Pharmaceutical Biology, 49(7): 679-686.
Dorresteijn, M.J., Draisma, A., van der Hoeven, J.G. and Pickkers, P. (2010). Lipopolysaccharide-stimulated whole blood cytokine production does not predict the inflammatory response in human endotoxemia. Innate Immunity, 16(4): 248-253.
Ekdahl, C., Broqvist, M., Franzén, S., Ljunghusen, O., Maller, R. and Sander, B. (2002). IL-8 and tumor necrosis factor alpha in heart valves from patients with infective endocarditis. Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases, 34(10): 759-762.
Forbes, B.A., Sahm, D.F. and Weissfeld, A.S. (2007) Bailey & Scott’s Diagnostic Microbiology. 12th ed., United State: Elsevier Mosby, pp:11-22.
Halliwell, B. (1991). Drug antioxidant effects. Drugs, 42(4): 569-605.
Hejazi, K., Ghahremani Moghaddam, M. and Darzabi, T. (2019). Effects of an 8-week aerobic exercise program on some indicators of oxidative stress in elderly women. Salmand, 13(4): 506-517.
Hsu, M.F., Yu, S.H., Korivi, M., Jean, W.H., Lee, S.D., Huang, C.Y., et al. (2017). Hormetic property of ginseng steroids on anti-oxidant status against exercise challenge in rat skeletal muscle. Antioxidants, 6(2): 1-12
Kachur, K. and Suntres, Z.E. (2016). The antimicrobial properties of ginseng and ginseng extracts. Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 14(1): 81-94.
Karadeniz, A., Yıldırım, A., Karakoç, A., Kalkan, and Celebi, F. (2009). Protective effect of Panax ginseng on carbon tetrachloride induced liver, heart and kidney injury in rats. Revista de Medicina Veterinaria, 160(5): 237-243.
Kim, H.G., Yoo, S.R., Park, H.J., Lee, N.H., Shin, J.W., Sathyanath, R., et al. (2011). Antioxidant effects of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer in healthy subjects: A randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 49(9): 2229-2235.
Kim, S.H., Kim, S.Y. and Choi, H.K. (2018). Lipids in ginseng (Panax ginseng) and their analysis. Natural Product Sciences, Korean Society of Pharmacognosy, 24(1): 1-12.
Kim, Y.R.R. and Yang, C.S.S. (2018). Protective roles of ginseng against bacterial infection. Microbial Cell, 5(11): 472-481.
Lee, J.S., Ko, E.J., Hwang, H.S., Lee, Y.N., Kwon, Y.M., Kim, M.C., et al. (2014). Antiviral activity of ginseng extract against respiratory syncytial virus infection. International Journal of Molecular Medicine, 34(1): 183-190.
Lee, K.A., Kim, W.J., Kim, H.J., Kim, K.T. and Paik, H.D. (2013). Antibacterial activity of Ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) stems-leaves extract produced by subcritical water extraction. International Journal of Food Science & Technology, 48(5): 947-953.
Li, M.R., Shi, F.X., Li, Y.L., Jiang, P., Jiao, L., Liu, B., et al. (2017). Genome-wide variation patterns uncover the origin and selection in cultivated ginseng (Panax ginseng Meyer). Genome Biology and Evolution, 9(9): 2159-2169.
Lim, D.S., Bae, K.G., Jung, I.S., Kim, C.H., Yun, Y.S. and Song, J.Y. (2002). Anti-septicaemic effect of polysaccharide from Panax ginseng by macrophage activation. The Journal of Infection, 45(1): 32-38.
Liu, K.T., Liu, Y.H., Lin, C.Y., Kuo, P.L. and Yen, M.C. (2016). Inflammatory molecules expression pattern for identifying pathogen species in febrile patient serum. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 12(1): 312-318.
Minato, K.I., Miyake, Y., Fukumoto, S., Yamamoto, K., Kato, Y., Shimomura, Y., et al. (2003). Lemon flavonoid, eriocitrin, suppresses exercise-induced oxidative damage in rat liver. Life Sciences, 72(14): 1609-1616.
Nowak, D. and Janczak, M. (2006). Effect of chemotherapy on serum end-products of lipid peroxidation in patients with small cell lung cancer: Association with Treatment Results. Respiratory Medicine, 100(1): 157-166.
Özgenç, O. and Meltem, A. (2016). The infectious disease of the immunocompromised host and the elderly listeriosis. International Journal of Immunology and Immunotherapy, 3(1): 1-3.
Ostrowski, S., Kasielski, M., Kordiak, J., Zwolinska, A., Wlodarczyk, A. and Nowak, D. (2013). Myocardial oxidative stress in patients with active infective endocarditis. International Journal of Cardiology, 167(1): 270-276.
Ramesh, T., Kim, S.W., Sung, J.H., Hwang, S.Y., Sohn, S.H., Yoo, S.K., et al. (2012). Effect of fermented Panax ginseng extract (GINST) on oxidative stress and antioxidant activities in major organs of aged rats. Experimental Gerontology, 47(1): 77-84.
Rautiainen, L., Pavare, J., Grope, I., Tretjakovs, P. and Gardovska, D. (2019). Inflammatory Cytokine and chemokine patterns in paediatric patients with suspected serious bacterial infection. Medicina, 55(1): 1-7 .
Saha, M., Debnath, C. and Pramanik, A.K. (2015). Listeria monocytogenes: An emerging food borne pathogen. The Journal of Infection in Developing Countries, 10(2): 149-154.
Salim, S., Sarraj, N., Taneja, M., Saha, K., Tejada-Simon, M.V. and Chugh, G. (2010). Moderate treadmill exercise prevents oxidative stress-induced anxiety-like behavior in rats. Behavioural Brain Research, 208(2): 545-552.
Sallam, N. and Laher, I. (2016). Exercise Modulates Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Aging and Cardiovascular Diseases. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 20 (16): 1-32.
Shun, C.T., Yeh, C.Y., Chang, C.J., Wu, S.H., Lien, H.T., Chen, J.Y., et al. (2009). Activation of human valve interstitial cells by a viridians streptococci modulin induces chemotaxis of mononuclear cells. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 199(10): 1488-1496.
Sung, W.S. and Lee, D.G. (2008). The combination effect of Korean red ginseng saponins with kanamycin and cefotaxime against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 31(8): 1614-1617.
Temple, M.E. and Nahata, M.C. (2000). Treatment of listeriosis. Annals of Pharmacotherapy, 34(5): 656-661.
Tian, D. and Meng, J. (2019). Exercise for prevention and relief of cardiovascular disease: Prognoses, mechanisms, and approaches. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 20 (19): 1-11
Valckx, W.J., Lutgens, S.P., Haerkens-Arends, H.E., Barneveld, P.C., Beutler, J.J. and Hoogeveen, E.K. (2017). Listeria endocarditis: A diagnostic challenge. Journal of Investigative Medicine, High Impact Case Reports, 5(2): 1-3.
Vijayarathna, S., Zakaria, Z., Chen, Y., Latha, L.Y., Kanwar, J.R. and Sasidharan, S. (2012). The antimicrobial efficacy of Elaeis guineensis: Characterization, in vitro and in vivo studies. Molecules, 17(5): 4860-4877.
Watkin, R.W., Harper, L.V., Vernallis, A.B., Lang, S., Lambert, P.A., Ranasinghe, A.M., et al. (2007). Pro-inflammatory cytokines IL6, TNF-α, IL1β, procalcitonin, lipopolysaccharide binding protein and C-reactive protein in infective endocarditis. Journal of Infection, 55(3): 220-225.
Wu, F., Schuster, D.P., Tyml, K. and Wilson, J.X. (2007). Ascorbate inhibits NADPH oxidase subunit p47phox expression in microvascular endothelial cells. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 42(1): 124-131.
Wu, F., Tyml, K. and Wilson, J.X. (2008) iNOS expression requires NADPH oxidase-dependent redox signaling in microvascular endothelial cells. Journal of Cellular Physiology, 217(1): 207-214.
Yokozawa, T., Satoh, A. and Cho, E.J. (2004). Ginsenoside-Rd attenuates oxidative damage related to aging in senescence-accelerated mice. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 56(1): 107-113.
