Evaluation of the effect of Thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) and Ziziphora (Ziziphora tenuior L.) essential oils on intestinal microflora of broilers
Subject Areas :
Veterinary Clinical Pathology
Saman Mahdavi
1
,
ali noubakht
2
1 - Assistant Professor, Department of Microbiology, Maragheh Branch, Islamic Azad University, Maragheh, Iran.
2 - Associate Professor, Department of Animal Science, Maragheh Branch, Islamic Azad University, Maragheh, Iran.
Received: 2016-11-08
Accepted : 2017-11-15
Published : 2018-01-21
Keywords:
Broiler,
Essential oils,
Thyme,
Ziziphora,
Intestine microflora,
Abstract :
Essential oils as growth stimulants play an important role in improving intestinal microflora and morphological properties and immune system in broiler chickens. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of Thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) and Ziziphora (Ziziphora tenuior L.) essential oils on intestinal microflora of broilers. For this purpose, 468 one day old male broilers (308 Ross strain) were divided into 13 treatments with 3 replicates (12 chicks per replicate). The treatments were administrated Thyme, Ziziphora and a mixture of both essential oils in two levels (0.15% and 0.3% of diet) using two routes of drinking water and food and studied from the age of 10 to 42 days. Two birds were selected from each replicate at 42 days old and were slaughtered after 12 hours of starvation. Then, a piece of ileum of each chick was cut for counting the microbial population and was transferred to the laboratory. Total counting of coliform and lactobacillus for each sample was performed and the results were analyzed with SPSS software. Total counting of coliform were the least in groups fed with 0.3% of mixture of Thyme and Ziziphora but it didn’t show significant difference in comparison with the control group. Total counting of lactobacillus were the most in groups fed with 0.3% of mixture of Thyme and Ziziphora in feed and it showed significant difference in comparison with the control group (p<0.05). There was no significant difference between treatment groups for the route of consumption of Thyme and Ziziphora. The results indicated that adding 0.3% of a mixture of Thyme and Ziziphora essential oils to broiler diets can be effective in improvement of gut useful microflora (lactobacillus) and reduction of harmful bacteria (coliform) in the ileum.
References:
Amouei, H., Qotbi, A., Bouyeh, M. and Seidavi, A. (2015). Thymus vulgaris and Thechnomos decrease Escherichia coli and increase lactobacillus in broiler ileum and cecum.International Journal of Biology, Pharmacy and Allied Sciences, 4(7): 4857-4863.
Aeschbach, B., Loliger, J., Scott, B.C., Musica, A., Bulter, J. and Halliwell, B. (1994). Antioxidant action of thymol, carvacrol, 6 ginerol, zinezerone and hydroxytyrosol. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 32: 31-36.
Akguel, A., Pooter, H.D. and Buyck, L.D. (1991). The essential oil of Calaminthanepeta and Ziziphora clinopodioides from turkey. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 3: 7-10.
Bakkali, F., Averbeck, S., Averbeck, D. and Idaomar, M. (2008). Biological effects of essential oils. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 46: 446-475.
Canan Bolukbasi, S. and Kuddus Erhan, M. (2006). Effects of dietary Thyme (Thymus vulgaris) on laying hen performance and Escherichia coli (E.coli) concentration in feces. Journal of Natural and Engineering Science, 1(2): 55-58.
Cross, D.E., Svoboda, K., Hillman, K., Mcdevitt, R. and Acamovic, T. (2002). Effects of Thymus vulgarisL. essential oil as an in vivo dietary supplement on chicken intestinal microflora. Proceedings of the 33rd International Symposium on Essential oils, Lisbon, Portugal.
Frankic, T., Voijc, M., Salobir, J. and Rezar, V. (2009). Use of herbs and spices and their extracts in animal nutrition. Acta Agriculturae Slovenica, 94(2): 95-102.
Garcia, V.P., Catala-Gregori, F., Hernandez, M., Megras, D. and Madrid, J. (2006). Effect of formic acid and plant extracts on growth, nutrient digestibility, intestine mucosa morphology, and meat yield of broilers. Journal of Applied Poultry Research, 16: 555-562.
Ghahari, N. (2015). Effect of ziziphora(Ziziphora tenuior L.), peppermint (Mentha piperita) and pennyroyal (Mentha pulegium L.) on performance, digestion of dry matter ability, blood parameters and microbial population of faeces in Holstein calves. Master of Science Thesis of Uuniversity of Gorgan Agriculture and Natural Sources. pp: 77. [In Persian]
Ghazanfari, Sh., Adib Moradi, M. and Rahimi Niat, F. (2015). Effects of different levels of Artemisia sieberi essential oil on intestinal morphology characteristics, microflora population and immune system in broiler chickens. Journal of Veterinary Research, 70(2): 195-202. [In Persian]
Haghighi, H.R., Gong, J., Gyles, C.L., Hayes, M.A., Sanei, B., Parvizi, P., et al. (2005). Modulation of antibody mediated immune response by probiotic in chickens. Clinical and diagnostic laboratory performance and nutrient availability in broiler. Journal of Animal Science and Technology, 36: 630-638.
Hashemi, S.R., Zulkifli, I., Davoodi, H., Zunita, Z. and Ebrahimi, M. (2012) Growth performance, intestinal microflora, plasma fatty acid profile in broiler chickens fed herbal plant (Euphorbia hirta) and mix of acidifiers. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 178: 167–174.
Helander, I.M., Alakomi, H.L., Latva-Kala, K., Mattila-Sandholm, I., Pol, I., Smid, E.J., et al. (1998). Characterization of the action of selected essential oil components on Gram Negative bacteria. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry, 46: 3590-3595.
Jamroz, D., Williczkiewicz, A., Wertelecki, T., Orda, J. and Skorupinska, J. (2005). Use of active substances of plant origin in chicken diets based on maize and locally grown cereals. British Poultry Science, 46(4): 458-493.
Lee, K.W., Everts, H. and Beyen, A.C. (2003a). Dietary carvacrol lowers body gain but improves feed conversion in female broiler chickens. Journal of Applied Poultry Research, 12: 394-399.
Lee, K.W., Everts, H., Kappert, H.J., Frehner, M., Losa, R. and Beynen, A.C. (2003b). Effects of dietary essential oil components on growth performance, digestive enzymes and lipid metabolism in female broiler chickens. British Poultry Science, 44: 450-457.
Mora, F.D., Araque, M., Rojas, L.B., Ramirez, R., Silva, B. and Usubillaga, A. (2009). Chemical composition and in vitro antibacterial activity of the essential oil of Minthostachys mollis (Kunth) Griseb Vaught from the Venezuelan Andes. Natural Product Communications, 47: 997-1000.
Patten, L.D. and Waldroup, P.W. (1988). Use of organic acids in broiler diets. Poultry Science, 67: 1178-1182.
Ross Broiler. (2014). Management manual. Aviagen. http://www.aviagen.com.
Salamat, A., Ghorchi, T., Ghanbari, F. and Ashayerizadeh, O. (2015). Determination of degradability and the effect of Ziziphora tenuior L. on dry matter digestibility rumen microbial population and blood parameters of Dalaq sheep. Journal of Livestock Research, 4(3): 23-34. [In Persian]
Teymouri Zadeh, Z., Rahimi, S.H., Karimi Torshizi, M.A. and Omidbaigi, R. (2009). The effects of Thymus vulgaris L., Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench, Allium sativum L. extracts and virginiamycin antibiotic on intestinal microflora population and immune system in Broilers. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 25(1): 39-48. [In Persian]
Tschirch, H. (2000). The use of natural plants extracts as production enhancers in modern animal rearing practices. Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Rolniczej Wroclaw, Zootechnika, 25(376): 25-39.
Vicent, H.V. (2002). Carvacrol and thymol reduce swine waste odor and pathogens stability of oils. Current Microbiology, 44: 38-43.
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Amouei, H., Qotbi, A., Bouyeh, M. and Seidavi, A. (2015). Thymus vulgaris and Thechnomos decrease Escherichia coli and increase lactobacillus in broiler ileum and cecum.International Journal of Biology, Pharmacy and Allied Sciences, 4(7): 4857-4863.
Aeschbach, B., Loliger, J., Scott, B.C., Musica, A., Bulter, J. and Halliwell, B. (1994). Antioxidant action of thymol, carvacrol, 6 ginerol, zinezerone and hydroxytyrosol. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 32: 31-36.
Akguel, A., Pooter, H.D. and Buyck, L.D. (1991). The essential oil of Calaminthanepeta and Ziziphora clinopodioides from turkey. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 3: 7-10.
Bakkali, F., Averbeck, S., Averbeck, D. and Idaomar, M. (2008). Biological effects of essential oils. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 46: 446-475.
Canan Bolukbasi, S. and Kuddus Erhan, M. (2006). Effects of dietary Thyme (Thymus vulgaris) on laying hen performance and Escherichia coli (E.coli) concentration in feces. Journal of Natural and Engineering Science, 1(2): 55-58.
Cross, D.E., Svoboda, K., Hillman, K., Mcdevitt, R. and Acamovic, T. (2002). Effects of Thymus vulgarisL. essential oil as an in vivo dietary supplement on chicken intestinal microflora. Proceedings of the 33rd International Symposium on Essential oils, Lisbon, Portugal.
Frankic, T., Voijc, M., Salobir, J. and Rezar, V. (2009). Use of herbs and spices and their extracts in animal nutrition. Acta Agriculturae Slovenica, 94(2): 95-102.
Garcia, V.P., Catala-Gregori, F., Hernandez, M., Megras, D. and Madrid, J. (2006). Effect of formic acid and plant extracts on growth, nutrient digestibility, intestine mucosa morphology, and meat yield of broilers. Journal of Applied Poultry Research, 16: 555-562.
Ghahari, N. (2015). Effect of ziziphora(Ziziphora tenuior L.), peppermint (Mentha piperita) and pennyroyal (Mentha pulegium L.) on performance, digestion of dry matter ability, blood parameters and microbial population of faeces in Holstein calves. Master of Science Thesis of Uuniversity of Gorgan Agriculture and Natural Sources. pp: 77. [In Persian]
Ghazanfari, Sh., Adib Moradi, M. and Rahimi Niat, F. (2015). Effects of different levels of Artemisia sieberi essential oil on intestinal morphology characteristics, microflora population and immune system in broiler chickens. Journal of Veterinary Research, 70(2): 195-202. [In Persian]
Haghighi, H.R., Gong, J., Gyles, C.L., Hayes, M.A., Sanei, B., Parvizi, P., et al. (2005). Modulation of antibody mediated immune response by probiotic in chickens. Clinical and diagnostic laboratory performance and nutrient availability in broiler. Journal of Animal Science and Technology, 36: 630-638.
Hashemi, S.R., Zulkifli, I., Davoodi, H., Zunita, Z. and Ebrahimi, M. (2012) Growth performance, intestinal microflora, plasma fatty acid profile in broiler chickens fed herbal plant (Euphorbia hirta) and mix of acidifiers. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 178: 167–174.
Helander, I.M., Alakomi, H.L., Latva-Kala, K., Mattila-Sandholm, I., Pol, I., Smid, E.J., et al. (1998). Characterization of the action of selected essential oil components on Gram Negative bacteria. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry, 46: 3590-3595.
Jamroz, D., Williczkiewicz, A., Wertelecki, T., Orda, J. and Skorupinska, J. (2005). Use of active substances of plant origin in chicken diets based on maize and locally grown cereals. British Poultry Science, 46(4): 458-493.
Lee, K.W., Everts, H. and Beyen, A.C. (2003a). Dietary carvacrol lowers body gain but improves feed conversion in female broiler chickens. Journal of Applied Poultry Research, 12: 394-399.
Lee, K.W., Everts, H., Kappert, H.J., Frehner, M., Losa, R. and Beynen, A.C. (2003b). Effects of dietary essential oil components on growth performance, digestive enzymes and lipid metabolism in female broiler chickens. British Poultry Science, 44: 450-457.
Mora, F.D., Araque, M., Rojas, L.B., Ramirez, R., Silva, B. and Usubillaga, A. (2009). Chemical composition and in vitro antibacterial activity of the essential oil of Minthostachys mollis (Kunth) Griseb Vaught from the Venezuelan Andes. Natural Product Communications, 47: 997-1000.
Patten, L.D. and Waldroup, P.W. (1988). Use of organic acids in broiler diets. Poultry Science, 67: 1178-1182.
Ross Broiler. (2014). Management manual. Aviagen. http://www.aviagen.com.
Salamat, A., Ghorchi, T., Ghanbari, F. and Ashayerizadeh, O. (2015). Determination of degradability and the effect of Ziziphora tenuior L. on dry matter digestibility rumen microbial population and blood parameters of Dalaq sheep. Journal of Livestock Research, 4(3): 23-34. [In Persian]
Teymouri Zadeh, Z., Rahimi, S.H., Karimi Torshizi, M.A. and Omidbaigi, R. (2009). The effects of Thymus vulgaris L., Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench, Allium sativum L. extracts and virginiamycin antibiotic on intestinal microflora population and immune system in Broilers. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 25(1): 39-48. [In Persian]
Tschirch, H. (2000). The use of natural plants extracts as production enhancers in modern animal rearing practices. Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Rolniczej Wroclaw, Zootechnika, 25(376): 25-39.
Vicent, H.V. (2002). Carvacrol and thymol reduce swine waste odor and pathogens stability of oils. Current Microbiology, 44: 38-43.
