The Role of Spatial Configuration of Neighborhoods in Residents’ Security by “Space Syntax” Method

Subject Areas :

sakineh maroofi ¹ , mojgan jafari ²

1 - Department of Urban planning & Design, Buein Zahra Technical University, Buein Zahra, Qazvin, Iran. ([e-mail])
2 - فارغ التحصیل کارشناسی ارشد

Received: 2017-10-23 Accepted : 2018-08-31 Published : 2018-09-23

Keywords: : &quot, Security&quot, , &quot, Space Syntax&quot, , &quot, Spatial Configuration&quot, , Urban neighborhoods&rdquo, , &quot, City of Karaj&quot, ,

Abstract :

The phenomenon of increasing urbanization in recent years has brought about complicated problems and obstacles in various fields, especially in citizens’ security almost everywhere. The feeling of security as one of the most important human needs seems to be the main factor of sustainability of urban spaces, particularly urban streets. Introducing Space Syntax Theory and considering “factor of permeability” as the concept of "spatial configuration" has provided opportunity for doing extensive researches in this field as well as representing different ways of configuration impact on various aspects of security. Based on hypothesis ahead this article studies the influence of configuration pattern of neighborhoods on the psychological dimension of security. Configuration is effective on increasing the feeling of security in neighborhoods by increasing the ability of comfortable moving and flow of the pedestrian traffic and the possibility of surveillance on the environment by residents at the local network. To test the hypothesis, the relations between topological features and the degree of paths’ security were studied in two neighborhoods of Karaj City. After analyzing the configuration features of neighborhoods in "Depth Map" software, safe and unsafe paths of both neighborhoods were identified by residents and analyzing the degrees of their security were conducted in "SPSS" by the Cluster Analysis Technique. Then the meaningful relations were analyzed between topological features and the degrees of paths’ security. On this basis, the paths with the high average of depth are more insecure, due to low level of using by pedestrians. Intensive flow of moving and the better surveillance by people in the paths with low average of depth, is the main factor of increasing the degree of the security. Lack of integration in spatial configuration pattern of neighborhoods makes them generally more insecure for the residents in local scale.

References:

1. بقایی، سپیده. 1391. تأثیر شکل فضا در احساس امنیت با تأکید بر تئوری نحو فضا. نمونۀ موردی: محله های عظیمیه و مهرشهر واقع در شهر کرج. تهران: دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد تهران مرکزی.


2. پودراتچی، مصطفی. 1373. فضاهای بدون دفاع شهری. تهران: دانشکده هنرهای زیبا، دانشگاه تهران.


3. جین، جیکوبز. 1392. مرگ و زندگی شهرهای بزرگ آمریکایی. ت: حمیدرضا پارسی و آرزو افلاطونی. تهران: انتشارات دانشگاه تهران.


4. حبیبی، آرش. 1387. آموزش کاربردی نرم افزار SPSS، ویرایش سوم. پایگاه اینترنتی پارس مدیر.


5. ریسمانچیان، امید؛ بل، سایمون. 1389. شناخت کاربردی روش چیدمان فضا در درک پیکره بندی فضایی شهرها. نشریه هنرهای زیبا – معماری و شهرسازی، (43): 49 – 56.


6. سیف الهی فخر، سپیده؛ لاریمیان، تایماز؛ معززی مهر طهران، امیر. 1392. تعیین شاخص های مؤثر در خلق مکان های امن پیاده مدار جهت ارتقاء تعاملات اجتماعی، نمونه موردی: خیابان بهار آزادی محله خاک سفید. نشریه علمی- پژوهشی انجمن علمی معماری و شهرسازی ایران، (5): 95-85


7. عباس زادگان، مصطفی. 1381. روش چیدمان فضا در فرآیند طراحی شهری  با نگاهی به شهر یزد. فصلنامۀ مدیریت شهری، (9): 115 – 64 .


8. فلاحت، محمدصادق؛ رضایی، الهام. 1393. مشکلات پیشگیری از جرم از طریق طراحی محیطی (CPTED) در ایران و مقایسه آن با تجربیات جهان. فصلنامۀ دانش انتظامی زنجان، (10): 29-1.


9. لنگ، جان. 1393. آفرینش نظریه معماری: نقش علوم رفتاری در طراحی محیط. ت: علیرضا عینی فر. تهران: انتشارات دانشگاه تهران.


10. مدیری، آتوسا. 1385. جرم، خشونت و احساس امنیت در فضاهای عمومی شهر. فصلنامۀ رفاه اجتماعی، (6): 28-11


11. میرعرب، مهرداد. 1379. نیم نگاهی به مفهوم امنیت. مجلۀ علوم سیاسی، (9).


12. یزدانفر، عباس.، موسوی، مهناز و زرگر دقیق، هانیه. 1387. تحلیل ساختار فضایی شهر تبریز در محدوده بارو با استفاده از تکنیک اسپیس سینتکس. ماهنامۀ بین المللی راه و ساختمان، (67): 69-58


13. سوری، الهام. 1388. مروری بر مناقشات نظری پیرامون امنیت و روش های پیشگیری از جرم. فصلنامۀ آرمانشهر، (2): 31-38.


14. Ahmadi, B., Afrouz, M., Mohammad Hashemi, S. (2015). Applying Environmental Design Approach (CPTED) to Improve Security in Urban Worn Out Texture: Case Study: Urmia Downtown, Iran. Journal of Civil Engineering and Urbanism, 5 (2): 94-101.


15. De Rooij, L. & Van Nes. A. (2015). The Perceived Safety and Spatial behavior in three different neighbourhoods in Rotterdam. In: Proceedings of 10^th International Space Syntax Symposium. 139: 1-19.


16. Friendrich, E., Hillier, B., Chiaradia, A. (2009). Anti- Social behavior and Urban Configuration. In: Proceedings of the 7^th international Space Syntax Symposium, Stockholm, Sweden, 034:1-16.


17. Hillier, B. & Hanson, J. (1984). The Social Logic of Space. Cambridge. Cambridge University of Press.


18. Hillier, B. & Lida. S. (2005). Network and Psychological effects in Urban Movement. In Proceedings of Spatial information Theory: international Conference, New York, USA, 475-490.


19. Hillier, B. (2004). Can streets be made Safe. Journal of Urban Design International, 9 (1): 31-45.


20. Hillier, B. (2005). The Art of Place and the Science of Space. World Architecture, Beijing, Special Issue on Space Syntax: 96-102.


21. Hillier, B. (2007). Space Is The Machine: A Configurational Theory of Architecture, Space Syntax, 4 Huguenot Place, Heneage Street, London, E1 5LN, United Kingdom.


22. Hillier. B., Penn. A., Hanson. J., Grajewski. T., Xu. J. (1993). Natural Movement or Configuration and Attraction in Pedestrian Movement. Environmental and Planning B: Environment and Design, 20 (1), 29-66.


23. Matijosaitiene, I. (2014). Urban Crime in the City of New Haven: Residential Burglaries. Journal of Sustainable Architecture and Civil Engineering, 4 (9): 16-25.


24. Mayo, J.M. (1979). Effects of Street Forms on Suburban Neighbouring Behavior, Environmental and Behavior, 11, 3, pp. 375-97.


25. Murry, C. (1994). The Physical Environment in Crime, edited by Wilson, J.Q & Petersilia, j. Sanfrancisco, CA: Institute for Contemporary Studies.


26. Newman, O. (1972). Defensible Space: People and Design in the Violent City. New York, Macmillan.


27. Nubani, L. & Wineman, J. (2005). The Role of Space Syntax in Identifying the Relationship between Space and Crime. Anonymous: 413 - 422.


28. Peponis. J., Dalton. R.C., Wineman. J., Dalton. N., (2004). Measuring the Effects of Layouts upon Visitors’ Spatial Behaviors in Open Plan Exhibition Settings. Environment and Planning B: Environment and Design, 31 (3), 453-473.


29. Peponis. J., Zimring. C., Choi. Y.K. (1990). Finding the building in Wayfinding. Environment and Behavior, 22 (5), 555-590.


30. Raford, N. & Ragland, D. R. (2004). Space Syntax: An Innovative Pedestrian Volume Modeling Tool for Pedestrian Safety. Transportation Research Record, 2004, 1878: 66-74.


31. Turner. A., Penn. A. (2002). Encoding Natural Movement as an agent-based System: an Investigation into Human Pedestrian Behavior in the Built Environment. Environment and Planning B: Environment and Design, 29, 473-490.