Evaluation of the success rate of smart cities in meeting the needs of the disabled (case study, Mashhad city)
Keywords: Smart city, disabled people, policy making, digital platforms, Mashhad,
Abstract :
Current cities do not provide the same services to all demographic groups. For this reason, it is very necessary to fix this defect. Some managers claim that the development and expansion of smart cities has solved these concerns. But disabled people still face many problems. For this purpose, this survey was conducted to determine the capability of smart cities in meeting the needs of the disabled. The survey method was descriptive and analytical. The required data was collected from 130 experts working in Mashhad Municipality. The required sample was selected by available sampling method. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire, the validity and reliability of which was confirmed by using experts' opinions and Cronbach's alpha test. The resulting data were analyzed based on type, with the help of Spearman's correlation coefficient, chi-square and multiple regressions. The results showed that although Mashhad is classified as a smart city. However, unlike the world's first-class cities in this area, Mashhad has fundamental weaknesses in meeting the needs of the disabled. To solve these deficiencies, it is necessary to pay attention to these variables: the presence of disability in policies; Colleagues from other organizations, the same administrative processes and attention to digital platforms; Inviting the real representatives of the disabled in policy making and implementation; Preparation of accurate and regular statistics of the disabled population; providing conditions for cost-effective use of the provided infrastructure; Proportionate distribution of available facilities based on the distribution of disabled people; Access of the disabled to the Internet at a suitable speed and the use of related specialist forces. Accordingly, the most urgent policy is related to technological solutions that deal with different dimensions of discrimination for the real presence of disabled people in everyday urban life.
References:
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1. Alizadeh, H., & Sharifi, A. (2023a). Societal smart city. Cities, 134, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2023.104207
2. Alizadeh, H., & Sharifi, A. (2023b). Toward a societal smart city. Sustainable Cities and Society, 95, 10-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2023.104612
3. Anabestani, A., Kalantari, M., & Niknami, N. (2024). Explaining the scenarios of establishing a smart city based on Internet of Things in Mashhad metropolis. Geography and Regional Urban Planning, 51, 159-133. [In Persian] https://doi.org/10.22111/gaij.2024.46411.3135
4. Ansari, H., & Mohammadzadeh, M. (2022). Adaptation of public parks for the use of the physically and physically disabled (a case study of one park for each of the eleven districts of Shiraz). New research approaches in management and Accounting, 84, 2419-2436. [In Persian] https://www.magiran.com/p2446187
5. Blacutt, A., & Roche, S. (2020). When design fiction meets geospatial sciences to create a more inclusive smart city. Smart Cities, 3, 1334–1352. https://doi.org/10.3390/smartcities3040064
6. Blasi, S., Ganzaroli, A., & De Noni, I. (2022). Smartening sustainable development in cities. Sustainable Cities and Society, 80, 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2022.103793
7. Buhalis, D., & Amaranggana, A. (2014). Smart tourism destinations. In Z. Xiang, & I. Tussyadiah (Eds.), Information and communication technologies in tourism (pp. 553–564). Springer: Cham. https://smarttourismdestinations.eu/
8. Chaparro-Mantilla, M., Pena de Carrillo, C., & Z´ arate-Rueda, R. (2021). A model for competent social weaving in smart cities, analyzed in boys and girls with cognitive impairment. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 12, 2083–2110. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13132-021-00738-5
9. Chourabi, H., Nam, T., Walker, S., Gil-Garcia, J. R., Mellouli, S., Nahon, K., Pardo, T. A., & Scholl, H. J. (2012). Understanding smart cities: An integrative framework. In Proceedings of the 45th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences. HICSS-45, 2289-2297. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/HICSS.2012.615
10. Daniels, T. (2001). Smart growth. Planning Practice and Research, 16, 271–279. http://dx.doi.org/10.5923/j.arch.20110101.02
11. Delavari, R. (2022). Inclusive smart city and the requirements of people with disabilities in the urban environment. Tavanmandan publications: Tehran. https://handicapcenter.com/?p=32677 [In Persian]
12. Dhou, S., Alnabulsi, A., Al-Ali, A., Arshi, M., Darwish, F., Almaazmi, S., & Alameeri, R. (2022). An IoT machine learning-based mobile sensors unit for visually impaired people. Sensors, 22, 1-13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22145202
13. Dobransky, K., & Hargittai, E. (2006). The disability divide in internet access and use. Information, Communication & Society, 9, 313–334. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13691180600751298
14. Etemad Sheikh-ul-Islami, F., & Daljovan, S. (2013). The method of making the urban environment suitable for disabled people. Safa, 24(2), 35-60. [In Persian] https://dor.isc.ac/dor/20.1001.1.1683870.1393.24.2.3.4
15. Etemadi, K., Safavi, Ali (2022). The role of technology in the inclusiveness of cities with emphasis on the presence of people with disabilities in urban spaces. Bagh Nazar, 19(111), 26-17. doi: 10.22034/bagh.2022.321932.5078. [In Persian]
16. Foray, D. (2014). From smart specialisation to smart specialisation policy. European Journal of Innovation Management, 17, 492–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/EJIM-09-2014-0096
17. Galuh, J. (2019). Banjarmasin city:A disability-inclusive city profile. Jakarta: UNESCO Jakarta Office. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000371045
18. Gerli, P., Navío-Marco, J., & Whalley, J. (2022). What makes a smart village smart? Transforming Government, 16, 292–304.
19. Gholami, N., Amirfakhrian, M., & Asadi, R. (2020). Analysis of the approaches governing the urban management of Mashhad regarding the able-bodied and the disabled. Geographical Researches of Urban Planning, 9(4), 1175-1197. [In Persian]
20. Gleeson, B. (2001). Disability and the open city. Urban Studies, 38, 251–265.
21. Golestani Bakht, M., Rabiei, K., Mojtahedzadeh, M., & Kosarian, M. (2018). access to urban services for people using wheelchairs in Sari. social welfare, 43, 257-270. [In Persian]
22. Hassink, R., & Gong, H. (2019). Six critical questions about smart specialization. European Planning Studies, 27, 2049–2065.
23. Hortz, T. (2016). The smart state test. International Journal of Knowledge-Based Development, 7, 75–101.
24. Hussain, A., Wenbi, R., Da Silva, A., Nadher, M., & Mudhish, M. (2015). Health and emergency-care platform for the elderly and disabled people in the smart city. Journal of Systems and Software, 110, 253–263.
25. Inkinen, T., Merisalo, M., & Makkonen, T. (2018). Variations in the adoption and willingness to use e-services in three differentiated urban areas. European Planning Studies, 26, 950–968.
26. Julaee, S., Satarivand, M., & Kohjani Gojani, Z. (2019). Adaptation of city sidewalks for the disabled (case example: commercial context of District 4, District 2 of Mashhad Municipality). New Researches in Geographical Sciences, Architecture and Urban Planning, 3(24), 153-170. [In Persian]
27. Karido Perez, C. (2020). The Book of Invisible Women by Caroline Krhado Perez. Translated by Narges Hassanli, Tower Publishing: Tehran. [In Persian]
28. Karke-Abadi, Z., & Mirzaei, A. (2021). Surveying the spaces of urban parks based on the capabilities of physically disabled people (case study: Karaj Prophecy Park). Urban Future Research, 1, 21-37. [In Persian]
29. Karke-Abadi, Z., & Nazari, Z. (2018). The investigation of the obstacles to realizing the favorable conditions of urban improvement for the disabled in the city of Ahvaz. Geography and Human Relations, 7, 168-180. [In Persian]
30. Kazicková, T. (2018). IT Services of the Smart City. Master Thesis, Faculty of Informatics, Masaryk University, Brno Czech.
31. Kharazi Ghadim, F., Amini, M., & Behvandi, S. (2023). Evaluation of the adaptation of roads in Gorgan city based on the needs of the disabled. Geography and Human Relations, 21, 74-90. [In Persian]
32. Kolotouchkina, O., Barroso, C. & Sanchez, J. (2022). Smart cities, the digital divide, and people with disabilities. Cities 123, 1-4.
33. Lai, Q., & Lai, C. (2022). Healthcare with wireless communication and smart meters. IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine, 12, 53–62.
34. Lee, J., Woods, O., & Kong, L. (2020). Towards more inclusive smart cities. Geography Compass, 14, 10-17.
35. Mainka, A., Castelnovo, W., Miettinen, V., Bech-Petersen, S., Hartmann, S., & Stock, W. G. (2016). Open innovation in smart cities: Civic participation and co-creation of public services. Proceedings of the Association for Information Science and Technology, 53(1), 1–5.
36. Makkonen, T., & Inkinen, T. (2024). Inclusive smart cities? Technology-driven urban development and disabilities. Cities, 154, 1-10.
37. Merisalo, M., & Makkonen, T. (2022). Bourdieusian e-capital perspective enhancing digital capital discussion in the realm of third level digital divide. Information Technology & People, 35, 231–252.
38. MMF. (2024). Global Power City Index.
39. Navío-Marco, J., Rodrigo-Moya, B., & Gerli, P. (2020). The rising importance of the smart territory concept. Land Use Policy, 99, 1-12.
40. Nazari, Z., & Karke-Abadi, Z. (2019). The investigation of obstacles to the realization of favorable conditions for urban improvement for the disabled in the city of Ahvaz. Geography (regional planning), 10(3), 396-387. [In Persian]
41. Peters, D., Hamideh, S., Zarecor, K., & Ghandour, M. (2018). Using entrepreneurial social infrastructure to understand smart shrinkage in small towns. Journal of Rural Studies, 64, 39–49.
42. Raed, A., Muain, Q., Usama, I., Badawy, A. & Abdelkhalek, I. (2020). Towards Smart, Sustainable, Accessible and Inclusive City for Persons with Disability by Taking into Account Checklists Tools. Journal of Geographic Information System, 12(4), 1-15.
43. Ragnedda, M., Ruiu, M., & Addeo, F. (2020). Measuring digital capital. New Media & Society, 22, 793–816.
44. Rait, M. (2021). Adaptation of urban parks in order to meet the needs of disadvantaged groups in society. Comprehensive studies in urban management, 6, 32-52. [In Persian]
45. Rhodes, J., & Russo, J. (2013). Shrinking ‘smart’? Urban Geography, 34, 305–326.
46. Sadeghi, R. (2019). Determining and identifying effective factors in the design of intelligent organization for urban management (case study: Mashhad Municipality). Urban planning geography researches, 8(2), 467-445. [In Persian]
47. Sadeghi, R. (2023 A). Analyzing the Factors Influential Urban Design Elements of Child -Friendly Using Child Painting (Case: Parks and Play Lands of Mashhad City). Geography and Urban Preparation - Region, 13(1), 214-183. [In Persian]
48. Sadeghi, R. (2023 B). Evaluation of Practical Policy Results in the field of elderly -friendly cities in Iranian metropolitan areas. city identity, 7(2), 106-93. [In Persian]
49. Sadeghi, R. & Vafaei, E. (2017). Investigating the effect of the residential environment on increasing the risk of AIDS (a case study of Mashhad city). Journal of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, 61(3), 1025-1035. [In Persian]
50. Shahamat, A., & Moaidfar, S. (2019). Organizing urban tourism spaces with the approach of accessibility for disabled people (case example: Shiraz city). Urban Tourism, 7(4), 108-91. [In Persian]
51. Sheikholeslami, F., & Deljavan, S. (2014).Urban Space and the Handicapped Guidelines for Adapting Urban Spaces to the Handicapped Needs. Sofea, 24(2), 35-60.
52. Shakuri, A., & Shahmoradi, F. (2014). study of the accessibility of urban spaces and facilities in the lived experience of people with visual impairment in Tehran. social welfare, 58, 218-193. [In Persian]
53. Sharifi, A., Allam, Z., Bibri, S., & Khavarian-Garmsir, A. (2024). Smart cities and sustainable development goals (SDGs). Cities, 146, 10-15.
54. Shatrian, M., Ashnui, A., & Ganji, M. (2015). Studying the optimization of urban spaces for the access of disabled people and veterans, a case study: Kashan city. Space Geographic Survey, 22, 59-76. [In Persian]
55. Sheikhi, S., & Tabarsa, M. (2019). Emphasizing the promotion of the presence of disabled people in the design of Gonbadkavus urban spaces (case study: the border between Sarabi, Vahdat, Valiasr and Khayam Shahr streets. New Researches in Geographical Sciences, Architecture and Urban Planning, 3(25), 112-87. [In Persian]
56. Silva, B., Khan, M., & Han, K. (2018). Towards sustainable smart cities. Sustainable Cities and Society, 38, 697–713.
57. Taqvai, M. & Moradi, G. (2016). investigation of the condition of roads in Isfahan city based on existing standards and regulations for the accessibility of the disabled. Geographical Information (Sephehr), 57, 9-15. [In Persian]
58. Theodorou, P., Meliones, A., & Filios, C. (2023). Smart traffic lights for people with visual impairments. British Journal of Visual Impairment, 41, 697–725.
59. UN-Habitat. (2022). World cities report 2022. United Nations Human Settlements Programme: Nairobi.
60. United Nations (2013). Accessibility for the disabled – A design manual for a barrier-free environment. United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs.
61. van Holstein, E., Wiesel, I., Bigby, C., & Gleeson, B. (2021). People with intellectual disability and the digitization of services. Geoforum, 119, 133–142.
62. Walczak, R., Koszewski, K., Olszewski, R., Ejsmont, K., & Kalm, A. (2023). Acceptance of IoT edge-computing-based sensors in smart cities for universal design purposes. Energies, 16, 1-10.
63. Wang, C., Steinfeld, E., Maisel, J., & Kang, B. (2021). Is your smart city inclusive? Sustainable Cities and Society, 74, 1-18.
64. Williams, A., Rodriguez, I., & Makkonen, T. (2020). Innovation and smart destinations, Annals of Tourism Research, 83, 1-15.
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