Analysis of ontological metaphors in Mehrdad Avesta's "Epic of Arash" based on Lakoff and Johnsons’s theory
Subject Areas :
Tectonostratigraphy
Fereshteh Shahsanam
1
,
ahmad khajeim
2
,
Aboulghasem rahimi
3
,
hasan delbari
4
1 - Ph.D. in Persian Language and Literature Hakim Sabzevari University.sabzevar.iran.
2 - Assistant Professor of Persian Language and Literature, Hakim Sabzevari University.sabzevar.iran.
3 - Assistant Professor of Persian Language and Literature, Hakim Sabzevari University.sabzevar.iran.
4 - Associate Professor of Persian Language and Literature, Hakim Sabzevari University.sabzevar.iran.
Received: 2021-05-02
Accepted : 2022-04-17
Published : 2023-04-21
Keywords:
character,
ontology,
Conceptual Metaphor,
Mehrdad Avesta,
Epic of Arash,
Abstract :
AbstractOne of the achievements of cognitive linguistics is the discovery of the fact that languages use conceptual metaphors to make abstract concepts tangible. According to Lakoff and Johnson (2003), conceptual metaphor uses the domain of origin, which is a tangible domain, to explain the domain of destination, which is an abstract and intangible concept; In fact, the basis of conceptual metaphor is the existence of a category of origin and a category of destination and the creation of a correspondence between them. In this view, conceptual metaphors are divided into three categories: ontological, directional and structural, and ontological metaphors in turn fall into three sub-categories: container, object / matter, personality (discernment). Arash's long epic poem is one of the valuable works of Mehrdad Avesta. According to his epic content, he has expressed many abstract concepts with the help of conceptual metaphors. The purpose of this study is to investigate the ontological metaphors in this epic work in a descriptive-analytical manner. After answering the question of how ontological metaphors were used in Arash's epic and what concepts were tangible through this metaphor, the authors came to the conclusion that the poet sought to express sigh and regret. From the turbulent times that have arisen from the war between Iran and Turan, the conceptualized areas such as times, regrets, fears, calamities, and etc. were expressed with the areas of origin in terms of the vessel, objects and people. Since the essence of the epic is associated with dynamism and mobility, most conceptualization has taken place with the domain of the origin of the character bringing life to abstract concepts.
References:
قرآن کریم. (1376)، ترجمة بهاءالدّین خرّمشاهی، مسعود انصاری و مسعود کریمی، چاپ دوم، تهران: انتشارات نیلوفر.
ابوریحان بیرونی. (1352)، آثارالباقیه، ترجمة اکبر داناسرشت، تهران: انتشارات إبنسینا.
افراشی، آزیتا. (1395)، مبانی معناشناسی شناختی، تهران: پژوهشگاه علوم انسانی و مطالعات فرهنگی.
افغانی، علیمحمد. (1344)، شوهر آهوخانم، چاپ سوم، تهران: انتشارات امیرکبیر.
اوستا، مهرداد. (1344)، حماسة آرش، خراسان: انتشارات توس.
پانتر، دیوید. (1394)، استعاره، ترجمة محمّدمهدی مقیمیزاده، تهران: نشر علم.
تفضّلی، احمد. (1378)، تاریخ ادبیات ایران پیش از اسلام، به کوشش ژاله آموزگار، چاپ سوم، تهران: انتشارات سخن.
تیلور، جانآر و جانت لیتلمور. (1396)، راهنمای زبانشناسی شناختی، ترجمة وجیهه و نجمه قرشی، تهران: انتشارات نویسه پارسه.
حافظ شیرازی، شمسالدّین محمّد. (1399)، دیوان حافظ، گردآوری شده توسّط رضا کاکایی دهکردی، بر اساس نسخة تصحیح غنی- قزوینی، چاپ هفتم، تهران: انتشارات ققنوس.
حجازی، سیده شیرین، پروین بهارزاده و آزیتا افراشی. (1397)، «تحلیل شناختی استعارههای مفهومی حرکت در قرآن کریم»، مطالعات قرآنی و فرهنگ اسلامی، پژوهشگاه علوم انسانی و مطالعات فرهنگی، سال دوّم، شمارة سوّم، پاییز، صص 21-1.
خالقی مطلق، جلال. (1386)،«حماسه» در دانشنامة زبان و ادب فارسی، به سرپرستی اسماعیل سعادت، جلد دوم، صص 745-738، تهران: انتشارات فرهنگستان زبان و ادب فارسی.
خدایار، ابراهیم و صابر امامی. (پاییز 1389)،«آخرین تیر: بررسی تطبیقی اسطورة آرش و فیلوکتتس»، فصلنامة پژوهشهای زبان و ادبیات تطبیقی، دورة 1، شمارة 3، صص86-61.
دهخدا، علیاکبر. (1377)، لغتنامه، زیرنظر محمّد معین و سیدجعفر شهیدی، 16 جلدی (جلد 16)، چاپ اوّل، تهران: مؤسّسة انتشارات و چاپ دانشگاه تهران.
رستگار فسایی، منصور. (1369)، فرهنگ نامهای شاهنامه، جلد اوّل، چاپ اوّل، تهران: انتشارات علمی و فرهنگی.
رضاپور، ابراهیم. (1397)،«نقش ایدئولوژی در ساخت و گزینش استعارة مفهومی مرگ در اشعار احمد شاملو و فریدون توللی از منظر نظریة گفتمانی استعاره»، زبانشناسی و گویشهای خراسان، دورة 9، شمارة 17، بهار و تابستان، صص 120-81.
رضی، هاشم. (1346)، فرهنگ نامهای اوستا، جلد اوّل، تهران: انتشارات فروهر.
زورورز، مهدیس، و دیگران. (1392)، «استعارههای مفهومی شادی در زبان فارسی: یک تحلیل پیکرهمدار»، زبانشناسی و گویشهای خراسان، سال پنجم، شمارة 9، پاییز و زمستان، صص 72-49.
سجودی، فرزان. (1387)، نشانهشناسی کاربردی، تهران: نشر علم.
فردوسی، ابوالقاسم. (1366)، شاهنامه، به کوشش جلال خالقی مطلق، با مقدّمة احسان یارشاطر. جلد 4، چاپ دوّم، نیویورک: bibliotheca persica.
فرشی، وجیهه، و دیگران. ( 1398)، «استعارههای مفهومی غم در زبان فارسی: رویکرد شناختی و پیکرهای»، پژوهشهای زبانشناسی تطبیقی، دورة 9، شمارة 17، بهار و تابستان، صص 99-85.
فیاضی، مریمالسادات. (1388)،«خاستگاه استعاری افعال حسّی چندمعنا در زبان فارسی از منظر معنیشناسی شناختی»، فصلنامة ادبپژوهی، شمارة 6، تهران، صص 109-87.
کووچش، زلتان. (1393)، مقدّمهای کاربردی بر استعاره، ترجمة شیرین پورابراهیم، تهران: انتشارات سمت.
کووچش، زلتان. (1394)، استعاره در فرهنگ: جهانیها و تنوّع، ترجمة نیکتا انتظام، تهران: نشر سیاهرود.
گلفام، ارسلان و فاطمه یوسفیراد. (1381)،«زبانشناسی شناختی و استعاره»، نشریة تازههای علوم شناختی، سال 4، شمارة 3، صص 64-59.
لیکاف، جورج و مارک جانسون. (1394)، استعارههایی که با آنها زندگی میکنیم، ترجمة هاجر آقاابراهیمی، تهران: نشر علم.
لیکاف، جورج. (1383)، «نظریة معاصر استعاره»، استعاره مبنای تفکّر و ابزار زیباییآفرینی، ترجمة فرهاد ساسانی، تهران: انتشارات سورة مهر.
موسوعه کلمات الرّسول الأعظم(ص). (1387)، گردآوری شده توسّط سازمان تبلیغات اسلامی، پژوهشکدة باقرالعلوم، گروه حدیث، 15 جلد(جلد 5)، چاپ اوّل، تهران: انتشارات امیرکبیر.
نهجالبلاغه. (1365)، ترجمه و شرح سیدعلینقی فیضالاسلام، گردآوری شده توسّط ابوالحسن محمّد رضی، تهران: چاپخانهی سپهر.
هاشمی، زهره. (1389)،«نظریة استعارة مفهومی از دیدگاه لیکاف و جانسون»، فصلنامة ادبپژوهی، شمارة 12، تهران، صص 140-119.
Persian references
The Holy Quran, (1997), trans. Baha'uddin Khorramshahi, Massoud Ansari and Massoud Karimi, 2nd ed, Tehran: Niloufar (in persian)
Abu Rihan Biruni, (1352), Asarolbaghieh, trans. Akbar Danasersht, Tehran: Ibn Sina . .(in persian)
Afrashi, Azita, (2016), Fundamentals of Cognitive Semantics, Tehran: Institute of Humanities and Cultural Studies.(in persian)
Afghani, Ali Mohammad, (1344), The Husband of Ahokhanam, 3rd ed, Tehran: Amirkabir .(in persian)
Avesta, Mehrdad, (1344), Arash Epic, Khorasan: Toos.
Panther, David, (2015), Metaphor, trans. Mohammad Mehdi Moghimizadeh, Tehran: Alam.(in persian)
Tafazoli, Ahmad, (1999), History of Pre-Islamic Iranian Literature, by Jaleh Amoozgar, 3rd ed, Tehran: Sokhan .(in persian)
Taylor, Janar and Janet Littlemore, (2017), Guide to Cognitive Linguistics, trans. Vajihe and Najmeh Ghorashi, Tehran: Naviseh Parseh .(in persian)
Hafez Shirazi, Shamsuddin Mohammad, (1399), Hafez's Divan, compiled by Reza Kakai Dehkordi, based on Ghani-Qazvini correction, 7th ed, Tehran: Ghoghnoos Publications.(in persian)
Hejazi, Seyedeh Shirin, Parvin Baharzadeh and Azita Afrashi, (2015), "Cognitive Analysis of Conceptual Metaphors of Movement in the Holy Quran", Quranic Studies and Islamic Culture, Institute of Humanities and Cultural Studies, Second Year, Third Issue , Fall, pp. 21-1.(in persian)
Khaleghi Motlagh, Jalal, (2007), "Epic" in the Encyclopedia of Persian Language and Literature, under the supervision of Ismail Saadat, Vol. II, pp. 745-738, Tehran: Academy of Persian Language and Literature Publications.(in persian)
Khodayar, Ebrahim and Saber Emami, (Autumn 2010), "Last July: A Comparative Study of the Myth of Arash and Philoctetes", Quarterly Journal of Comparative Language and Literature Research, Vol. 1, No. 3, p. 86 -61.(in persian)
Dehkhoda, Ali Akbar, (1998), Dictionary, under the supervision of Mohammad Moin and Seyed Jafar Shahidi, 16 volumes (Vol. 16), 1st ed, Tehran: Tehran University Publishing and Printing Institute.(in persian)
Rastegar Fasaei, Mansour, (1990), Shahnameh Dictionary, Vol. 1, 1st ed, Tehran: Elmi Farhangi.(in persian)
Razi, Hashem, (1346), Avesta Dictionary, Vol.1, Tehran: Forouhar .(in persian)
Zorvarz, Mahdis, and others, (2013), "Conceptual metaphors of happiness in Persian: a structured analysis", Linguistics and dialects of Khorasan, Year 5, No. 9, Autumn and Winter , pp. 72-49.(in persian)
Sojudi, Farzan, (2008), Applied Semiotics, Tehran: Alam .(in persian)
Fayyazi, Maryam Al-Sadat, (2009), "The Metaphorical Origin of Multi-Meaning Sensory Verbs in Persian from the Perspective of Cognitive Semantics", Literary Quarterly, No. 6, Tehran, pp. 109-87.(in persian)
Koochesh, Zaltan, (2014), A Practical Introduction to Metaphor, trans. Shirin Poorabrahim, Tehran: (in persian)
Koochesh, Zaltan, (2015), Metaphor in Culture: Globalities and Diversity, trans. Nikta Entezam, Tehran: Siahroud .(in persian)
Gulfam, Arsalan and Fatemeh Yousefirad, (2002), "Cognitive Linguistics and Metaphor", Journal of Cognitive Sciences, Vol.4, No3, pp. 64-59.(in persian)
Likoff, George and Mark Johnson, (2015), The Metaphors We Live With, trans. Hajar Agha Ebrahimi, Tehran: Alam .(in persian)
Ferdowsi, Abolghasem, (1366), Shahnameh, by the effort of Jalal Khaleghi Motlagh, with introduction by Ehsan Yarshater. Vol. 4, 2nd ed, New York: bibliotheca persica.(in persian)
Farshi, Vajiheh, et al., (1398), "Conceptual metaphors of grief in Persian: a cognitive and corporeal approach", Comparative Linguistics Research, Vol. 9, No. 17, Spring And Summer, pp. 99-85.(in persian)
Likaf, George, (1383), "Contemporary Theory of Metaphor", metaphor is the basis of thinking and tools of aesthetics, trans. Farhad Sasani, Tehran: Surah Mehr .(in persian)
Encyclopedia of the words of the Great Prophet (PBUH), (2008), compiled by the Islamic Propaganda Organization, Baqir al-Uloom Research Institute, Hadith Group, 15 volumes (Vol. 5), 1st ed, Tehran: Amirkabir .(in persian)
Nahj al-Balaghah, (1365), trans. and explained by Seyyed Ali al-Naqi Faiz al-Islam, compiled by Abolhassan Mohammad Razi, Tehran: Sepehr Printing House.(in persian)
Hashemi, Zohreh, (2010), "Conceptual metaphor theory from the perspective of Likoff and Johnson", Journal of Literary Research, No. 12, Tehran, pp. 140-119.(in persian)
References
Kovecses, Zoltan. (2010). Metaphor: a Practical Introduction. Exercises Written with Reka Benczes. 2nd Ed. New York: Oxford University Press.
Lakoff, George (1992). “The Contemporary Theory of Metaphor”. in Andrew Ortony (Ed.). Metaphor and Thougth. 2nd Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Lakoff, George and Mark Johanson.(2003). Metaphors We Live By. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
_||_Persian references
The Holy Quran, (1997), trans. Baha'uddin Khorramshahi, Massoud Ansari and Massoud Karimi, 2nd ed, Tehran: Niloufar (in persian)
Abu Rihan Biruni, (1352), Asarolbaghieh, trans. Akbar Danasersht, Tehran: Ibn Sina . .(in persian)
Afrashi, Azita, (2016), Fundamentals of Cognitive Semantics, Tehran: Institute of Humanities and Cultural Studies.(in persian)
Afghani, Ali Mohammad, (1344), The Husband of Ahokhanam, 3rd ed, Tehran: Amirkabir .(in persian)
Avesta, Mehrdad, (1344), Arash Epic, Khorasan: Toos.
Panther, David, (2015), Metaphor, trans. Mohammad Mehdi Moghimizadeh, Tehran: Alam.(in persian)
Tafazoli, Ahmad, (1999), History of Pre-Islamic Iranian Literature, by Jaleh Amoozgar, 3rd ed, Tehran: Sokhan .(in persian)
Taylor, Janar and Janet Littlemore, (2017), Guide to Cognitive Linguistics, trans. Vajihe and Najmeh Ghorashi, Tehran: Naviseh Parseh .(in persian)
Hafez Shirazi, Shamsuddin Mohammad, (1399), Hafez's Divan, compiled by Reza Kakai Dehkordi, based on Ghani-Qazvini correction, 7th ed, Tehran: Ghoghnoos Publications.(in persian)
Hejazi, Seyedeh Shirin, Parvin Baharzadeh and Azita Afrashi, (2015), "Cognitive Analysis of Conceptual Metaphors of Movement in the Holy Quran", Quranic Studies and Islamic Culture, Institute of Humanities and Cultural Studies, Second Year, Third Issue , Fall, pp. 21-1.(in persian)
Khaleghi Motlagh, Jalal, (2007), "Epic" in the Encyclopedia of Persian Language and Literature, under the supervision of Ismail Saadat, Vol. II, pp. 745-738, Tehran: Academy of Persian Language and Literature Publications.(in persian)
Khodayar, Ebrahim and Saber Emami, (Autumn 2010), "Last July: A Comparative Study of the Myth of Arash and Philoctetes", Quarterly Journal of Comparative Language and Literature Research, Vol. 1, No. 3, p. 86 -61.(in persian)
Dehkhoda, Ali Akbar, (1998), Dictionary, under the supervision of Mohammad Moin and Seyed Jafar Shahidi, 16 volumes (Vol. 16), 1st ed, Tehran: Tehran University Publishing and Printing Institute.(in persian)
Rastegar Fasaei, Mansour, (1990), Shahnameh Dictionary, Vol. 1, 1st ed, Tehran: Elmi Farhangi.(in persian)
Razi, Hashem, (1346), Avesta Dictionary, Vol.1, Tehran: Forouhar .(in persian)
Zorvarz, Mahdis, and others, (2013), "Conceptual metaphors of happiness in Persian: a structured analysis", Linguistics and dialects of Khorasan, Year 5, No. 9, Autumn and Winter , pp. 72-49.(in persian)
Sojudi, Farzan, (2008), Applied Semiotics, Tehran: Alam .(in persian)
Fayyazi, Maryam Al-Sadat, (2009), "The Metaphorical Origin of Multi-Meaning Sensory Verbs in Persian from the Perspective of Cognitive Semantics", Literary Quarterly, No. 6, Tehran, pp. 109-87.(in persian)
Koochesh, Zaltan, (2014), A Practical Introduction to Metaphor, trans. Shirin Poorabrahim, Tehran: (in persian)
Koochesh, Zaltan, (2015), Metaphor in Culture: Globalities and Diversity, trans. Nikta Entezam, Tehran: Siahroud .(in persian)
Gulfam, Arsalan and Fatemeh Yousefirad, (2002), "Cognitive Linguistics and Metaphor", Journal of Cognitive Sciences, Vol.4, No3, pp. 64-59.(in persian)
Likoff, George and Mark Johnson, (2015), The Metaphors We Live With, trans. Hajar Agha Ebrahimi, Tehran: Alam .(in persian)
Ferdowsi, Abolghasem, (1366), Shahnameh, by the effort of Jalal Khaleghi Motlagh, with introduction by Ehsan Yarshater. Vol. 4, 2nd ed, New York: bibliotheca persica.(in persian)
Farshi, Vajiheh, et al., (1398), "Conceptual metaphors of grief in Persian: a cognitive and corporeal approach", Comparative Linguistics Research, Vol. 9, No. 17, Spring And Summer, pp. 99-85.(in persian)
Likaf, George, (1383), "Contemporary Theory of Metaphor", metaphor is the basis of thinking and tools of aesthetics, trans. Farhad Sasani, Tehran: Surah Mehr .(in persian)
Encyclopedia of the words of the Great Prophet (PBUH), (2008), compiled by the Islamic Propaganda Organization, Baqir al-Uloom Research Institute, Hadith Group, 15 volumes (Vol. 5), 1st ed, Tehran: Amirkabir .(in persian)
Nahj al-Balaghah, (1365), trans. and explained by Seyyed Ali al-Naqi Faiz al-Islam, compiled by Abolhassan Mohammad Razi, Tehran: Sepehr Printing House.(in persian)
Hashemi, Zohreh, (2010), "Conceptual metaphor theory from the perspective of Likoff and Johnson", Journal of Literary Research, No. 12, Tehran, pp. 140-119.(in persian)
References
Kovecses, Zoltan. (2010). Metaphor: a Practical Introduction. Exercises Written with Reka Benczes. 2nd Ed. New York: Oxford University Press.
Lakoff, George (1992). “The Contemporary Theory of Metaphor”. in Andrew Ortony (Ed.). Metaphor and Thougth. 2nd Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Lakoff, George and Mark Johanson.(2003). Metaphors We Live By. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
