Predicting the quality of life of medical students based on social skills and mindfulness
Subject Areas : Psychological Models and Methods
1 - استادیار گروه روانشناسی، مشاوره و علوم تربیتی دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی شبستر
Keywords: social skills, mindfulness, quality of life,
Abstract :
Introduction: The quality of life is crucial for all students, particularly those in the medical field, as it is influenced by their social skills and mental abilities. This research aimed to predict the quality of life of medical students based on their social skills and mindfulness.
Methods: This research falls under applied research and follows a correlational descriptive approach for data collection. Social skills and mindfulness were considered as predictive variables, while the quality of life served as the criterion variable. The statistical population consisted of all medical students in Tabriz during the academic year of 2021-2022, totaling 2285 students according to Tabriz University of Medical Sciences. A sample size of 330 students was determined using the Morgan table. The research utilized the World Health Organization's quality of life questionnaire (1996), Gresham and Elliott's social skills questionnaire (1990), and Baer, Smith & Allen's Kentucky Mindfulness Questionnaire (2004) to measure the research variables.
Results: The results of the research, analyzed through Pearson correlation and structural equation modeling, indicated a significant positive relationship between social skills and its components (self-control, empathy, self-expression, cooperation), mindfulness and its components (observation, description) with the quality of life of medical students in Tabriz (P‹0.001). Furthermore, the structural equation modeling analysis demonstrated that the social skills and mindfulness were effective predictors of the quality of Tabriz medical students’ lives (P‹0.05).
Conclusion: Based on these findings, it can be concluded that social skills and mindfulness play a significant role in explaining the quality of
References:
1. Balch CM, Freischlag JA, Shanafelt TD. Stress and burnout among surgeons: understanding and managing the syndrome and avoiding the adverse consequences. Archives of surgery. 2009;144(4):371-6. https://doi.org/10.1001/archsurg.2008.575.
2. Hosseinian S, Ghasemzadeh S, Niknam M. Prediction of quality of life in female teachers on the basis of emotional and spiritual intelligence variables. 2012.https://doi.org/https://jcoc.sbu.ac.ir/article_99300.html. (in Persian).
3. Lee Y-H, Salman A. The mediating effect of spiritual well-being on depressive symptoms and health-related quality of life among elders. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing. 2018;32(3):418-24.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnu.2017.12.008
4. Ghahari S, Mohammadi-Hasel K, Malakouti SK, Roshanpajouh M. Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for generalised anxiety disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. East Asian Archives of Psychiatry. 2020;30(2):52-6. https://search.informit.org/doi/10.3316/informit.310704814356937. (in Persian).
5. Xu J, Ou L. Resilience and quality of life among Wenchuan earthquake survivors: the mediating role of social support. Public health. 2014;128(5):430-7.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2014.03.002
6. Lopez SJ. The encyclopedia of positive psychology: John Wiley & Sons; 2011.DOI:10.1002/9781444306002
7. McGregor SL, Goldsmith EB. Expanding our understanding of quality of life, standard of living, and well-being. Journal of Family and Consumer Sciences. 1998;90(2):2.https://search.proquest.com/openview/a6ba30d764c34dcb9d526f4d95ecb61c/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=41036
8. Sabbaghzadeh M, Pejhan A, Yaghoubifar M. Investigating the satisfaction rate of the students of Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences from the educational services and facilities in 2008. Journal of Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences. 1970;17(2):129-34.https://www.researchgate.net/publication/329877845. (in Persian).
9. Miguel AdQC, Tempski P, Kobayasi R, Mayer FB, Martins MA. Predictive factors of quality of life among medical students: results from a multicentric study. BMC psychology. 2021;9:1-13.https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-021-00534-5
10. Al-Mustafa AM, Al-Shamahi MN, Al-Nono AA, Almukhtari AA, AlGhazaly AJ, Al-oqbi YA, et al. Quality of Life among Medical Students at the Clinical Levels at Sana'a University. 2023.https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3389966/v1.
11. Henning MA, Stonyer J, Chen Y, Hove BA-t, Moir F, Coomber T, et al. Medical Students’ Quality of Life and Its Association with Harassment and Social Support. Medical Science Educator. 2021:1-10.https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40670-021-01463-z
12. FAYYAZ I, KARIMI M. Investigation into interpersonal commuicative skills in innocents (peace be Upon Him) way. 2010.https://www.sid.ir/paper/100644/en.(in Persian).
13. Gresham FM, Watson TS, Skinner CH. Functional behavioral assessment: Principles, procedures, and future directions. School Psychology Review. 2001;30(2):156-72. https://doi.org/10.1080/02796015.2001.12086106.
14. Matson JL, Minshawi NF, Gonzalez ML, Mayville SB. The relationship of comorbid problem behaviors to social skills in persons with profound mental retardation. Behavior modification. 2006;30(4):496-506. https://doi.org/10.1177/0145445505283415.
15. Kiema-Junes H, Hintsanen M, Soini H, Pyhältö K. The role of social skills in burnout and engagement among university students. 2020. https://doi.org/10.25115/EJREP.V18I50.2728.
16. Gresham FM, Elliott SN, Vance MJ, Cook CR. Comparability of the Social Skills Rating System to the Social Skills Improvement System: Content and psychometric comparisons across elementary and secondary age levels. School Psychology Quarterly. 2011;26(1):27. https://www.scirp.org/reference/referencespapers?referenceid=534536
17. Kiarad s. Predicting the quality of life based on the life skills of Payam Noor University students in Hamadan, Master Thesis, . Payam Noor University, . 2020 http://swasw.socialwork.ir/article-1-44-en.pdf. (in Persian).
.18. Saneie E, Raeisoon M. Role of social skills in predicting the students' sense of coherence and quality of school life. Quarterly Journal of Child Mental Health. 2020;7(2):96-107. https://doi.org/10.29252/jcmh.7.2.9. (in Persian).
19. Mead N. Wherever You Go, There You Are: Mindfulness Meditation in Everyday Life. Natural Health. 1994;24(3):151-3. https://www.amazon.com/Wherever-You-There-Are-Mindfulness/dp/1401307787
20. Sedaghatkhah A, BehzadiPoor S. Predictingthe quality of marital relationship on the base of relationship beliefs, mindfulness and psychological flexibility. Quarterly Journal of Woman and Society. 2017;8(30):57-77.https://jzvj.marvdasht.iau.ir/article_2391.html?lang=en
21. Bazzano AN, Anderson CE, Hylton C, Gustat J. Effect of mindfulness and yoga on quality of life for elementary school students and teachers: results of a randomized controlled school-based study. Psychology research and behavior management18(81): 2-7. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.2147/PRBM.S157503
22. Organization WH. Programme on mental health: WHOQOL user manual. World Health Organization; 1998. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/77932/WHO_HIS_HSI_Rev.?sequence=1
23. Nejat S, Montazeri A, Holakouie Naieni K, Mohammad K, Majdzadeh SR. The World Health Organization quality of Life (WHOQOL-BREF) questionnaire: Translation and validation study of the Iranian version. Journal of School of Public Health and Institute of Public Health Research. 2006;4(4):1-12. http://sjsph.tums.ac.ir/article-1-187-en.html. (in Persian).
24. Hemati Alamdarloo G, Mohammad Esmmaeelbeygi H, Anjomshoaa MR. The role of family communication patterns in predicting emotional intelligence of students with specific learning disorder. Quarterly Journal of Child Mental Health. 2018;5(3):115-25. http://childmentalhealth.ir/article-1-275-fa.html. (in Persian).
25. Tajik Esmaeeli S. The relationship between the level of teachers’ needs and their social skills, Master Thesis, . Islamic Azad University 2013.;22:115-26 https://mediastudies.srbiau.ac.ir/article_4112.html (in Persian).
. .26. Baer RA, Smith GT, Allen KB. Assessment of mindfulness by self-report: The Kentucky Inventory of Mindfulness Skills. Assessment. 2004;11(3):191-206. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191104268029
27. Baer RA. Mindfulness training as a clinical intervention: a conceptual and empirical review. Clinical psychology: Science and practice. 2003;10(2):125.https://doi.org/10.1093/clipsy.bpg015.
28. Rahimi H, Adabjoo F. Analysis of the simple and multifold relationships between entrepreneurial thinking skills and problem-solving capabilities in Kashan University of Medical Sciences. Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Research. 2019;7(4):40-5.https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.24200/jsshr.vol7iss4pp40-45. (in Persian).
29. Abbasi E SMH, Gramipour S. The Effect of Critical Thinking Skills Training on the Development of Social Skills and Cognitive Skills Students. Journal title. 2019;6(38):22-45.https://doi.org/10.52547/erj.6.38.22. (in Persian).
30. Cheng Y, Bololia L. The effects of augmented reality on social skills in children with an autism diagnosis: a preliminary systematic review. Journal of autism and developmental disorders. 2024;54(4):1317-31. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-022-05878-4.
31. Aslani B. The effectiveness of social skills training based on the cognitive-behavioral approach on the coping strategies of middle school students,Master Thesis, . Allameh Tabatabai University 2014. https://elmnet.ir/doc/10679423-53125. (in Persian).
32. Zamata PMC, Saavedra LR, López RMG. Educational program to strengthen school coexistence and social skills in student. International Journal of Instruction. 2023;16(3):77-94. https://doi.org/10.29333/iji.2023.1635a.
33. mohammadlou H GA, Khanbani M,. Effectiveness of social- cognitive skills training on the Oppositional Defiant Disorder Symptom Reduction students. Applied Psychology. 2016;9(4):99-113. https://apsy.sbu.ac.ir/article_96466.html?lang=fa. (in Persian).
34. Jackson-Dwyer D. Interpersonal relationships: Routledge; 2013. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203797853
35. Kasravi H T. he effectiveness of social skills training on increasing happiness and purposefulness among HIV positive people under the care of Kermanshah Behavioral Diseases Counseling Center, Master Thesis,. Allameh Tabatabai University,. 2013. https://elmnet.ir/doc/10543773-67491. (in Persian).
36. Radmanesh E. Investigating the effectiveness of social skills training on improving parent-child, teacher-student relationships and students’ academic performance, . Allameh Tabatabai University, . 2015. https://elmnet.ir/doc/10842115-10904. (in Persian).
37. Ostadabbasi S, Safarzadeh S. Relationship between the health of the main family and mindfulness with sacrificial behavior, Equity Perception and marital commitment in married female students in Ahvaz. Quarterly Journal of Woman and Society. 2022;13(49):17-28. https://doi.org/10.30495/JZVJ.2021.24680.3214. (in Persian).
38. Noorani A SSA. The relationship between quality of life and positive thinking with mental well-being, . Quarterly Journal of Excellence in Counseling and Psychotherapy 2017;21(6):36-51. https://doi.org/https://journals.iau.ir/article_673148.html. (in Persian).
39. Jarjundi Rahmatabad A. Investigating the mediating role of mindfulness in the relationship between spiritual well-being and the quality of married life, Master Thesis,. Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, . 2016. . https://elmnet.ir/doc/10915255-32471. (in Persian).
40. Gupta S, Verma HV. Mindfulness, mindful consumption, and life satisfaction: an experiment with higher education students. Journal of Applied Research in Higher Education. 2020;12(3):456-74. https://doi.org/10.1108/JARHE-11-2018-0235.
41. Lev Arey D, Blatt A, Gutman T. A Self-Determination Theory and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy-based intervention aimed at increasing adherence to physical activity. Frontiers in Psychology. 2022;13:935702. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.935702.
42. Nyklíček I, Kuijpers KF. Effects of mindfulness-based stress reduction intervention on psychological well-being and quality of life: is increased mindfulness indeed the mechanism? Annals of behavioral medicine. 2008;35(3):331-40.https://doi.org/10.1007/s12160-008-9030-2.
43. Baer RA. Mindfulness-based treatment approaches: Clinician's guide to evidence base and applications: Elsevier; 2015. https://www.sciencedirect.com/book/9780124160316/mindfulness-based-treatment-approaches#book-info
44. Rostampor M, Hoseinsabet F. Effectiveness of Drama Therapy in Mindfulness and Emotion Regulation of High School Male Students. Journal of Modern Psychological Researches. 2018;13(49):167-86. https://psychologyj.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_7421.html?lang=en. (in Persian).
45. Ahmadzadeh S, GharayeghZandi H, TaleshMikaeil SM, HasanAbadi SS. Effect of mindfulness intervention on mental toughness, emotional intelligence and flow in skilled volleyball players. Mind, Movement, and Behavior. 2024;3(1):111-26. doi: 10.22034/mmbj.2024.56301.1036.. doi: 10.22034/mmbj.2024.56301.1036. (in Persian).
46. Keiller E, Tjasink M, Bourne J, Ougrin D, Carr CE, Lau JY. A systematic review of dramatherapy interventions used to alleviate emotional distress and support the well‐being of children and young people aged 8–18 years old. JCPP advances. 2023;3(3):e12145. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcv2.12145.
47. Yang X, Zhao J, Chen Y, Zu S, Zhao J. Comprehensive self-control training benefits depressed college students: A six-month randomized controlled intervention trial. Journal of affective disorders. 2018;226:251-60. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcv2.12145.
48. Hofmann W, Luhmann M, Fisher RR, Vohs KD, Baumeister RF. Yes, but are they happy? Effects of trait self‐control on affective well‐being and life satisfaction. Journal of personality. 2014;82(4):265-77.https://doi.org/10.1111/jopy.12050.
49. De Ridder DT, Lensvelt-Mulders G, Finkenauer C, Stok FM, Baumeister RF. Taking stock of self-control: A meta-analysis of how trait self-control relates to a wide range of behaviors. Personality and Social Psychology Review. 2012;16(1):76-99. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868311418749.
50. Long EC. Maintaining a stable marriage: Perspective taking as a predictor or a propensity to divorce. Journal of Divorce & Remarriage. 1994;21(1-2):121-38. https://doi.org/10.1300/J087v21n01_07.
51. Allberti R AM. Expression Psychology, . First, Tehran: Elmi Publications, . 2006. https://vista.ir/m/a/3w9un
52. Straulino E, Scarpazza C, Sartori L. What is missing in the study of emotion expression? Front Psychol. 2023;14:1158136. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1158136
53. ahmadvand Z, heidarinasab L, shoeiri M. Explaining Psychological Well-being Based on the Components of Mindfulness. Health Psychology. 2013;1(2):60-9. https://dorl.net/dor/20.1001.1.23221283.1391.1.2.6.5. (in Persian).
54. Bayrami M, Movahedi Y, Kazimi Razai S, Esmaili S. The Effect of Mindfulness Cognitive Therapy on Pathological Worry and Anxiety Symptoms in Students with Generalized Anxiety Disorder. Iranian Journal of Rehabilitation Research in Nursing. 2015;2(1):79-90. http://ijrn.ir/article-1-167-en.html. (in Persian).
1. Balch CM, Freischlag JA, Shanafelt TD. Stress and burnout among surgeons: understanding and managing the syndrome and avoiding the adverse consequences. Archives of surgery. 2009;144(4):371-6. https://doi.org/10.1001/archsurg.2008.575.
2. Hosseinian S, Ghasemzadeh S, Niknam M. Prediction of quality of life in female teachers on the basis of emotional and spiritual intelligence variables. 2012.https://doi.org/https://jcoc.sbu.ac.ir/article_99300.html. (in Persian).
3. Lee Y-H, Salman A. The mediating effect of spiritual well-being on depressive symptoms and health-related quality of life among elders. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing. 2018;32(3):418-24.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnu.2017.12.008
4. Ghahari S, Mohammadi-Hasel K, Malakouti SK, Roshanpajouh M. Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for generalised anxiety disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. East Asian Archives of Psychiatry. 2020;30(2):52-6. https://search.informit.org/doi/10.3316/informit.310704814356937. (in Persian).
5. Xu J, Ou L. Resilience and quality of life among Wenchuan earthquake survivors: the mediating role of social support. Public health. 2014;128(5):430-7.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2014.03.002
6. Lopez SJ. The encyclopedia of positive psychology: John Wiley & Sons; 2011.DOI:10.1002/9781444306002
7. McGregor SL, Goldsmith EB. Expanding our understanding of quality of life, standard of living, and well-being. Journal of Family and Consumer Sciences. 1998;90(2):2.https://search.proquest.com/openview/a6ba30d764c34dcb9d526f4d95ecb61c/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=41036
8. Sabbaghzadeh M, Pejhan A, Yaghoubifar M. Investigating the satisfaction rate of the students of Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences from the educational services and facilities in 2008. Journal of Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences. 1970;17(2):129-34.https://www.researchgate.net/publication/329877845. (in Persian).
9. Miguel AdQC, Tempski P, Kobayasi R, Mayer FB, Martins MA. Predictive factors of quality of life among medical students: results from a multicentric study. BMC psychology. 2021;9:1-13.https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-021-00534-5
10. Al-Mustafa AM, Al-Shamahi MN, Al-Nono AA, Almukhtari AA, AlGhazaly AJ, Al-oqbi YA, et al. Quality of Life among Medical Students at the Clinical Levels at Sana'a University. 2023.https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3389966/v1.
11. Henning MA, Stonyer J, Chen Y, Hove BA-t, Moir F, Coomber T, et al. Medical Students’ Quality of Life and Its Association with Harassment and Social Support. Medical Science Educator. 2021:1-10.https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40670-021-01463-z
12. FAYYAZ I, KARIMI M. Investigation into interpersonal commuicative skills in innocents (peace be Upon Him) way. 2010.https://www.sid.ir/paper/100644/en.(in Persian).
13. Gresham FM, Watson TS, Skinner CH. Functional behavioral assessment: Principles, procedures, and future directions. School Psychology Review. 2001;30(2):156-72. https://doi.org/10.1080/02796015.2001.12086106.
14. Matson JL, Minshawi NF, Gonzalez ML, Mayville SB. The relationship of comorbid problem behaviors to social skills in persons with profound mental retardation. Behavior modification. 2006;30(4):496-506. https://doi.org/10.1177/0145445505283415.
15. Kiema-Junes H, Hintsanen M, Soini H, Pyhältö K. The role of social skills in burnout and engagement among university students. 2020. https://doi.org/10.25115/EJREP.V18I50.2728.
16. Gresham FM, Elliott SN, Vance MJ, Cook CR. Comparability of the Social Skills Rating System to the Social Skills Improvement System: Content and psychometric comparisons across elementary and secondary age levels. School Psychology Quarterly. 2011;26(1):27. https://www.scirp.org/reference/referencespapers?referenceid=534536
17. Kiarad s. Predicting the quality of life based on the life skills of Payam Noor University students in Hamadan, Master Thesis, . Payam Noor University, . 2020 http://swasw.socialwork.ir/article-1-44-en.pdf. (in Persian).
.18. Saneie E, Raeisoon M. Role of social skills in predicting the students' sense of coherence and quality of school life. Quarterly Journal of Child Mental Health. 2020;7(2):96-107. https://doi.org/10.29252/jcmh.7.2.9. (in Persian).
19. Mead N. Wherever You Go, There You Are: Mindfulness Meditation in Everyday Life. Natural Health. 1994;24(3):151-3. https://www.amazon.com/Wherever-You-There-Are-Mindfulness/dp/1401307787
20. Sedaghatkhah A, BehzadiPoor S. Predictingthe quality of marital relationship on the base of relationship beliefs, mindfulness and psychological flexibility. Quarterly Journal of Woman and Society. 2017;8(30):57-77.https://jzvj.marvdasht.iau.ir/article_2391.html?lang=en
21. Bazzano AN, Anderson CE, Hylton C, Gustat J. Effect of mindfulness and yoga on quality of life for elementary school students and teachers: results of a randomized controlled school-based study. Psychology research and behavior management18(81): 2-7. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.2147/PRBM.S157503
22. Organization WH. Programme on mental health: WHOQOL user manual. World Health Organization; 1998. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/77932/WHO_HIS_HSI_Rev.?sequence=1
23. Nejat S, Montazeri A, Holakouie Naieni K, Mohammad K, Majdzadeh SR. The World Health Organization quality of Life (WHOQOL-BREF) questionnaire: Translation and validation study of the Iranian version. Journal of School of Public Health and Institute of Public Health Research. 2006;4(4):1-12. http://sjsph.tums.ac.ir/article-1-187-en.html. (in Persian).
24. Hemati Alamdarloo G, Mohammad Esmmaeelbeygi H, Anjomshoaa MR. The role of family communication patterns in predicting emotional intelligence of students with specific learning disorder. Quarterly Journal of Child Mental Health. 2018;5(3):115-25. http://childmentalhealth.ir/article-1-275-fa.html. (in Persian).
25. Tajik Esmaeeli S. The relationship between the level of teachers’ needs and their social skills, Master Thesis, . Islamic Azad University 2013.;22:115-26 https://mediastudies.srbiau.ac.ir/article_4112.html (in Persian).
. .26. Baer RA, Smith GT, Allen KB. Assessment of mindfulness by self-report: The Kentucky Inventory of Mindfulness Skills. Assessment. 2004;11(3):191-206. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191104268029
27. Baer RA. Mindfulness training as a clinical intervention: a conceptual and empirical review. Clinical psychology: Science and practice. 2003;10(2):125.https://doi.org/10.1093/clipsy.bpg015.
28. Rahimi H, Adabjoo F. Analysis of the simple and multifold relationships between entrepreneurial thinking skills and problem-solving capabilities in Kashan University of Medical Sciences. Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Research. 2019;7(4):40-5.https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.24200/jsshr.vol7iss4pp40-45. (in Persian).
29. Abbasi E SMH, Gramipour S. The Effect of Critical Thinking Skills Training on the Development of Social Skills and Cognitive Skills Students. Journal title. 2019;6(38):22-45.https://doi.org/10.52547/erj.6.38.22. (in Persian).
30. Cheng Y, Bololia L. The effects of augmented reality on social skills in children with an autism diagnosis: a preliminary systematic review. Journal of autism and developmental disorders. 2024;54(4):1317-31. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-022-05878-4.
31. Aslani B. The effectiveness of social skills training based on the cognitive-behavioral approach on the coping strategies of middle school students,Master Thesis, . Allameh Tabatabai University 2014. https://elmnet.ir/doc/10679423-53125. (in Persian).
32. Zamata PMC, Saavedra LR, López RMG. Educational program to strengthen school coexistence and social skills in student. International Journal of Instruction. 2023;16(3):77-94. https://doi.org/10.29333/iji.2023.1635a.
33. mohammadlou H GA, Khanbani M,. Effectiveness of social- cognitive skills training on the Oppositional Defiant Disorder Symptom Reduction students. Applied Psychology. 2016;9(4):99-113. https://apsy.sbu.ac.ir/article_96466.html?lang=fa. (in Persian).
34. Jackson-Dwyer D. Interpersonal relationships: Routledge; 2013. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203797853
35. Kasravi H T. he effectiveness of social skills training on increasing happiness and purposefulness among HIV positive people under the care of Kermanshah Behavioral Diseases Counseling Center, Master Thesis,. Allameh Tabatabai University,. 2013. https://elmnet.ir/doc/10543773-67491. (in Persian).
36. Radmanesh E. Investigating the effectiveness of social skills training on improving parent-child, teacher-student relationships and students’ academic performance, . Allameh Tabatabai University, . 2015. https://elmnet.ir/doc/10842115-10904. (in Persian).
37. Ostadabbasi S, Safarzadeh S. Relationship between the health of the main family and mindfulness with sacrificial behavior, Equity Perception and marital commitment in married female students in Ahvaz. Quarterly Journal of Woman and Society. 2022;13(49):17-28. https://doi.org/10.30495/JZVJ.2021.24680.3214. (in Persian).
38. Noorani A SSA. The relationship between quality of life and positive thinking with mental well-being, . Quarterly Journal of Excellence in Counseling and Psychotherapy 2017;21(6):36-51. https://doi.org/https://journals.iau.ir/article_673148.html. (in Persian).
39. Jarjundi Rahmatabad A. Investigating the mediating role of mindfulness in the relationship between spiritual well-being and the quality of married life, Master Thesis,. Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, . 2016. . https://elmnet.ir/doc/10915255-32471. (in Persian).
40. Gupta S, Verma HV. Mindfulness, mindful consumption, and life satisfaction: an experiment with higher education students. Journal of Applied Research in Higher Education. 2020;12(3):456-74. https://doi.org/10.1108/JARHE-11-2018-0235.
41. Lev Arey D, Blatt A, Gutman T. A Self-Determination Theory and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy-based intervention aimed at increasing adherence to physical activity. Frontiers in Psychology. 2022;13:935702. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.935702.
42. Nyklíček I, Kuijpers KF. Effects of mindfulness-based stress reduction intervention on psychological well-being and quality of life: is increased mindfulness indeed the mechanism? Annals of behavioral medicine. 2008;35(3):331-40.https://doi.org/10.1007/s12160-008-9030-2.
43. Baer RA. Mindfulness-based treatment approaches: Clinician's guide to evidence base and applications: Elsevier; 2015. https://www.sciencedirect.com/book/9780124160316/mindfulness-based-treatment-approaches#book-info
44. Rostampor M, Hoseinsabet F. Effectiveness of Drama Therapy in Mindfulness and Emotion Regulation of High School Male Students. Journal of Modern Psychological Researches. 2018;13(49):167-86. https://psychologyj.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_7421.html?lang=en. (in Persian).
45. Ahmadzadeh S, GharayeghZandi H, TaleshMikaeil SM, HasanAbadi SS. Effect of mindfulness intervention on mental toughness, emotional intelligence and flow in skilled volleyball players. Mind, Movement, and Behavior. 2024;3(1):111-26. doi: 10.22034/mmbj.2024.56301.1036.. doi: 10.22034/mmbj.2024.56301.1036. (in Persian).
46. Keiller E, Tjasink M, Bourne J, Ougrin D, Carr CE, Lau JY. A systematic review of dramatherapy interventions used to alleviate emotional distress and support the well‐being of children and young people aged 8–18 years old. JCPP advances. 2023;3(3):e12145. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcv2.12145.
47. Yang X, Zhao J, Chen Y, Zu S, Zhao J. Comprehensive self-control training benefits depressed college students: A six-month randomized controlled intervention trial. Journal of affective disorders. 2018;226:251-60. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcv2.12145.
48. Hofmann W, Luhmann M, Fisher RR, Vohs KD, Baumeister RF. Yes, but are they happy? Effects of trait self‐control on affective well‐being and life satisfaction. Journal of personality. 2014;82(4):265-77.https://doi.org/10.1111/jopy.12050.
49. De Ridder DT, Lensvelt-Mulders G, Finkenauer C, Stok FM, Baumeister RF. Taking stock of self-control: A meta-analysis of how trait self-control relates to a wide range of behaviors. Personality and Social Psychology Review. 2012;16(1):76-99. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868311418749.
50. Long EC. Maintaining a stable marriage: Perspective taking as a predictor or a propensity to divorce. Journal of Divorce & Remarriage. 1994;21(1-2):121-38. https://doi.org/10.1300/J087v21n01_07.
51. Allberti R AM. Expression Psychology, . First, Tehran: Elmi Publications, . 2006. https://vista.ir/m/a/3w9un
52. Straulino E, Scarpazza C, Sartori L. What is missing in the study of emotion expression? Front Psychol. 2023;14:1158136. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1158136
53. ahmadvand Z, heidarinasab L, shoeiri M. Explaining Psychological Well-being Based on the Components of Mindfulness. Health Psychology. 2013;1(2):60-9. https://dorl.net/dor/20.1001.1.23221283.1391.1.2.6.5. (in Persian).
54. Bayrami M, Movahedi Y, Kazimi Razai S, Esmaili S. The Effect of Mindfulness Cognitive Therapy on Pathological Worry and Anxiety Symptoms in Students with Generalized Anxiety Disorder. Iranian Journal of Rehabilitation Research in Nursing. 2015;2(1):79-90. http://ijrn.ir/article-1-167-en.html. (in Persian).