The mediating role of reward sensitivity in the relationships between mania-related memory bias and working memory on recovery from bipolar I disorder

Subject Areas : Psychological Models and Methods

Negin Anbari -Meybodi ¹ , Sajjad Basharpoor ² , Mohammad Narimani ³

1 - Ph.D. Student in Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Mohaghegh Ardabili University, Ardabil, Iran
2 - Associate Professor of General Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Mohaghegh Ardabili University, Ardabil, Iran.
3 - Associate Professor of General Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Mohaghegh Ardabili University, Ardabil, Iran

Received: 2022-01-22 Accepted : 2022-11-04 Published : 2022-07-23

Keywords: "reward sensitivity", "mania-related memory bias", "working memory", "bipolar I disorder",

Abstract :

Introduction: The aim of this study was to investigate the mediating role of reward sensitivity in the relationships between mania-related memory bias and working memory on recovery from bipolar I disorder.
Method: This cross-sectional study was performed by available sampling method on 126 patients with bipolar I disorder in the manic phase who were referred to psychiatric offices. Sample subjects were reassessed for mania severity 30 days after completing the questionnaires and initial assessment. A researcher-made questionnaire, Clinical Global Impressions Scale for Bipolar Disorder, Young Mania Rating Scale, Emotional Auditory Verbal Learning Test, Daneman & Carpenter Working Memory Test, and the Sensitive to Reward and Sensitive to Punishment Scale were used to assess individuals. Data were analyzed using structural equation modeling and Smartpls-3 software.
Results: The results show that mania-related memory bias has no significant effect on recovery from the disorder but has a positive and significant effect on reward sensitivity. Also, working memory does not have a significant effect on reward sensitivity, but it has a significant and positive effect on recovery from the disorder. Reward sensitivity under the influence of mania-related memory bias has a significant and negative effect on recovery from the disorder.
Conclusion: Strategies for reducing reward sensitivity and increasing working memory can be used to recovery from bipolar I disorder.
Keywords: reward sensitivity, mania-related memory bias, working memory, type 1 bipolar disorder

References:

1. Association, A.P., American psychiatric association. 2019.

2. Grande, I., Berk, M., Birmaher, B., Vieta, E., Bipolar disorder. The Lancet. 2016;387(10027):1561-72.

3. Escamilla, M.A., Zavala, J.M., Genetics of bipolar disorder. Dialogues in clinical neuroscience. 2008;10(2):141.

4. Merikangas K.R, Jin R, He J-P, Kessler RC, Lee S, Sampson, NA., et al. Prevalence and correlates of bipolar spectrum disorder in the world mental health survey initiative. Archives of general psychiatry. 2011;68(3):241-51.

5. Perlis, R.H., Ostacher, M.J., Patel, J.K., Marangell, L.B., Zhang, H., Wisniewski, S.R., et al. Predictors of recurrence in bipolar disorder: primary outcomes from the Systematic Treatment Enhancement Program for Bipolar Disorder (STEP-BD). American Journal of Psychiatry. 2006;163(2):217-24.

6. Meyer, T.D., Hautzinger, M., Bauer, I.E., A mania-related memory bias is associated with risk for relapse in bipolar disorder. Journal of affective disorders. 2018;235:557-64.

7. King, M.J., MacDougall, A.G., Ferris, S., Herdman, K.A., Bielak, T., Smith, J.R., et al. Impaired episodic memory for events encoded during mania in patients with bipolar disorder. Psychiatry research. 2013;205(3):213-9.

8. Delgado, V.B., Chaves, M.L., Mood congruence phenomenon in acutely symptomatic mania bipolar I disorder patients with and without psychotic symptoms. Cognitive neuropsychiatry. 2013;18(6):477-90.

9. García-Blanco, A.C., Perea, M., Livianos, L., Mood-congruent bias and attention shifts in the different episodes of bipolar disorder. Cognition & emotion. 2013;27(6):1114-21.

10. Lyon, H.M., Startup, M., Bentall, R.P. Social cognition and the manic defense: attributions, selective attention, and self-schema in bipolar affective disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 1999;108(2):273.

11. Latalova, K., Prasko, J., Diveky, T., Velartova, H. Cognitive impairment in bipolar disorder. Biomedical Papers of the Medical Faculty of Palacky University in Olomouc. 2011;155(1).

12. Pomarol-Clotet, E., Alonso-Lana, S., Moro, N., Sarro, S., Bonnin, M.C., Goikolea, J.M., et al. Brain functional changes across the different phases of bipolar disorder. The British Journal of Psychiatry. 2015;206(2):136-44.

13. Goldman-Rakic, P.S. Regional and cellular fractionation of working memory. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 1996;93(24):13473-80.

14. Jha, A., Joshi, D., Kattel, P., Koirala, P. Working Memory Impairment in Euthymic State of Bipolar Disorder. Journal of Psychiatrists' Association of Nepal. 2019;8(1):50-4.

15. Sweeney, J.A., Kmiec, J.A., Kupfer, D.J. Neuropsychologic impairments in bipolar and unipolar mood disorders on the CANTAB neurocognitive battery. Biological psychiatry. 2000;48(7):674-84.

16. Murphy, F., Sahakian, B., Rubinsztein, J., Michael, A., Rogers, R., Robbins, T., et al. Emotional bias and inhibitory control processes in mania and depression. Psychological medicine. 1999;29(6):1307-21.

17. Larson, E.R., Shear, P.K., Krikorian, R., Welge, J., Strakowski, S.M. Working memory and inhibitory control among manic and euthymic patients with bipolar disorder. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society. 2005;11(2):163-72.

18. Salavert, J., Caseras, X., Torrubia, R., Ramírez, N., Del Moral, E., Arranz, B., et al. Behavioral activation and inhibition systems in bipolar i euthymic patients and its influence in subsequent episodes. European Psychiatry. 2007;22(S1):S258-S.

19. Depue, R.A., Iacono, W.G. Neurobehavioral aspects of affective disorders. Annual review of psychology. 1989;40(1):457-92.

20. Johnson, S.L., Edge, M.D., Holmes, M.K., Carver, C.S. The behavioral activation system and mania. Annual review of clinical psychology. 2012;8:243-67.

21. Alloy, L.B., Nusslock, R., Boland, E.M. The development and course of bipolar spectrum disorders: An integrated reward and circadian rhythm dysregulation model. Annual review of clinical psychology. 2015;11:213-50.

22. Swann, A.C., Lijffijt, M., Lane, S.D., Steinberg, J.L., Moeller, F.G. Severity of bipolar disorder is associated with impairment of response inhibition. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2009;116(1-2):30-6.

23. Pizzagalli, D.A., Goetz, E., Ostacher, M., Iosifescu, D.V., Perlis, R.H. Euthymic patients with bipolar disorder show decreased reward learning in a probabilistic reward task. Biological psychiatry. 2008;64(2):162-8.

24. Johnson, S.L., Swerdlow, B.A., Treadway, M., Tharp, J.A., Carver, C.S. Willingness to expend effort toward reward and extreme ambitions in bipolar I disorder. Clinical Psychological Science. 2017;5(6):943-51.

25. Edge, M.D., Johnson, S.L., Ng, T., Carver, C.S. Iowa gambling task performance in euthymic bipolar I disorder: A meta-analysis and empirical study. Journal of affective disorders. 2013;150(1):115-22.

26. Murphy, F.C., Rubinsztein, J.S., Michael, A., Rogers, R.D., Robbins, T.W., Paykel, E.S., et al. Decision-making cognition in mania and depression. Psychological medicine. 2001;31(4):679-93.

27. Miller, K. Bipolar disorder: Etiology, diagnosis, and management. Journal of the American Academy of Nurse Practitioners. 2006;18(8):368-73.

28. Kline, R.B. Principles and practice of structural equation modeling: Guilford publications; 2015.

29. Spearing, M.K., Post, R.M., Leverich, G.S., Brandt, D., Nolen, W. Modification of the Clinical Global Impressions (CGI) Scale for use in bipolar illness (BP): the CGI-BP. Psychiatry research. 1997;73(3):159-71.

30. Young RC, Biggs JT, Ziegler VE, Meyer DA. A rating scale for mania: reliability, validity and sensitivity. The British journal of psychiatry. 1978;133(5):429-35.

31. Ebrahimi, A., Neshatdoost, H.T., Mousavi, S.G., Asadollahi, G.A., Nasiri, H. Controlled randomized clinical trial of spirituality integrated psychotherapy, cognitive-behavioral therapy and medication intervention on depressive symptoms and dysfunctional attitudes in patients with dysthymic disorder. Advanced biomedical research. 2013;2.

32. Lex, C., Hautzinger, M., Meyer, T.D. Cognitive styles in hypomanic episodes of bipolar I disorder. Bipolar Disorders. 2011;13(4):355-64.

33. Lex, C., Meyer, T.D. Is there evidence for an emotion-related bias in verbal learning or memory in individuals putatively high at risk for mania? Psychiatry research. 2013;210(3):891-5.

34. Daneman, M., Carpenter, P.A. Individual differences in working memory and reading. Journal of verbal learning and verbal behavior. 1980;19(4):450-66.

35. Riding, R.J., Dahraei, H., Grimley, M., Banner, G. Working memory, cognitive style and academic attainment. Progress in education. 2001;5:1-19.

36. Torrubia, R., Avila, C., Moltó, J., Caseras, X. The Sensitivity to Punishment and Sensitivity to Reward Questionnaire (SPSRQ) as a measure of Gray's anxiety and impulsivity dimensions. Personality and individual differences. 2001;31(6):837-62.

37. Liu, R.T., Burke, T.A., Abramson, L.Y., Alloy, L.B. The behavioral approach system (BAS) model of vulnerability to bipolar disorder: Evidence of a continuum in BAS sensitivity across adolescence. Journal of abnormal child psychology. 2018;46(6):1333-49.

38. Hair, J.F., Ringle, C.M., Gudergan, S.P., Fischer, A., Nitzl, C., Menictas, C. Partial least squares structural equation modeling-based discrete choice modeling: an illustration in modeling retailer choice. Business Research. 2019;12(1):115-42.

39. Formal, C., Larker, D.F. Evaluating structural equations models with unobservable variables and measurement error. 1981.

40. Henseler, J., Hubona, G., Ray, P.A. Using PLS path modeling in new technology research: updated guidelines. Industrial management & data systems. 2016.

41. Hu, L.t., Bentler, P.M. Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural equation modeling: a multidisciplinary journal. 1999;6(1):1-55.

42. Levy, B., Medina, A.M., Manove, E., Weiss, R.D. The characteristics of a discrete mood episode, neuro-cognitive impairment and re-hospitalization in bipolar disorder. Journal of psychiatric research. 2011;45(8):1048-54.

43. Torres, I.J., DeFreitas, V.G., DeFreitas, C.M., Kauer-Sant, M., Bond, D.J., Honer, W.G., et al. Neurocognitive functioning in patients with bipolar I disorder recently recovered from a first manic episode. The Journal of clinical psychiatry. 2010;71(9):0-.

44. Baddeley, A. Working memory and emotion: Ruminations on a theory of depression. Review of General Psychology. 2013;17(1):20-7.

45. LeDoux, J.E. Emotion circuits in the brain. Annual review of neuroscience. 2000;23(1):155-84.

46. Schweizer. S,, Satpute, A.B., Atzil, S., Field, A.P., Hitchcock, C., Black, M., et al. The impact of affective information on working memory: A pair of meta-analytic reviews of behavioral and neuroimaging evidence. Psychological Bulletin. 2019;145(6):566.

47. Soraggi-Frez, C., Santos, F.H., Albuquerque, P.B., Malloy-Diniz, L.F. Disentangling working memory functioning in mood states of bipolar disorder: A systematic review. Frontiers in psychology. 2017;8:574.

48. Oscar-Berman, M. Clinical and experimental approaches to varieties of memory. International journal of neuroscience. 1991;58(3-4):135-50.

49. Oh DH, Lee S., Kim, SH., Ryu, V., Cho, H-S. Low working memory capacity in euthymic bipolar I disorder: No relation to reappraisal on emotion regulation. Journal of affective disorders. 2019;252:174-81.

50. Meyer, B., Johnson, S.L., Winters, R. Responsiveness to threat and incentive in bipolar disorder: Relations of the BIS/BAS scales with symptoms. Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment. 2001;23(3):133-43.

51. Lozano, B.E., Johnson, S.L. Can personality traits predict increases in manic and depressive symptoms? Journal of affective disorders. 2001;63(1-3):103-11.

52. Scott, J., Stanton, B., Garland, A., Ferrier, I. Cognitive vulnerability in patients with bipolar disorder. Psychological medicine. 2000;30(2):467-72.

53. Segal, Z.V., Kennedy, S., Gemar, M., Hood, K., Pedersen, R., Buis, T. Cognitive reactivity to sad mood provocation and the prediction of depressive relapse. Archives of general psychiatry. 2006;63(7):749-55.

54. Gray, J.A., Van Goozen, S., Van de Poll, N.E., Sergeant, J. Framework for a taxonomy of psychiatric disorder. Emotions: Essays on emotion theory. 1994;12:29-59.

55. Nusslock, R., Young, C.B., Damme, K.S. Elevated reward-related neural activation as a unique biological marker of bipolar disorder: assessment and treatment implications. Behaviour research and therapy. 2014;62:74-87.

56. Mason, L., O'Sullivan, N., Blackburn, M., Bentall, R., El-Deredy, W. I want it now! Neural correlates of hypersensitivity to immediate reward in hypomania. Biological psychiatry. 2012;71(6):530-7.

57. Fulford, D., Johnson, S.L., Llabre, M.M., Carver, C.S. Pushing and coasting in dynamic goal pursuit: Coasting is attenuated in bipolar disorder. Psychological Science. 2010;21(7):1021-7.

58. Alloy, L.B., Bender, R.E., Whitehouse, W.G., Wagner, C.A., Liu, R.T., Grant, D.A., et al. High Behavioral Approach System (BAS) sensitivity, reward responsiveness, and goal-striving predict first onset of bipolar spectrum disorders: a prospective behavioral high-risk design. Journal of abnormal psychology. 2012;121(2):339.

59. Carver, C.S. Negative affects deriving from the behavioral approach system. Emotion. 2004;4(1):3.

60. Harmon-Jones, E., Sigelman, J. State anger and prefrontal brain activity: evidence that insult-related relative left-prefrontal activation is associated with experienced anger and aggression. Journal of personality and social psychology. 2001;80(5):797.