Comparing Identity Styles, Defense Styles and Emotional Schemas between Normal People and People with Allergy Disease

Subject Areas : Psychological Models and Methods

Armineh Nowzari ¹ , Ghasem naziri ²

1 - Department of psychology, Shiraz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran.
2 - Department of Psychology, Shiraz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran.

Received: 2020-11-21 Accepted : 2021-10-12 Published : 2021-07-23

Keywords: Identity-Styles, Defense-styles, Emotional-Schemas, Allergy,

Abstract :

This study aimed to compare Identity Styles, Defense Styles and Emotional Schemas between normal people and people with skin allergy, respiratory allergy and food allergy. The framework of this research was casual comparative descriptive-cross-sectional research method. The population in this study included normal people and people with skin allergy, respiratory allergy and food allergy who referred to allergy clinics in Shiraz and 135 persons (45 normal individuals, 30 individuals with skin allergy, 30 individuals with respiratory allergy and 30 individuals with food allergy) were selected by purposeful sampling method and used Leahy Berzonsky Identity Styles questionnaire (ISI), Andrews Defense Styles questionnaire (DSQ-40) and Emotional Schemas questionnaire (LESS). In order to describe the data, multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was used. The data analysis showed that normal people and people with allergy disease are significantly different in informational style, normative style and avoidance style, immature style and neurotic style, rumination, self-awareness, seeking conformation, comprehensible-emotions, blame, trying to be rational and acceptance. In order to explain the result of this study it could be concluded that identity style and defense style and emotional-schemas play influential role in allergies.

References:

1.       Levenson JL. Essentials of Psychosomatic Medicine. 1st ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing; 2006.

2.       Keshvari, S., Shirkani, A., Tahmasebi, R., Omrani, AM. & Farrokhi, Sh. (2015). Association Between Allergic Diseases and Food Allergens Based on Skin Prick Test in Bushehr Province. Iranian South Medical Journal. 20(1): 46-56.

3.       He, S. H.; Zhang, H. Y.; Zeng, X. N.; Chen, D. and Yang, P. C. (2013). Mast cells and basophils are essential for allergies: mechanisms of allergic inflammation and a proposed procedure for diagnosis. Acta Pharmacologica Sinica. 34, 1270-1283.

4.  Asarzadegan, Mohammad Ali and Shakornia, Abdolhossein (1391). Frequency of food allergies in students studying at Ahvaz University of Medical Sciences and Shahid Chamran based on a questionnaire. Gentashapir Scientific-Research Quarterly. 3 (1): 256-248.

5.       fouladseresht Hamed; Safiri, Saeed; Moghaddasi Amiri, Mohammad; Razeghi, Mohammad Sadegh and Bazargan, Nasrin (1393). Prevalence of food and inhaled allergens in patients with allergies in Kerman. Journal of Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences. 18 (4): 241-234.

6.       Rajkani, J., Solarikova, P. and Brezina, I. (2018). Allergy and high trait anxiety are related to increases in heart rate variability: results of naturalistic long-term design study. European Annals of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 5:37.

7.       Majidi, Nahid; Danesh, Esmat and Mashhadi Farahani, Malekeh (2015), The relationship between anxiety, coping strategies with stress and quality of life with the severity of asthma, International Conference on Psychology and Culture of Life. Istanbul, Mobin Cultural Ambassadors Institute.

8.       Salimi Turkmani, Maryam, Birshak, Behrooz, Gharaei, Banafsheh, Naghshin, Roozbeh and Firoozi, Sepideh (2012). The relationship between coping strategies and disease severity, depression, anxiety and quality of life in patients with asthma, 4th International Psychosomatic Congress.

9.       Darskhan, M., Vaziri, S. Discriminant analysis of rumination, pathological anxiety and cognitive emotional regulation strategies based on positive and negative affectivity levels. Thoughts and Behavior in Clinical Psychology, 2016; 11(42): 47-56

10.   Abbasgholizadeh, Mona, Khosravi, Zohreh and Ameri, Farideh (1393). Comparison of early maladaptive schemas and their parental roots and coping styles in people with type 1 diabetes and people with psoriasis and healthy people. Journal of Clinical Psychology Studies Special Program. 15 (18): 23-74.

11.   Sobhani Shahmirzadi, M., Mirzaeian, B. & Mansoori, M. (2013). Comparison of attachment styles and coping strategies in irritable bowel syndrome and healthy female students. Journal of Gorgan University of Medical Sciences. 15(2): 54-59.

12.   Mahmoud Alilou, M., Khanjani, Z. & Bayat, A. (2016). Comparing the Coping Strategies and Emotion Regulation of Students with Symptoms of Anxiety-Related Emotional Disorders and Normal Group. Quarterly Journal of Child Mental Health. 3(1): 41-51.

13.   Wiebe, S.A, Johnson, S.M. (2016). A review of the research in emotionally focused therapy for couples. Family Process, 55(3): 390-407.

14.   Batmaz, Sedat; Ulusoy Kaymak, Semra; Kocbiyik, Sibel and Turkcapar, Mehmet Hakan. (2014).  Metacognitions and Emotional Schemas: A new cognitive perspective for the distinction between unipolar and bipolar Depression. Comprehensive psychiatry. 55(7): 1546-1555.

15.   Suh, J.W., Lee, H.J., Yoo, N., Min, H., Seo, D.G., & Choi, K.H. (2019). A brief version of the Leahy emotional schema scale: A validation study. International Journal of Cognitive Therapy, 12(1): 38-54.

16.   Erfan, A., Noorbala, A. A., Afshar, H. and Adibi, P. (2017).  Emotional Schemas of Patients with Irritable Bowel Syndrome and their Relationship to psychological Symptoms. International Journal of Body,Mind & Culture.36 (1): 36-45.

17.   Mohebi, M. D., Ayubi, E., Azmoodeh, A., & Sargolzaie, N. (2018). The relationship between identity styles and addiction vulnerability: A cross-sectional study among medical students in Zahedan, South Eastern Iran. Psychiatry Research, 268, 184–188.

18.   Bosch, L. A., & Card, N. A. (2012). A meta-analytic review of Berzonsky’s Identity Style Inventory (ISI). Journal of Adolescence, 35(2), 333–343.

19.   Ganji, Mehdi. (2014). Psychopathology DSM-5. Tehran: Savalan.

20.   Corey, Gerald, (2017). Theory and application of counseling and psychotherapy. Translation: Yahya Seyed Mohammadi. (Ninth edition). Arasbaran Publications, Tehran.

21.   Carvalho L. F, Reis A. M, Pianowski G. (2019). Investigating Correlations Between Defense Mechanisms and Pathological Personality Characteristics. Revista Colombiana de Psiquiatria (English ed.). 48 (4): 232-243.

22.   Mohammad Khani, Shahram; Soleimani, Hamideh and Seyed Ali Naghi, Seyed Ahmad (4), The Role of Emotional Schemas in the Resilience of "People with HIV", Journal of Knowledge and Health, 1 (2): 1-4. https://www.sid.ir/fa/journal/ViewPaper.aspx?id=234461

23.   Khanzadeh, Mustafa; Idrisi, Forough; Mohammad Khani, Shahram and Saeidian, Mohsen (4). Investigating the factor structure and psychometric properties of the Emotional Schemas Scale on students. Quarterly Journal of Clinical Psychology, 4 (2): 1-4.

24.   Ghazanfari A. A Study of the Reliability and validity of Identity Styles Questionnaire (ISI-6G). Stud. Psych. 2004; 5 (1): 81-94.

25.   Ameri F, Bayat B, Khosravi Z. (2014). Comparison of Early Maladaptive Schemas and Defense Styles in Asthmatic, Alexithymic and Normal Subjects. Practice in Clinical Psychology. 2 (1): 51-57.

26.   Yilmaz N, Gençöz T, Ak M. [Psychometric properties of the defense style questionnaire: a reliability and validity study]. Turk Psikiyatri Dergisi = Turkish Journal of Psychiatry. 2007 ;18(3):244-253. PMID: 17853979.

27.   Heidari Nasab, Leila and Sha'iri, Mohammad Reza (2011). Factor construction of Defense Styles Questionnaire (DSQ-40) in Iranian non-clinical samples. New Psychological Research (University of Tabriz). 6 (21): 77-97.

28.   Soenens, B., Duriez, B. And Goossens, L.. (2005)Social-psychological profiles of Identity Styles: Attitudinal and social-cognitive correlates on late adolescence. Journal of Adolescence. 28(1): 107-125.

29.   Berzonsky, M. D Identity Style and Well-Bing: does commitment matter? (2003). Identity: An International Journal of Theory and Research. 3(2): 131-142.

30.   Afshari, Ali and Rezaei. Rasoul (1397). Predicting feelings of social isolation based on emotional schemas, identity styles and early maladaptive schemas in students. Knowledge and research in applied psychology. 19 (1): 61-69.

31.   Kerpelman, J. L., Pittman, J. F., Saint-Eloi Cadely, H., Tuggle, F. J., Harrell-Levy, M. K., & Adler-Baeder, F. M. (2012). Identity and intimacy during adolescence: connections among identity styles, romantic attachment and identity commitment. Journal of adolescence, 35(6), 1427–1439.

32.   Brad, B. (2004). Psychological Defense Mechanisms: a new perspective. American Journal of Psychoanalysis. 64(1): 1-26.