The casual relationship of differentiation, meaningful life, and forgiveness with marital disaffection by mediating role of marital conflict and marital satisfaction
Subject Areas : Tectonostratigraphykobra kazemianmoghadam 1 , mahnaz mehrabi zadeh honarmand 2 , alireza kiamanesh 3 , سیمین حسینیان 4
1 - Department of Counseling, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
2 - Professor Department of Psychology Shahid Chamran University, Ahvaz, Iran. ( Correspondent Author)
3 - professor of Humanistic and social Sciences Faculty, Azad University, Science and Research Branch
4 - استاد گروه مشاوره، دانشگاه الزهرا، تهران، ایران.
Keywords: forgiveness, Differentiation of Self, meaningful life, Marital Disaffection, Marital Conflict.,
Abstract :
The purpose of this study was to examine the casual relationship of differentiation, , meaningful life and forgiveness with marital disaffection by mediating role of marital conflict and marital satisfaction in the students .The population of the study includes all the married female students of Islamic Azad University Dezful Branch from among them, a sample of 256 were selected by using the random sampling method of proportionate stratified. Kayser’s Marital Disaffection Scale, Skowron’s revised Differentiation of Self Questionnaire, a valuable indicator of Batista and Almond , Rye’s Forgiveness Questionnaire and Sanai’s revised Marital Conflicts Questionnaire and Four Enrich Couple Scales were used to measure the variables. Evaluation of the proposed model was made by path analysis and to examine the indirect relationships bootstrapping method (Amos software) was used. The results showed that all coefficients, the path coefficients between the variables except the direct path of differentiation with marital disaffection, were statistically meaningful. On the other side, the results revealed that the indirect relationship of differentiation, meaningful life and forgiveness with marital disaffection also was meaningful through marital conflict and marital satisfaction. It seems that marital disaffection is a complex phenomenon which is influenced by various factors such as, meaningful life, forgiveness, martial conflict and marital satisfaction.
-Asgari, P., & Roshani, KH. (2013). Validation of Forgiveness Scale and a survey on the relationship of forgiveness and students mental health. International Journal of Psychology and Behavioral Research. 2 (2)‚ 109-115
-Ariamanesh, S., Fallahchai, R., & Zarei, E. (2013). Compare differentiation between couples, couples with marital conflict satisfaction in Bandar Abbas. Journal of Counseling and Clinical Psychology, 3(1),81-89.
- Asodeh, M H., Khalili, SH., Lavasanei, M., & Daneshpur, M. (2010). Translation couple Enrich Inventory questionnaire. Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences of Tehran University.
- Amini, M., Amini, Y., Hoseinian, S. (2012). The effectiveness of a couple's communication skills using interactive communications approach (TA) to reduce marital conflict. Journal of Counseling and Psychotherapy family, 3(3).
-Askari Far, H. (2001). The role of mental health in marriage, divorce. Tehran: goftehgo.
-Backus, L. N. (2009). Establishing links between desecration, forgiveness and marital quality during pregnancy. Dissertation for Master of Arts, Graduate College of Bowling Green State University.
-Barry, R. A., Lawrence, E., & Langer, A. (2008). Conceptualization and assessment of disengagement in romantic relationships. Pers Relatsh, 15 (3), 297–315.
-Batista, J., & Almond, R. (1973). The Development of Meaning in life. Psychiatry, 36, 409-427.
-Biadsy-Ashkar, A., & Peleg, O. (2013). The relationship between differentiation of self and satisfaction with life amongst Israeli women: A cross cultural perspective. Health, 5 (9), 1467-1477.
-Birditt, K. S., Brown, E., Orbuch, T. L., & McIlvane, J. M. (2010). Marital conflict behaviors and implications for divorce over 16 years. Journal of Marriage and Family, 72 (5), 1188-1204.
-Braithwaite, S. R., Selby, E. A., & Fincham, F. D. (2011). Forgiveness and relationship satisfaction: Mediating mechanisms. Journal of Family Psychology, 25 (4), 551-559.
- Bakhshe Pour, B., Asadi, M., Keyani, S., Shiralipour, A., Ahmad Dost, H. (2012). The relationship between family functioning and marital conflict couples on the verge of divorce. Journal of Research in Applied Psychology, 13(48), 10-33.
-Belyad, M., Nahidpour, F., & Azadi, SH. (2016). The Role of Mediation differentiation in the relationship between depression and marital satisfaction. Journal of Psychological Methods and Models. 8(27), 109-126.
-Clinton, T., & Trent, J. (2009). The quick-reference guide to marriage & family counseling. Michigan: Baker Books.
-Debats, D. L. (1998) “The Life Regard Index: Reliability and Validity”, Psychological Report, 67, 27-34.
-Durham-Fowler, J. N. (2010). Therapeutic assessment with couples. A dissertation for the degree of doctor of philosophy, University of Texas at Austin
- Davis, K. (1941). Family: A Guide to concepts and texts for expert assistance. Translated by Farshad Bahari, Sahmoradi & Neazam Hashemi (2003). Tehran: tazkeyeh.
- Daghagheleh, F., Asgari, P., & Heidari, A. (2012). Relationship forgiveness, love, intimacy and marital satisfaction. New findings in the Journal of Psychology, 7(24), 57-69.
- Dehgan Manshadi, M., Zarei, A., Asgari, M., Naziri, GH. (2017). Effectiveness of therapeutic metaphor and Forgiveness therapy on the compatibility of women after divorce. Journal of Psychological Methods and Models. 8(27), 29-48.
-Eshgei, A. (2015). Examine the relationship between psychological hardiness, their differentiation with marital boredom of married women teachers of elementary schools in Nishapur. Bojnoord University psychology master's thesis.
-Fincham F. D., Beach S. R., & Davila J. (2004). Forgiveness and conflict resolution in marriage. Journal of Family Psychology, 18 (1), 72-81.
-Flanagan, K. S., Vanden Hoek, K. K., Ranter, J. M., & Reich, H. A. (2012). The potential of forgiveness as a response for coping with negative peer experiences. Journal of Adolescence, 35, 1215-1223.
- Farahmand, A., (2015). The relationship between personality characteristics and differentiation with marital conflict married covered by Imam Khomeini Relief Committee Dehdast city.
-Fakhar, F., Navabinejad, GH. & Foroghan, M. (2008). The effect of counseling and therapy approach on mental health of older women. Iranian Journal of Aging, 7, 67-57.
-Gabelman, E. (2012). The effects of locus of control and differentiation of self on relationship satisfaction. Department of Human Development and Family Science, 1-20.
-Greene, G. J., & Mabee, T. F. (1993). Differentiation of self and marital adjustment of clinical and nonclinical spouses. Journal of Couples Therapy, 3 (3), 133-144.
-Ghafuri, S., Mashhadi, A., & Hassanabadi, H. (2013). Effectiveness of psychotherapy, spiritual relief based on increasing marital satisfaction and reduce conflicts between couples in Mashhad. Journal of Mental Health, 15(1), 406-418.
-Ghaffari, F., Rafeei, H., & Sanaei Zaker, B. (2011). Effectiveness of Family Training Bowen systems theory using the differentiation and function of families with addicted children. Journal of Family Research. 6(22), 227-239.
- Goldenberg, H., & Goldenberg, A. (2008). Family therapy. , translated by Hamid Reza Hussein Shahi baravati, Siamak Naghshbandi & Elham Arjmandi, (2013). Tehran: Ravan.
- Govahei Jahan, F. (2008). The relationship between meaning in life and marital satisfaction. Journal of Psychology and Educational Sciences, 49-69.
- Hamadi, R., Khosravi, Z., Peyvastehgar, M. Drvyzeh, Z. Khodabakhsh, R. & Sarami, GH. (2011). Reviews and quality differentiation with respect to unmarried heterosexual students. Journal of Psychological Studies, 8(4), 57-71.
-Hakimei Teharani, L., Fatehizadeh, M., Bagheban, I. (2012). The effectiveness of emotional safety training on marital conflict Isfahan married. Journal of Psychological Studies, female, 10(30), 103-124.
-Kayser, k. (1996). The marital disaffection scale: An inventory for assessing motional estrangement in marriage. The American Journal of Family Therapy, 24, 83-88.
-Kayser, K. (1993). When love dies: The process of marital disaffection. New York: Guilford.
-Kaslow, F. (dec, 1999). Long term marriagein Sweden and some comparisions with similar couples in the united state. New York: Guilford.
-Kim, T-H., Lee, S.M. Yu, K., Le, S.k., and Puig, A. (2005). Hope and the meaning of life as influences on Korean adolescents resilience: Implications for counselor. Asia Pacific Education Review,No.2, Vol 6, 143-152.
-Kurdek, L. A. (1995). Predicting change in marital satisfaction from husbands’ and wives’ conflict resolution styles. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 57 (1), 153-164.
-Liceaga, M. D. (2013). “You stay, no matter how bad”: Women voice the trajectory of marital disaffection. A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of San Diego State University. In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts in Communication.
-Likcani, A. (2013). Differentiation and intimate partner violence. Dissertation for Doctor of Philosophy, College of Human Ecology, Kansas State University.
-McCullough, M. E., Rachal, K. C., Sandage, S. J., Worthington, E. L. Jr., Brown, S. W., & Hight, T. L. (1998). Interpersonal forgiving on close relationships: II. Theoretical elaboration and measurement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75 (6), 586- 1603.
- Mahmoudimehr, M., & Navabinejad, GH. (2010). the effect of couple therapy Bowen's approach on differentiation couples. Journal of Consuling Research, 1(39), 7-18.
- Mohsenzadeh, F., Nazarei, A., & Arefei, M. (2011). Qualitative study of marital dissatisfaction and divorce action (Case Study of Kermanshah). Journal of Strategic Studies Women, 14(53), 7-42.
- Najafloei, F. (2006). The role differentiation in In marriage. Journal of New Thoughts on Education, 2(34), 27-37.
- Nasiri, H., & Jokar, B. (2008). Meaning in life expectancy, life satisfaction and mental health in women. Journal Research for Women, 6(2), 157-176.
-Oladei, Z. (2011). The effectiveness of group therapy based on reality therapy to reduce boredom and increase marital satisfaction of married women. Family Counseling master's thesis. Faculty of Education and Psychology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad.
-Patrick, S., Sells, J. N., Giordano, F. G., & Tollerud, T. R. (2007). Intimacy, differentiation, and personality variables as predictors of marital satisfaction. The Family Journal, 15, 359-367.
-Philpot, C. (2006). Intergroup apologies and forgiveness. Unpublished dissertation for the degree of doctor of philosophy, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
-Pines, A.M., & Neal, M.B., & Hammer, L.B. )2011(. Job burnout and couple burnout in dual- earner couples in the sandwiched generation. Social psychology Quartery,74, 361-368.
-Robinson, B. E., Flowers, C., & Ng, K-N. (2006). The relationship between workaholism and marital disaffection: Husbands' perspective. The Family Journal, 14, 213-220.
-Rye, M. S., Loiacono, D. M., Folck, C. D., Olszewski, B. T., Heim, T. A., & Madia, B. P. (2001). Evaluation of the psychometric properties of two forgiveness scales. Journal of Current Psychology, 20 (3), 260-277.
-Rahmatullahei, F., Fatehizadeh. M., & Ahmadi, A. (2006). Pathology marriage. New Journal of Psychotherapy, 11(44), 8-26.
- Rajabi, S., Alimoradi, KH., Moradi, N. (2017). The structural relationship between spiritual well-being and marital satisfaction with the mediating role of emotional intelligence and its differentiation. Journal of Psychological Methods and Models. 8(28), 19-48.
-Rezaei, Z. (2012). Investigate the relationship between emotion and psychological integrity of differentiation with happiness and quality of life of women teachers in Mashhad. Master's Thesis Psychology, Faculty of Education and Psychology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad.
-Schenell, T. & Becker, P. (2006). “Personality and Meaning in life”, Personality and Individual Differences,41, 1, 117- 129.
-Skinner, E. A., & Zimmer-Gembeck, M. J. (2007). The development of coping. Annual Review of Psychology, 58, 119–144.
-Skowron, E., & Friedlander, M. L. (1998). The differentiation of Self Inventory: Development and initial validation. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 45, 235-246.
-Skowron, E. A., & Schmitt, A. T. (2003). Assessing interpersonal fusion: Reliability and validity of a new DSI fusion with others subscale. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 29, 209-222.
-Skowron, E. A., & Dendy, A. K. (2004). Differentiation of self and attachment in adulthood. Journal of Contemporary Family Therapy, 26 (3), 337-357.
-Snyder C. R., & Feldman, D. B. (2005). Hope and the meaningful life: Theoretical and empirical associations between goal-directed thinking and life meaning”, Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology , 14, 44- 67.
- Sanaei Zaker, B., Alagheband, S., Falahatei, SH., & Hooman, A. (2008). Measures of family and marriage. Tehran: beasat.
- Sadati, A. (2014). The causal relationship Differentiation, neuroticism and marital boredom relief with marital conflict through mediation Estahban male teachers in schools. Thesis for the degree of Master Clinical Psychology. Chamran martyr of Ahwaz University.
- Sadati, S., Mehrabeizadeh Honarmand, M., & Sodani, M. (2014). Validity, reliability and factor analysis Kaiser scale marital boredom. First National Congress of Family Psychology, Ahvaz.
-Tse, W. S., & Yip, T. H. J. (2009). Relationship among dispositional forgiveness of others, interpersonal adjustment and psychological well-being. Personality and Individual Differences, 46 (3), 365-368.
-Tabrizi, M. (2004). To assess the effectiveness combined-therapy group and bibliography Beck couples group therapy in reducing the area of marital dissatisfaction. PhD thesis advice.
- Taghpour Javan, A., Hassan Ntajjludari, F., Yarmohammadian, A.(2012). The relationship between forgiveness, marital conflict and mental health of married students. Proceedings of the Sixth Seminar mental health of students, University of Guilan.
-Talebi, M., & Ghobaeri banab, B. (2013). The relationship between differentiation of self, emotional intelligence and marital satisfaction in consultation centers in Shahrood. Journal of Women and Family Studies, 5(18), 15-32.
-Valle, M. F., Huebner, S., & Suldo, S. M. (2006). An analysis of hope as a psychological strength. Journal of School Psychology, 24, 401-421.
-Yee Ho, M., Cheung, F. M., & ShoFai-Cheung, S. F. (2010). The role of meaning in life and optimism in promoting well-being. Personality and Individual Differences, 48(5), 658-663.
-Yousefi, N. (2012). Evaluate the psychometric properties of self-differentiation scale. Journal of Counseling and Psychotherapy family, 1(1).
-Yousefi, N., & Kayani, M. (2012). the effect Gestalt therapy and therapy means to reduce the desire to divorce men seeking advice. Journal of Counseling and Psychotherapy family, 1, 150-158.
-Zare, H., Ghobaeri banab, B., Shams., A & Sadegh Khani, A. (2012). Relationship between attachment styles and forgiveness with their marital satisfaction. Journal of Counseling and Psychotherapy family, 3(8), 22-43.
-Zandipour, T., & Yadegari, H. (2011). Relationship forgiveness and life satisfaction in women who married non-native students of Tehran University. Journal of Social Psychological Studies, female, 5(3), 109-122.
-Zehtab Najafi, A., Drvyzeh, Z., & Peyvasteh gar, M. (2011). The relationship between forgiveness and marital satisfaction Kermanshah. Journal of Women and Culture, 2(8), 23-33.
-Zandipour, T., Azadi, SH., & Nahed Pour, F. (2011). Investigate the relationship between personality traits, forgiveness and mental health of couples referred to health centers in Gachsaran. Journal of Sociology, Women, 2(2), 1-18.
_||_