Designing a systematic model of factors affecting learning transfer to workplace (A model for improving the productivity of organizational trainings)
Subject Areas : Business ManagementSiroos Ghanbari 1 , Khalil Zandi 2
1 - Associate Professor, Department of Educational Sciences, University of Bu-Ali Sina, Hamedan, Iran
2 - Graduated Ph.D. in Educational Management at Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
Keywords: Organizational Factors, Personal Factors, extra-organizational factors, transfer of learning, training design factors,
Abstract :
The purpose of this research was designing a systematic model of factors affecting learning transfer to workplace in governmental organizations of Kurdistan province. Approach of research is mixed. In terms of purpose, research method is exploratory and it is developmental in terms of research user. Data collection and analysis methods, was comprised of three main sections. In the first section, factors, components and indicators of systematic model of learning transfer to workplace identified using grounded theory. The sampling method in this section was purposive sampling and data collection instrument was semi-structures interviews. In the second section, the importance of factors, components and indicators were assessed using survey research so that confirm or balanced the results of first section. In this section, the sampling method was based on a cluster random sampling and data collection tool was closed questionnaire. The third section, with the basis of Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), factors and components of the model, were ranked according expert views. In this section, the sampling method was purposive and data collection instrument was paired comparisons questionnaire.Proportionate to each section,used of different qualitative and quantitative methods and tools. The results of the research was achieve to a systematic model of factors affecting the transfer of learning, including four major factors, 38 axial components and 110sub-index.The main factors affecting the transfer of learning were personal, training design, organizational and extra-organizational factors. The most important personal factor was a motivation for learning; the most important training design factor was a quality of training needs assessment; the most important organizational factor was a supervisor support before training; and the most important extra-organizational factor was government supervision on quality of meritocracy.
Abbaspour, A., & Dehghani, A. (2012), Study of Comparative and Analytical Characteristics of Employee Training System (Case Study by IRIB and BBC). Journal of Public Administration, 4(10), 101-118, (In Persian).
Abili, Kh., Sobhaninezhad, M., & Youzbashi, A. (2012), Designing an Effectiveness Model for Educational Courses (Case Study: National Iranian Oil Company). Human Resource Management in The Oil Industry. (In Persian).
Afzalkhani, M., & Nejabat, S. (2014), Strategies to Increase In-service Terms of Teachers and Personnel in Semnan Education Organization. Journal of New Approach in Educational Management, 4(3), 83-98, (In Persian).
Akbary Booreng, M., & Pour, S. (2016), Determining The Effect of Human resource Management Procedures on Organizational Learning Capability with the Human Capital Mediation. Quarterly Journal of Productivity Management, 10(39), 191-215, (In Persian).
Al-Eisa, A. S., Furayyan, M. A., & Alhemoud, A. M. (2009), An Empirical Examination of the Effects of Self-Efficacy, Supervisor Support and Motivation to Learn on Transfer Intention. Management Decision, 42(8), 1221-1244.
Bhatti, M. A., Battour, M. M., Sundram, V. P. K., & Othman, A. A. (2013), Transfer of Training: Does It Truly Happen?. European Journal of Training and Development, 37(3), 273-297.
Brown, T. C., & McCracken, M. (2009), Building a Bridge of Understanding. Journal of European IndustrialTraining, 33(6), 492-512.
Changiz, T., Fakhari, M., & Athar, O. (2014), Kirkpatrick’s Model: A Design for Evaluating the Effectiveness of Short-Term and in-Service Training Programs. Iranian Journal of Medical Education, 13(12), 1058-1072, (In Persian).
Cheng, E. W. L., Sanders, K., & Hampson, I. (2015), An Intention-Based Model of Transfer of Taining. Management Research Review, 38(8), 908-928.
Choi, H. J., & Park, J. (2014), The Relationship between Learning Transfer Climates and Innovation in Public and Private Organizations in Korea. International Journal of Manpower, 35(7), 956-972.
Dabashi, F., Arizi, H. R., Noori, N., & Akrami, N. (2014), The Relationship between Need for Cognition, Training Self-Efficacy, LearningTraining Motivation and Training Transfer in Trainees of Entrepreneurship Center of University of Esfahan. Journal of Entrepreneurship Development, 7(1), 173-190, (In Persian).
Dadgarpanah, Zh., & Erfani khanaghahi, M. (2014), Predicting the Relationship between Learning Environmental Dimensions and Training Transfer in Tehran Milad Hospital and Model Offering. Journal of Hospital, 12(4), 63-71, (In Persian).
De Rijdt, C., Stes, A., van der Vleuten, C., & Dochy, F. (2013), Influencing Variables and Moderators of Transfer of Learning to the Workplace within the Area of Staff Development in Higher Education: Research review. Educational Research Review, 8, 48-74.
Dirani, K. (2012), Professional Training as a Strategy for Staff Development. European Journal of Training and Development, 36 (2/3), 158-178.
Esmaeili, A., Taheri, M., & Younesi, J. (2014), Facilitating the Transfer of Learning through Teacher’ Professionalism: Peer and Principal Support. Quarterly Journal of Training & Development of Human Resources, 1(1), 31-45, (In Persian).
Esmaelpour, R., Kashani, S. H., & nikookar, H. (2014), Sharing Knowledge: Analyzing Role of Effective Factors on It and Ranking Factors. Quarterly Journal of Productivity Management, 8(31), 51-74, (In Persian).
Farjad, Sh. (2012), The Evaluation Effectiveness of Training Courses in University by Kirkpatrick Model (Case Study: Islamshahr university). Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 46, 2837-2841.
Foroughi, A., Nadi, N., & Ibrahimpour, A. (2008), Effective Factors Involved in the Improvement of the O. J. T. Programs for the Staff Working at Khorasgan Islamic Azad University (kIAU). Research in curriculum planning, 1(19), 61-78, (In Persian).
Gegenfurtner, A., Veermans, K., & Vauras, M. (2013), Effects of Computer Support, Collaboration, and Time Lag on Performance Self-Efficacy and Transfer of Training: A Longitudinal Meta-Analysis. Educational Research Review, 8, 75-89.
Govaerts, N., & Dochy, F. (2014), Disentangling the Role of the Supervisor in Transfer of Training. Educational Research Review, (12): 77-93.
Huang, J. L., Blume, B. D., Ford, J. K., & Baldwin, T. T. (2015), A Tale of Two Transfers: Disentangling Maximum and Typical. J Bus Psychol, 30, 709-732.
Hurt, K. J. (2016), A Theoretical Model of Training and Its Transference: The Pivotal Role of Top Management Team Composition and Characteristics, HumanResource Development International, 19(1), 44-66.
Khalid, M. M., Abdul Rehman, C., & Ashraf, M. (2012), Exploring the Link between Kirkpatrick (KP) and Context, Input, Process and Product (CIPP) Training Evaluation Models and Its Effect on Training Evaluation in Public Organizations of Pakistan. African. Journal of Business Management, 6(1), 274-279.
Kontoghiorghes, C. (2014), A Systemic Perspective of Training Transfer. Springer International Publishing, 65-79.
Krishnamani, S., & Haider, Y. (2016), Transfer of Learning from Executive Education Programs in Developing Economies: The Key Role of Motivation. Development and Learning in Organizations: An International Journal, 30(1), 15-18.
Krompho, S., & Porrawatpreyakorn, N. (2013), Identifying Factors Influencing Hybrid Self-regulated and Collaborative Learning: Toward an End-User Training Framework. Springer International Publishing Switzerland,120-130.
Lancaster, S., Milia, L. D., & Cameron, R.(2013), Supervisor Behaviors That Facilitate Training Transfer. Journal of Workplace Learning, 25(1), 6-22.
Leach, M. P., & Liu, A. H. (2003), Investigating Interrelationships among Sales Training Evaluation Methods. Journal of Personal Selling & Sales Management, 23(4), 327-339.
Leimbach, M. (2010), Learning Transfer Model: A Research-Driven Approach to Enhancing Learning Effectiveness. Industrial and Commercial Training, 42(2), 81-86.
Mahdavi, Z., & Fayyaz, I. (2014), Identifying the Effective Factors in Effectiveness of the On-the-Job Training Courses for Presenting the Structural Model. Journal of Educational Psychology, 10(32), 115-137, (In Persian).
Mirkamali, S. M., Khabare, K., & Mazari, E. (2016), The Role of Human Resource Excellence Strategies on Staff Organizational Commitment (Case:Saipa Automotive Manufacturing Company). Quarterly Journal of Productivity Management, 10(36), 37-64, (In Persian).
Mohammed Turab, G., & Casimir, G. (2015), A Model of the Antecedents of Training Transfer. International Journal of Training Research, 13(1), 82-95.
Namian, M., Albert, A., Zuluaga, C., & Jaselskis, E. (2016), Improving Hazard-Recognition Performance and Safety Training Outcomes: Integrating Strategies for Training Transfer, J Constr. Eng. Manage, 1, 1-11.
Noorizan, M. M., Nur Fareeha Afzan, A. Z., Norfazlina, G., & Sharidatul Akma, A. S. (2016), The Moderating Effects of Motivation on Work Environment and Training Transfer: A Preliminary Analysis. Procedia Economics and Finance, 37, 158-163.
Park, J. H., & Wentling, T. (2007), Factors Associated with Transfer of Training in Workplace e-Learning. Journal of Workplace Learning, 19(5), 311-329.
Passmore, J., & Velez, M. (2012), SOAP-M: A Training Evaluation Model for HR. Industrial and Commercial Training,44(6), 315-325.
Quesada-Pallarès, C., & Gegenfurtner, A. (2015), Toward a Unified Model of Motivation for Training Transfer: A Phase Perspective. Z Erziehungswiss, 18, 107-121.
Renta-Davids, A., Jiménez-González, J. M., Fandos-Garrido, M., & González-Soto, A. P.(2014), Transfer of learning. European Journal of Training and Development, 38(8), 728- 744.
Rezaye Noor, J., Zarghami, H., & Mmshi, Y. (2014), Identification of the Relationship between Knowledge Management Processes and Social Security Staff Empowering (Case study: Social security organization of Ardabil Province). Quarterly Journal of Productivity Management, 8(30), 153-181, (In Persian).
Robson, F., & Mavin, Sh. (2014), Evaluating Training and Development in UK Universities: Staff Perceptions. European Journal of Training and Development, 38(6), 553-569.
Sajadi, S. M., Kian, M., & Safa'i Movahhed, S. (2014), Investigate the Transfer of Learning in the in-Service Training Courses of Education Department (Case Study of Southern Khorasan Province). Quarterly Journal of Training & Development of Human Resources, 1(3), 1-23, (In Persian).
Sami’i Zafarghandi, M. (2011), A Study on Completion and Improvement of in-Service Teacher Training System. Quarterly Journal of Educational Innovations, 10(39), 151-178, (In Persian).
Taheri, M., Arefi, M., Pardakhtchi, M. H. & Ghahramani, M. (2013), Exploring the Process of Professional Development of Teachers in Teacher Training Centers: A Grounded Theory. Quarterly Journal of Educational Innovations, 12(45), 149-176, (In Persian).
Velada, R., & Caetano, A. (2007), Training Transfer: the Mediating Role of Perception of Learning. Journal of European Industrial Training, 31(4), 283-296.
Volet, S. (2013), Extending, Broadening and Rethinking Existing Research on Transfer of Training. Educational Research Review, 8, 90-95.
Wenzel, R., & Cordery, J. (2014), Training Transfer Research: A Manager’s Guide and Bibliography. Australian Institute of Management-Western Australia.
Youzbashi, A. R., Abili, K., Kharazi, K., & Sobhaninezhad, M. (2016), Organizational Factors on Transferring Effective Learning to Workplace: Case Study of National Iranian Gas Company (NIGS). Quarterly Journal of Training & Development of Human Resources, 3(9), 21-45, (In Persian).
Zumrah, A. R., & Boyle, S. (2015), The Effects of Perceived Organizational Support and Job Satisfaction on Transfer of Training. Personnel Review, 44(2), 236-254.
_||_Abbaspour, A., & Dehghani, A. (2012), Study of Comparative and Analytical Characteristics of Employee Training System (Case Study by IRIB and BBC). Journal of Public Administration, 4(10), 101-118, (In Persian).
Abili, Kh., Sobhaninezhad, M., & Youzbashi, A. (2012), Designing an Effectiveness Model for Educational Courses (Case Study: National Iranian Oil Company). Human Resource Management in The Oil Industry. (In Persian).
Afzalkhani, M., & Nejabat, S. (2014), Strategies to Increase In-service Terms of Teachers and Personnel in Semnan Education Organization. Journal of New Approach in Educational Management, 4(3), 83-98, (In Persian).
Akbary Booreng, M., & Pour, S. (2016), Determining The Effect of Human resource Management Procedures on Organizational Learning Capability with the Human Capital Mediation. Quarterly Journal of Productivity Management, 10(39), 191-215, (In Persian).
Al-Eisa, A. S., Furayyan, M. A., & Alhemoud, A. M. (2009), An Empirical Examination of the Effects of Self-Efficacy, Supervisor Support and Motivation to Learn on Transfer Intention. Management Decision, 42(8), 1221-1244.
Bhatti, M. A., Battour, M. M., Sundram, V. P. K., & Othman, A. A. (2013), Transfer of Training: Does It Truly Happen?. European Journal of Training and Development, 37(3), 273-297.
Brown, T. C., & McCracken, M. (2009), Building a Bridge of Understanding. Journal of European IndustrialTraining, 33(6), 492-512.
Changiz, T., Fakhari, M., & Athar, O. (2014), Kirkpatrick’s Model: A Design for Evaluating the Effectiveness of Short-Term and in-Service Training Programs. Iranian Journal of Medical Education, 13(12), 1058-1072, (In Persian).
Cheng, E. W. L., Sanders, K., & Hampson, I. (2015), An Intention-Based Model of Transfer of Taining. Management Research Review, 38(8), 908-928.
Choi, H. J., & Park, J. (2014), The Relationship between Learning Transfer Climates and Innovation in Public and Private Organizations in Korea. International Journal of Manpower, 35(7), 956-972.
Dabashi, F., Arizi, H. R., Noori, N., & Akrami, N. (2014), The Relationship between Need for Cognition, Training Self-Efficacy, LearningTraining Motivation and Training Transfer in Trainees of Entrepreneurship Center of University of Esfahan. Journal of Entrepreneurship Development, 7(1), 173-190, (In Persian).
Dadgarpanah, Zh., & Erfani khanaghahi, M. (2014), Predicting the Relationship between Learning Environmental Dimensions and Training Transfer in Tehran Milad Hospital and Model Offering. Journal of Hospital, 12(4), 63-71, (In Persian).
De Rijdt, C., Stes, A., van der Vleuten, C., & Dochy, F. (2013), Influencing Variables and Moderators of Transfer of Learning to the Workplace within the Area of Staff Development in Higher Education: Research review. Educational Research Review, 8, 48-74.
Dirani, K. (2012), Professional Training as a Strategy for Staff Development. European Journal of Training and Development, 36 (2/3), 158-178.
Esmaeili, A., Taheri, M., & Younesi, J. (2014), Facilitating the Transfer of Learning through Teacher’ Professionalism: Peer and Principal Support. Quarterly Journal of Training & Development of Human Resources, 1(1), 31-45, (In Persian).
Esmaelpour, R., Kashani, S. H., & nikookar, H. (2014), Sharing Knowledge: Analyzing Role of Effective Factors on It and Ranking Factors. Quarterly Journal of Productivity Management, 8(31), 51-74, (In Persian).
Farjad, Sh. (2012), The Evaluation Effectiveness of Training Courses in University by Kirkpatrick Model (Case Study: Islamshahr university). Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 46, 2837-2841.
Foroughi, A., Nadi, N., & Ibrahimpour, A. (2008), Effective Factors Involved in the Improvement of the O. J. T. Programs for the Staff Working at Khorasgan Islamic Azad University (kIAU). Research in curriculum planning, 1(19), 61-78, (In Persian).
Gegenfurtner, A., Veermans, K., & Vauras, M. (2013), Effects of Computer Support, Collaboration, and Time Lag on Performance Self-Efficacy and Transfer of Training: A Longitudinal Meta-Analysis. Educational Research Review, 8, 75-89.
Govaerts, N., & Dochy, F. (2014), Disentangling the Role of the Supervisor in Transfer of Training. Educational Research Review, (12): 77-93.
Huang, J. L., Blume, B. D., Ford, J. K., & Baldwin, T. T. (2015), A Tale of Two Transfers: Disentangling Maximum and Typical. J Bus Psychol, 30, 709-732.
Hurt, K. J. (2016), A Theoretical Model of Training and Its Transference: The Pivotal Role of Top Management Team Composition and Characteristics, HumanResource Development International, 19(1), 44-66.
Khalid, M. M., Abdul Rehman, C., & Ashraf, M. (2012), Exploring the Link between Kirkpatrick (KP) and Context, Input, Process and Product (CIPP) Training Evaluation Models and Its Effect on Training Evaluation in Public Organizations of Pakistan. African. Journal of Business Management, 6(1), 274-279.
Kontoghiorghes, C. (2014), A Systemic Perspective of Training Transfer. Springer International Publishing, 65-79.
Krishnamani, S., & Haider, Y. (2016), Transfer of Learning from Executive Education Programs in Developing Economies: The Key Role of Motivation. Development and Learning in Organizations: An International Journal, 30(1), 15-18.
Krompho, S., & Porrawatpreyakorn, N. (2013), Identifying Factors Influencing Hybrid Self-regulated and Collaborative Learning: Toward an End-User Training Framework. Springer International Publishing Switzerland,120-130.
Lancaster, S., Milia, L. D., & Cameron, R.(2013), Supervisor Behaviors That Facilitate Training Transfer. Journal of Workplace Learning, 25(1), 6-22.
Leach, M. P., & Liu, A. H. (2003), Investigating Interrelationships among Sales Training Evaluation Methods. Journal of Personal Selling & Sales Management, 23(4), 327-339.
Leimbach, M. (2010), Learning Transfer Model: A Research-Driven Approach to Enhancing Learning Effectiveness. Industrial and Commercial Training, 42(2), 81-86.
Mahdavi, Z., & Fayyaz, I. (2014), Identifying the Effective Factors in Effectiveness of the On-the-Job Training Courses for Presenting the Structural Model. Journal of Educational Psychology, 10(32), 115-137, (In Persian).
Mirkamali, S. M., Khabare, K., & Mazari, E. (2016), The Role of Human Resource Excellence Strategies on Staff Organizational Commitment (Case:Saipa Automotive Manufacturing Company). Quarterly Journal of Productivity Management, 10(36), 37-64, (In Persian).
Mohammed Turab, G., & Casimir, G. (2015), A Model of the Antecedents of Training Transfer. International Journal of Training Research, 13(1), 82-95.
Namian, M., Albert, A., Zuluaga, C., & Jaselskis, E. (2016), Improving Hazard-Recognition Performance and Safety Training Outcomes: Integrating Strategies for Training Transfer, J Constr. Eng. Manage, 1, 1-11.
Noorizan, M. M., Nur Fareeha Afzan, A. Z., Norfazlina, G., & Sharidatul Akma, A. S. (2016), The Moderating Effects of Motivation on Work Environment and Training Transfer: A Preliminary Analysis. Procedia Economics and Finance, 37, 158-163.
Park, J. H., & Wentling, T. (2007), Factors Associated with Transfer of Training in Workplace e-Learning. Journal of Workplace Learning, 19(5), 311-329.
Passmore, J., & Velez, M. (2012), SOAP-M: A Training Evaluation Model for HR. Industrial and Commercial Training,44(6), 315-325.
Quesada-Pallarès, C., & Gegenfurtner, A. (2015), Toward a Unified Model of Motivation for Training Transfer: A Phase Perspective. Z Erziehungswiss, 18, 107-121.
Renta-Davids, A., Jiménez-González, J. M., Fandos-Garrido, M., & González-Soto, A. P.(2014), Transfer of learning. European Journal of Training and Development, 38(8), 728- 744.
Rezaye Noor, J., Zarghami, H., & Mmshi, Y. (2014), Identification of the Relationship between Knowledge Management Processes and Social Security Staff Empowering (Case study: Social security organization of Ardabil Province). Quarterly Journal of Productivity Management, 8(30), 153-181, (In Persian).
Robson, F., & Mavin, Sh. (2014), Evaluating Training and Development in UK Universities: Staff Perceptions. European Journal of Training and Development, 38(6), 553-569.
Sajadi, S. M., Kian, M., & Safa'i Movahhed, S. (2014), Investigate the Transfer of Learning in the in-Service Training Courses of Education Department (Case Study of Southern Khorasan Province). Quarterly Journal of Training & Development of Human Resources, 1(3), 1-23, (In Persian).
Sami’i Zafarghandi, M. (2011), A Study on Completion and Improvement of in-Service Teacher Training System. Quarterly Journal of Educational Innovations, 10(39), 151-178, (In Persian).
Taheri, M., Arefi, M., Pardakhtchi, M. H. & Ghahramani, M. (2013), Exploring the Process of Professional Development of Teachers in Teacher Training Centers: A Grounded Theory. Quarterly Journal of Educational Innovations, 12(45), 149-176, (In Persian).
Velada, R., & Caetano, A. (2007), Training Transfer: the Mediating Role of Perception of Learning. Journal of European Industrial Training, 31(4), 283-296.
Volet, S. (2013), Extending, Broadening and Rethinking Existing Research on Transfer of Training. Educational Research Review, 8, 90-95.
Wenzel, R., & Cordery, J. (2014), Training Transfer Research: A Manager’s Guide and Bibliography. Australian Institute of Management-Western Australia.
Youzbashi, A. R., Abili, K., Kharazi, K., & Sobhaninezhad, M. (2016), Organizational Factors on Transferring Effective Learning to Workplace: Case Study of National Iranian Gas Company (NIGS). Quarterly Journal of Training & Development of Human Resources, 3(9), 21-45, (In Persian).
Zumrah, A. R., & Boyle, S. (2015), The Effects of Perceived Organizational Support and Job Satisfaction on Transfer of Training. Personnel Review, 44(2), 236-254.