Designing a Policy-Making Model for the Country’s Water Resources to Improve Productivity in this Industry
Subject Areas : governmental managementElahe Yousefian 1 , Abolhassan Faqhihi 2 , Karamollah Daneshfard 3
1 - Ph.D Candidate of Public Administration Department, Science and Research Unit, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
2 - Professor, Department of Public Administration, Science and Research Unit, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
3 - Professor, Department of Public Administration, Science and Research Unit, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
Keywords: policy making, water resource management, productivity, theme analysis,
Abstract :
The water crisis is one of the most important issues in the near future in Iran, which threatens the lifes of humans and animals. This crisis is more than the result of the lack of water resources; it is the result of unfavorable water governance in Iran, which has brought it to the border of warning. Hence, the purpose of this research is to design a policy-making model for the country's water resources to improve the productivity of this industry in the country. This mixed- method research is exploratory in terms of objectives, and fundamental in terms of audience. In the qualitative phase of this research, the theme analysis method and in the quantitative phase, the structural equation modeling method were used. In the qualitative phase, in order to design the research model, interviews were conducted with 19 experienced experts in water resources who were selected purposefully. Based on the findings, 3 governances, policy and operational gaps were identified. Moreover, 10 strategies for water governance were identified. In the quantitative phase, to validate the research model, 189 managers and specialists in the Ministry of Energy were asked for their opinions using a researcher-made questionnaire; the sample size was calculated using Cochran's formula, and the sampling procedure was simple random. Finally, the results of the research showed that using the ideal model of governance in water resources management policymaking can be effective factors and can create valuable results in order to improve the productivity of the country's water industry.
Ahmadipour,Z.& Ahmadi,E.(2020), Analysis of factors affecting the failure of water governance in Iran, strategic and macro policies,8,111-140, [In Persian] dor:20.1001.1.23452544.1399.8.0.6.9.
Abedi Ja’fari, H., Taslimi, M., Faghihi,A., & Sheikhzade, S. (2011).Thematic analysis and thematic networks: A simple and efficient method for exploring patterns embedded in qualitative data municipalities. Strategic Management Thought, 5(2), 151-198. [In Persian] doi:10.30497/SMT.2011.163.
Amiri, A, Modir Shane Chi, M,& Golshani, A, (2019). The impact of the public policy process on the water crisis in the Islamic Republic of Iran. Journal of Political Science,15(60), 45-72.. [In Persian] doi:10.22034/IPSA.2020.417
Ahmad, T. I., Khan, R. E., Soharwardi, M. A., Shafiq, M. N., & Gillani, S. (2021). Socioeconomics and agronomy of wheat yield in cotton-wheat cropping system in Punjab, Pakistan: A quality-quantity assessment. International Journal of Agricultural Extension, 9(1), 69-78. [In Persian] doi: 10.33687/ijae. 009.01.3527.
Akhmouch, A. & Clavreul, D. (2016). Stakeholder Engagement for Inclusive Water Governance: “Practicing What We Preach” with the OECD Water Governance Initiative. Water, 8(5), 2-17. doi.org/10.3390/w8050204.
Abdul Manafi Jahormi, N, Mazaheri, M. (2016), with people's representatives in the 10th parliament: a look at the general situation of the water sector, taken from https://rc.majlis.ir/fa/mrc_report/show/970068. [In Persian]
Braga, B; Chartres, C; Cosgrove, W. J. da Cunha, L. V; Gleick, P. H; Kabat, P; Ait Kadi, M; Loucks, D. P; Lundqvist, J; Narain, S; and Xia, J. (2014). Water and the Future of Humanity, Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation, Avenide de Berna. 45 A: 1067-001 Lisbon, Portugal. 1-238. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-01-457-9.
Brouwer, S. (2015). Policy Entrepreneurs in Water Governance. London: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-17241-5.
Bagheri, R, Shiari, A, Ahadi, P& Ismailzad, A (1400). Governance and policy-making regarding the water resources crisis in the Islamic Republic of Iran. Journal of International Relations Research11(1), 249-270.. [In Persian] doi:10.22034/IRR.2021.134322
Braun, V. & Clarke, V. (2006), “Using thematic analysis in psychology”, Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), Pp. 77-101.DOI: 10.1191/1478088706qp063oa.
Dehghani, S, Bani H, Mohammad, & Ghalabi, M, (2018). Water governance in Iran: challenges and solutions. Journal of Water Engineering ,7(4), 254-238. [In Persian]https://sanad.iau.ir/journal/jwe/Article/ 675677?jid=675677.
De Silva, K., Yapa, P.W.S. & Vesty, G. (2020). The impact of accountability mechanisms on public sector environmental sustainability performance: a case study of Sri Lanka. Australia. Acc. Business Finan. J. 14 (3), 38–55. doi:10.14453/aabfj.v14i3.4.
Di Vaio, A., Trujillo, L., D’Amore, G. & Palladino, R. (2021). Water governance models for meeting sustainable development Goals:A structured literature review. Utilities Policy, 72, 101255.doi: 10.1016/j.jup.2021.101255.
Denzin,, N & Lincoln, Y. (1994). “Introduction: Entering the field of qualitative research”. In Denzin, Norman & Linaoln, Yvonna. Handbook of Qualitative Research. Thousand Qaks: Sage, p.6, 1-19. doi:10.4236/ojbm.2018.61003.
Danaei Fard, H, Mozafari, Z,(2007), Improving Validity and Reliability in Management Qualitative Research: A Reflection on Research Audit Strategies, Management Research, Number 1, 162-131. [In Persian] https://ensani.ir/fa/article/41936.
Eslami, R,& Rahimi, A, (2018). Journal of Politics and water crisis in Iran. Strategic and Macro Policy, 7(3), 410-434. [In Persian] doi:10.32598/JMSP.7.3.5.
Faqihi, A, Bamdad Sufi, K, (2008) Pluralism of Research Methodology in Organizational Research, Journal of Management, No. 22, 54-71. [In Persian]doi: 20.1001.1.22518037.1378.6.21.22.4.4.44.
Faqihi,,A,& Alizadeh, M (2014), Narrative in qualitative research, Journal of Organizational Culture Management, 3(9), 5-19. [In Persian] https://jomc.ut.ac.ir/article_14228.html.
FAO. (2018). Water Accounting for Water Governance and Sustainable Development. Retrieved from, 1-53.
Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservables variables and measurement error. Journal of HighTechnology Management Research,11(1),137-153. doi:10.2307/3151312.
Ghorbanain, M, Fasihi Harandi, M,& Liaqat,A, (2018). social water banking; Redefining water governance regimes. Iranian Water Resources Research, 15(4), 437-425. [In Persian]doi: 20.1001.1.17352347. 1398.15.4.29.2.
Henseler, J. Ringle, C.M. Sinkovics, R. (2009). The use of partial least squares path modeling in international marketing, Advances in international Marketing,No.21,277-319.doi:10.1108/S1474-7979(2009)0000020014.
Jiménez, A, Saikia, P., Giné, R., Avello, P., Leten, J., LissLymer, B., Schneider, K., & Ward, R. (2020). Unpacking water governance: A framework for practitioners. Water, 12(3), 827.doi:10.3390/w12030827.
Khavarinezhad,A.(2021). Productivity indicators of the country's water industry, Bahin Financial Economics Research Institute. . [In Persian] https://iranthinktanks.com/water-industry-productivity-indicators
Larson, K. L., Wiek, A. & Keeler, L. (2013). A comprehensive sustainability appraisal of water governance in Phoenix, AZ. Journal of Environmental Management, 116, 58-71. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.11.016.
Lautze, J., de Silva, S., Giordano, M., & Sanford, L. (2011). Putting the cart before the horse: Water governance and IWRM. Natural Resources Forum, 35(1), 1–8. doi:10.1111/j.1477-8947.2010.01339.x.
Mahmoudi, B, (1400), review of the major goals of improving water efficiency, Journal of National Productivity, National Productivity Organization, No. 20. [In Persian] https://www.npo.gov.ir/notes.
Miguel, J. R. S.R. A. (2019). Water governance in the USA. Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal, 31(1), 130-145. doi:10.1108/MEQ-05-2019-0104.
Nazemi, N.; Foley, R.W.; Louis, G.; Keeler, L.W. Divergent agricultural water governance scenarios: The case of Zayanderud basin, Iran. Agric. Water Manag. 2020, 229, 105921. doi:10.1016/j.agwat.2019.105921.
Neondorf, K, (2002): the Content analysis guidebook, London, sage pu, 1-456. doi.org/10.4135/9781071802878
OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development). (2018). OECD Water Governance Indicator Framework. OECD Publishing, Paris. doi:10.1787/22245081.
OECD. (2015).Principles on water governance. OECD Water Governance Programme. Retrieved from https://www.oecd.org/governance/oecdprinciples-on-water-governance.
OECD. (2011). Water Governance in OECD Countries—A Multi-Level Approach; OECD Studies on Water; OECD Publishing: Paris, France, 241p. doi:10.1787/9789264119284-en.
Pourkhosravani, A, Tohidfam, M, Amini, A,& Jalali, R (2019). Factors affecting the ineffectiveness of water resources policy in Iran. . Journal of Political Studies ,13(50) 109-87, [In Persian] .https://journals.iau.ir/article_681805.html.
Parliament Research's Center (Department of Infrastructure Studies) (2013). Comparative study and pathology of the governance structure of water management in Iran and providing the optimal structure. Subject code 250, number 12650. [In Persian] https://rc.majlis.ir/fa/ report/show/823224.
Rogers, P. & Hall, AW. (2003). Effective water governance. Global Water Partnership Stockholm, Harvard University, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 1-48.
Romano, O., Akhmouch, A., 2019. Water governance in cities. Curr. Trends Fut. Chall. Water 11, 3. doi:10.3390/w11030500.
Saddiqa, A., Batool, S., Gill, S. A. & Khan, A. J. (2022). Water Governance and Management in the 21st Century: A Case Study of Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 10(1), 29-42. doi:10.52131/pjhss.2022.1001.0171.
Samadi, M, Kihanpour, M,& Mousavi, H, (2022). Analysis of Iran's water governance structure based on water-food-energy correlation: an application of social network analysis (SNA) approach. Irrigation and Drainage of Iran, published online, 16(3), 563-579. [In Persian] . doi:20.1001.1.20087942.1401.16.3.8.9.
Schulz, C., Martin-Ortega, J., Ioris, A. A. R., & Glenk, K. (2018). Applying a ‘value landscapes approach’ to conflicts in water governance: The case of the Paraguay-Paraná waterway. Ecological Economics, 138, 47–55. doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.03.033.
Sharma, A. & Shekhar, H. (2021). A predictive analytics framework for Sustainable Water Governance, 32(5). doi:10.1016/j.suscom.2021.100604.
Shunglu, R., Köpke, S., Kanoi, L., Nissanka, T.S., Withanachchi, C.R., Gamage, D.U., Dissanayake, H.R., Kibaroglu, A., Ünver, O. & Withanachchi, S.S. (2022). Barriers in ParticipativeWater Governance: A Critical Analysis of Community Development Approaches. Water, 14(5), 762. doi:10.3390/w14050762.
Saadat, K, Mimarzadeh, G, Elwani, M,& Rahnavard, F (2021). Designing the country's water resources governance model using the Delphi method. Published online from January 26, 2021[In Persian]doi: 10.22034/AEJ. 2022.324267.2728.
Teisman, G.R., Buurn, M.V., Edelenbos, J., & Warner, J.F. (2013). Water Governance: Facing the Limits of Managerialism, Determinism, Water-Centricity, and Technocratic Problem-Solving. International Journal of Water Governance, 1(2), 1-11.doi: 10.7564/12-IJWG4.
The Think-tank of Water Management in Iran.(2015).Water and development from the perspective of water governance. Kerman Chamber of Commerce. Retrieved from: [In Persian] http://iwpri.ir/home/keyword/282.
van Rijswick, H. F., Edelenbos, J., Hellegers, P., Kok, M., & Kuks, S. (2014). Ten building blocks for sustainable water governance: An integrated method to assess the governance of water. Water International, 39(5), 725–742. doi:10.1080/02508060.2014.951828
Voogd, R., Rudberg, P. M., Vries, J., Beunen, R., Espiritu, A., Methner, N., Larsen, R. K., Fedreheim, G. E., Goes, S. & Kruger, E. (2022). A systematic review on the role of trust in the water governance literature. Water Research, 16, 100147. doi:10.1016/j.wroa.2022.100147.
Vahid, M,& Ranjbar, M, (2017). Pathology of the political dimension of water governance in Iran (1368-1392). Journal of Public Policy, 4(4), 203-223. doi 10.22059/PPOLICY.2019.70453.
Wang, R., Rijswick, M. & Dai, L. (2022). Improving connectivity in water governance: the implementation of water cooperation mechanisms in disparate political and social contexts. International Journal of Water Resources Development, 38(4), 545-553. [In Persian] doi:10.1080/07900627.2022.2071848
Wetzels, M; Odekerken Schroder, G; Van Oppen, C (2009). Using PLS path modeling for assessing hierarchical construct models: Guidelines and empirical illustration. Management Information Systems Quarterly, 33(1), pp177-196. doi:10.2307/20650284.