A review on ammonia toxicity in fish
Subject Areas : New Technologies in Aquaculture Development
Keywords: Symptoms, Detoxification, Keywords: Fish, Ammonia toxicity, Biochemical mechanisms,
Abstract :
AbstractAmmonia toxicity is one of the most common types of poisoning in fish, which sometimes manifests itself in acute and sometimes chronic forms. Ammonia enters the water from various sources such as industrial wastes, agricultural runoff, and decomposition of microorganisms living in water and as the final excreta resulting from the catabolism of proteins and amino acids in aquatic animals. Ammonia poisoning is associated with a wide range of symptoms due to the concentration of this substance. These symptoms can range from simple behavioral changes to severe neurological symptoms and death. Fish adopt different strategies when this poisoning occurs; these include reducing nutrition, reducing protein metabolism, detoxifying ammonia and turning it into less toxic substances. Almost all fish organs respond to ammonia poisoning, but organs such as the liver, gills, muscles, and brain play a more prominent role in the development of symptoms, condition control, and detoxification. Understanding the biochemical mechanisms of these organs in the face of ammonia toxicity and understanding the pathophysiology of this toxicity can help prevent or manage this poisoning if it occurs. Of course, not all fish species respond the same way to ammonia toxicity, and some species that are more resistant may be better breeding options.
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