An assay for detection the frequency of Campylobacter and Arcobacters from Caspian Sea by bacterial culture and PCR techniques
Subject Areas : Medical MicrobiologyFahimeh Ghorbani Moein 1 , Masood Ghane 2
1 - Young Researchers Club, Tonekabon Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tonekabon, Iran.
2 - Department of Microbiology, Tonekabon Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tonekabon, Iran
Keywords: Isolation, Caspian Sea, PCR, Campylobacter, Arcobacter,
Abstract :
Background and objective: Campylobacter spp. are important causative agent of gastric infection worldwide, and contaminated water and foods are the major transmission factors of this bacterium to human. The major purpose of this study was isolation, identification and characterization of Campylobacter spp. and Arcobacter spp. from the samples obtained from Caspian Sea in the North of Iran. Materials and methods: 263 water samples were collected throughout four seasons. Campylobacter spp. and Arcobacter spp. were isolated using standard methods and were identified by Phenotyping tests. Finally, the identification of these strains was verified by PCR method. Result: Foloowing phenotyping tests and their confirmation with molecular technique, totally seven Campylobacter jejuni strains and 14 Arcobacter butzelri strains were identified. Based on the results, the prevalence of this bacterium in the coastal waters of the Caspian Sea were evaluated as 2.66 and 5.32 percent. Conclusion: It is the first time that Campylobacter jejuni and Arcobacter butzelri were isolated from Caspian Sea. The epidemiologic studies regarding to the ways of their entrance in an environment and their maintenance in the habitat assist activists to control the water qualification and prevention from distribution of infections.
1. Ruiz-Palacios, GM, Amieva MR. “Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli.” Principles and practice of pediatric infectious diseases. Ed. Long SS, Pickering LK, Prober CG. 3rd ed. ASM Press, 2008; 67-72.
2. Allos BM, Blaser MJ. “Campylobacter infections.” Cecil Medicine. Ed. Lee G, Ausiello D. 23rd ed. Philadelphia: Saunders Elsevier. 2008; 2230-2233.
3. Tatchou-Nyamsi-Konig, JA, Moreau A., Federighi M, Block, JC. Behavior of Campylobacter jejuni in experimentally contaminated bottled natural mineral water. J Appl Microbiol. 2007; 103(2): 280-288.
4. Wallace RB. Campylobacter jejuni / coli. In Hocking AD ed. Foodborne microorganisms of public health significance. 5th Edition. North Sydney. Australian Institute of FST Inc.
5. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Campylobacter: general information. 2010. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/nczved/divisions/dfbmd/diseases/Campylobacter/.
6. Barot MS, Mosenthal AC, Bokkenheuser VD. Location of Campylobacter jejuni in infected chicken livers. J Clin Microbiol. 1983; 17(5): 921-922.
7. Mead PS, Slutsker SL, Dietz VL, Dietz VL, Mccraig F, Bresee JS, Shapiro CP, Griffin M, Tauxe RV. Food related illness and death in the United States. Emerg Infect Dis. 1999; 5(5): 607-625. .
8. Talukder KA, Aslam M, Islam Z, Azmi IJ, Dutta DK, Hossain S. Prevalence of virulence genes and cytolethal distending toxin production in Campylobacter jejuni isolates from diarrheal patients in Bangladesh. J Clin Microbiol. 2008; 64(4): 1485-1488.
9. Coral Gables FLA. Analytical utility of campylobacter methodologies. J Food Prot. 2007; 70(1): 241-250.
10. Bolton FJ, Coates D, Hutchinson DN, Godfree AF. A study of thermophilic Campylobacters in a river system. J Appl Bacteriol. 1987; 62(2): 167-76.
11. Brennhovd O, Kapperud G, Langeland G. Survey of thermo tolerant Campylobacter spp. and Yersinia spp. in three surface water sources in Norway. Int J Food Micribol. 1992; 15(3-4): 327-338.
12. Diergaardt SM, Venter SN, Spreeth A, Theron J, Brozel VS. The occurrence of campylobacters in water sources in South Africa. Water Res. 2004; 38(10): 2589-2595.
13. Savill MG, Hudson JA, Ball A., Klena JD, Scholes P, Whyte RJ, McCormick RE, Jankovic D. Enumeration of Campylobacter in NewZealand recreational and drinking waters. J Appl Microbiol. 2001; 91(1): 38-46.
14. Eyles R, Niyogi D, Townsend C, Benwell G, Weinstein P. Spatial and temporal patterns of Campylobacter contamination underlying public ealth risk in the Taieri River, New Zealand. J Environ Qual. 2003; 32(5): 1820-1828.
15. Martikainen PJ, Korhonen LK, Kosunen TU. Occurrence of thermophilic campylobacters in rural and urban surface waters in central Finland. Water Res. 1990; 24(1): 91-96.
16. Arvanitiadou M, Stathopoulos GA, Constantinidis TC, Katsouyannopoulos V. The occurance of Salmonella, Campylobacter and Yersinia spp. in river and lake waters. Microbiol Res. 1995; 150(2): 153-158.
17. Abulreesh HH, Paget TA, Goulder R. Recovery of thermophilic campylobacters from pond water and sediment and the problem of interference by background bacteria in enrichment culture. Water Res. 2005; 39(13): 2877-2882.
18. Stanley K, Cunningham R, Jones K. Isolation of Campylobacter jejuni from groundwater. J Appl Microbiol. 1998; 85(1): 187-191.
19. Hanninen ML, Haajanen H, Pummi T, Wermundsen K, Katila ML, Sarkkinen H, Miettinen I, Rautelin H. Detection and typing of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli and analysis of indicator organisms in three waterborne outbreaks in Finland. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2003; 69(3): 1391-1396.
20. Jones K, Betaieb M, Telford DR. Thermophilic Campylobacter in surface waters around Lancaster UK; negative correlation with Campylobacter infections in the community. J Appl Bacteriol. 1990; 69(5): 758-764.
21. Alonso JL, Alonso MA. Presence of Campylobacter in marine waters of Valencia, Spain. Water Res. 1993; 27(10): 1559-1562.
22. Arvanitidou A, Constantinidis TC, Katsouyannopoulos V. A survey on Campylobacter and Yersinia occurrence in sea and river waters in northern Greece. Sci Total Environ. 1995; 171(1-3): 101-106.
23. Obiri-Danso K, Jones K. The effect of a new sewage treatment plant on faecal indicator numbers, Campylobacters and bathing water compliance in Morecambe Bay. J Appl Microbiol. 1999; 86(4): 603-614.
24. Bolton FJ, Surman SB, Martin K, Wareing, DRA, Humphrey TJ. Presence of Campylobacter and Salmonella in sand from bathing beaches. Epidemiol Infect. 1999; 122(1): 7-13.
25. Alispahic M, Hummel K, Jandreski-Cvetkovic D, Nöbauer K, Razzazi-Fazeli E, Hess M, Hess C. Species-specific identification and differentiation of Arcobacter, Helicobacter and Campylobacter by full-spectral matrix-associated laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry analysis. J Med Microbiol. 2010; 59(3): 295-301.
26. Vandamme P, Pugina P, Benzi G, van Etterijck, R. Outbreak of recurrent abdominal cramps associated with Arcobacter butzleri in an Italian school. J Clin Microbiol. 1992; 30(9): 2335-2337.
27. ICMSF. Microorganisms in foods. Microbiological testing in food safety management. International Commission on Microbiological Specifications for Foods. Kluwer Academic/Plenum, New York, 2002.
28. Vandenberg O, Dediste A, Houf, Ibekwem S. Arcobacter species in humans. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004; 10(10): 1863-1867.
29. Wesley IV, Miller GW. Arcobacter: an opportunistic human food-borne pathogen? In: Scheld WM, Grayson ML, Hughes JM, editors. Emerging Infections 9. Washington, DC: American Society of Microbiology Press. 2010; p. 185-211.
30. Phillips CA. Arcobacters as emerging human foodborne pathogens. Food Control. 2001; 12(1): 1-6.
31. Moreno Y, Alonso JL, Botella S, Ferrus MA, Hernandez J. Survival and injury of Arcobacter after artificial inoculation into drinking water. Res Microbiol. 2004; 155(9): 726-730.
32. Morita Y, Maruyama S, Kabeya H, Boonmar S, Nimsuphan B, Nagai A, Kozawa K, Nakajima T, Mikami T, Kimura H. Isolation and phylogenetic analysis of Arcobacter spp. in ground chicken meat and environmental water in Japan and Thailand. Microbiol Immunol. 2004. 48(7): 527–533.
33. Rice EW, Rodgers MR, Wesley IV, Johnson CH, Tanner SA. Isolation of Arcobacter butzleri from ground water. Lett Appl Microbiol. 1999; 28(1): 31-35.
34. Yan JJ, Ko WC, Huang AH, Chen HM, Jin YT, Wu JJ. Arcobacter butzleri bacteremia in a patient with liver cirrhosis. J Formos Med Assoc. 2000; 99(2): 166-169.
35. Atabay HI, Corry JE. The prevalence of campylobacters and arcobacters in broiler chickens. J Appl Microbiol. 1997; 83(5): 619-626.
36. Humphrey TJ, O Brien S, Madsen M. Campylobacters as zoonotic pathogens: a food production perspective. Int J Food Microbiol. 2007; 117(3): 237-257.
37. Bopp DJ, Sauders BD, Waring AL, Ackelsberg J, Dumas N, Braun-Howland E, Dziewulski D, Wallace BJ, Kelly M, Halse T, Musser KA, Smith PF, Morse DL, Limberger RJ. Detection Isolation and Molecular Subtyping of Escherichia coli 0157:H7 and Campylobacter jejuni associated with a large waterborne outbreak. J Clin Microbiol. 2003; 41(1): 174-180.
38. Moore J EW, Caldwell PS, Millar BC, Murphy PG. Occurrence of Campylobacter spp. in water in Northern Ireland: implications for public health. Ulster Med J. 2001; 70(2): 102-107.
39. Hubalek, Z. An annotated checklist of pathogenic microorganisms associated with migratory birds. J Wildl Dis. 2004; 40(4): 639-659.
40. Ghane M, Bahador, N, Baserisalehi, M. Isolation, identification and characterization of Campylobacter spp. isolation from environmental samples in North Iran. Nat Environ Pollut Technol. 2010; 9(4): 823-828.
41. Snelling WJ, Matsuda M, Moore JE, Dooley JS. Under the microscope: Arcobacter. Lett. Appl Microbiol. 2006; 42(1):7–14.
42. Fera MT, Maugeri TL, Giannone M, Gugliandolo C, La Camera E, Blandino G, Carbone M. In vitro susceptibility of Arcobacter butzleri and Arcobacter cryaerophilus to different antimicrobial agents. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2003; 21(5): 488-491.
43. Maugeri TL, Irrenra GP Lentini V, Carbone M, Fera MT, G, Gugliandolo, C. Detection and enumeration of Arcobacter spp. in the Coastal environment of the Straits of Messina (Italy). New microbiol. 2005; 28(2): 177-82.
44. Collado L, Kasimir G, Perez U, Bosch A, Pinto R, Saucedo G, Huguet JM, Figueras MJ. Occurrence and diversity of Arcobacter spp. Along the Llobregat river catchment, at sewage effluents and in a drinking water treatment plant. Water Res. 2010; 44(12): 3696-3702.
45. Van Driessche E, Houf, K. Survival capacity in water of Arcobacter species under different temperature conditions. J Appl Microbiol. 2008; 105(2): 443-451.