Investigating the relationship between emotional intelligence and deviant behaviors in the workplace with the mediating role of impression management
Subject Areas :
Abbas Ghaedamini Harooni
1
,
Reza Ebrahimzade Dastjerdi
2
,
Mehrdad Sadeghi Dahcheshme
3
1 - دانشجوی دکتری مدیریت فرهنگی، دانشکده مدیریت ، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد تهران جنوب، تهران، ایران
2 - استادیار گروه مدیریت، واحد اصفهان (خوراسگان)، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، اصفهان، ایران (نویسنده مسؤول)
3 - استادیار ،دانشکده مدیریت ، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد اصفهان(خوراسگان) ، اصفهان، ایران
Keywords: emotional intelligence, deviant behaviors in the workplace, impression management,
Abstract :
The purpose of the present study was to determine the relationship between emotional intelligence and deviant behaviors in the workplace with the mediating role of impression management. The present study was applied in terms of its purpose and descriptive in terms of correlational data collection. The statistical population of this research was all the employees of Isfahan Islamic Azad University (Khorasgan), whose number was 660. Using Cochran's formula, the sample size was 242 people, and the sample was selected using the stratified sampling method according to the size of the selection. became The research tool was the standard questionnaire of deviant behaviors in the workplace by Robinson and Bennett (2000), the standard questionnaire of emotional intelligence by Wang and Lau (2013) and the standard questionnaire of impression management by Bolino and Turnley (1999). The constructs were examined and after the necessary terms, the validity was confirmed, and on the other hand, the reliability of the questionnaires was estimated by Cronbach's alpha method as 0.88, 0.80 and 0.90, respectively, and the data analysis was at an inferential level. It included structural equation modeling. The findings showed that emotional intelligence has a negative relationship with deviant behavior in the workplace, the coefficient of influence of which was -0.44, and impression management in the relationship between emotional intelligence and deviant behavior in the workplace. The title played a mediating role, and its coefficient was -0.66.
References:
Al Ghazo, R. H., Suifan, T. S., & Alnuaimi, M. (2019). Emotional intelligence and counterproductive work behavior: The mediating role of organizational climate. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 29(3), 333-345.
Aleassa, H. M. (2014). Performance appraisal satisfaction and counterproductive behaviors: direct and moderating effects. International Journal of Business Administration, 5(1), 76- 89.
Anwar, M. N., Sarwar, M., Awan, R.-u.-N., & Arif, M. I. (2011). Gender differences in workplace deviant behavior of university teachers and modification techniques. International Education Studies, 4(1), 193-197.
Aubé, C., Rousseau, V., Mama, C., & Morin, E. M. (2009). Counterproductive Behaviors and Psychological Wellbeing: The Moderating Effect of Task Interdependence. Journal of Business and Psychology, 24(3), 351-361.
Bai, Q., Lin, W., & Wang, L. (2016). Family incivility and counterproductive work behavior: A moderated mediation model of self-esteem and emotional regulation☆. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 94, 11-19.
Bennett, R. J., & Robinson, S. L. (2000). Development of a measure of workplace deviance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85(3), 349.
Bies, R. J., & Tripp, T. M. (2005). The Study of Revenge in the Workplace: Conceptual, Ideological, and Empirical Issues. In S. Fox & P. E. Spector (Eds.), Counterproductivework behavior: Investigations of actors and targets (p. 65–81). American Psychological.
Bolino, M. C., Kacmar, K. M., Turnley, W. H., & Gilstrap, J. B. J. J. o. M. (2008). A multi-level review of impression management motives and behaviors. Journal of Management, 34(6), 1080-1109.
Bolino, M. C., & Klotz, A. C. (2015). The paradox of the unethical organizational citizen: The link between organizational citizenship behavior and unethical behavior at work. Current Opinion in Psychology, 6, 45-49.
Bolino, M. C., & Turnley, W. H. J. O. R. M. (1999). Measuring impression management in organizations: A scale development based on the Jones and Pittman taxonomy. Organizational Research Methods, 2(2), 187-206.
Bolino, M. C., Varela, J. A., Bande, B., & Turnley, W. H. (2006). The impact of impression‐management tactics on supervisor ratings of organizational citizenship behavior. Journal of Organizational Behavior: The International Journal of Industrial, Occupational and Organizational Psychology and Behavior, 27(3), 281-297.
Bourdage, J., Wiltshire, J., & Lee, K. (2015). Personality and workplace impression management: correlates and implications. The Journal of Applied Psychology, 100(2), 537-546.
Bozbayindir, F. (2020). An Examination on the Opinions of Teachers Regarding the Use of Impression Management Tactics. Journal of Theoretical Educational Science/Kuramsal Eğitimbilim Dergisi, 13(1), 332-350.
Bozeman, D. P., & Kacmar, K. M. (1997). A cybernetic model of impression management processes in organizations. Organizational Behavior Human Decision Processes, 69(1), 9-30.
Branden, N., & Archibald, S. (1982). The psychology of self-esteem: Bantam Books. Briggs, E., Landry, T., & Wood, C. (2007). Beyond just being there: An examination of the impact of attitudes, materialism, and self-esteem on the quality of helping behavior in youth volunteers. Journal of Nonprofit & Public Sector Marketing, 18(2), 27-45.
Brosy, J., Bangerter, A., & Sieber, J. (2020). Laughter in the selection interview: impression management or honest signal? European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 1-10.
Burt, S. A. (2012). How do we optimally conceptualize the heterogeneity within antisocial behavior? An argument for aggressive versus non-aggressive behavioral dimensions. Clinical Psychology Review, 32(4), 263-279.
Calhoun Jr, G., & Morse, W. C. (1977). Self‐concept and selfesteem: Another prespective. Psychology in the Schools, 14(3), 318-322.
Carpenter, N. C., & Berry, C. M. (2017). Are counterproductive work behavior and withdrawal empirically distinct? A metanalytic investigation. Journal of Management, 43(3), 834- 863.
Cheng, G., Zhang, D., & Ding, F. (2015). Self-esteem and fear of negative evaluation as mediators between family socioeconomic status and social anxiety in Chinese emerging adults. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 61(6), 569-576.
Cheung, C. M., Wong, R. Y. M., & Chan, T. K. (2020). ''Online disinhibition: conceptualization, measurement, and implications for online deviant behavior''. Industrial Management & Data Systems.
Cohen, T. R., Panter, A., & Turan, N. (2013). Predicting counterproductive work behavior from guilt proneness. Journal of Business Ethics, 114(1), 45-53.
Cole, A. Y., & Rozell, E. J. (2011). Emotional Intelligence And Impression Management: A Theoretical Framework. Insights to a Changing World Journal(1).
Cooper, D., & Schindler, P. (2013). Business Research Methods. McGraw-Hill Higher Education.
Corgnet, B., Hernán-Gonzalez, R., & Rassenti, S. (2015). Firing threats: Incentive effects and impression management. Games and Economic Behavior, 91, 97-113.
Côté, S., DeCelles, K. A., McCarthy, J. M., Van Kleef, G. A., & Hideg, I. (2011). The Jekyll and Hyde of emotional intelligence: Emotion-regulation knowledge facilitates both prosocial and interpersonally deviant behavior. Psychological Science, 22(8), 1073-1080.
De Bruin, R., & Barber, L. K. (2020). Is Electronic Multitasking Always Viewed as a Counterproductive Meeting Behavior? Understanding the Nature of the Secondary Task. Psychological Reports, 0033294120973946.
De Cuyper, N., & De Witte, H. (2010). Temporary employment and perceived employability: Mediation by impression management. Journal of Career Development, 37(3), 635- 652.
Demir, M. (2011). Effects of organizational justice, trust and commitment on employees' deviant behavior. Anatolia, 22(2), 204-221.
Deshpande, S. P., Joseph, J., & Shu, X. (2005). The impact of emotional intelligence on counterproductive behaviour in China. Management Research News, 28(5), 75-85.
Dogan, T., Totan, T., & Sapmaz, F. (2013). The role of self-esteem, psychological well-being, emotional self-efficacy, and affect balance on happiness: A path model. European Scientific
Journal, 9(20), 31-42.
Donnellan, M. B., Trzesniewski, K. H., Robins, R. W., Moffitt, T. E., & Caspi, A. (2005). Low self-esteem is related to aggression, antisocial behavior, and delinquency. Psychological Science, 16(4), 328-335.
Ehrhart, M. G., & Raver, J. L. (2014). The effects of organizational climate and culture on productive and counterproductive behavior. In B. Schneider & K. M. Barbera (Eds.), Oxford library of psychology. The Oxford handbook of organizational climate and culture (p. 153–176). Oxford University Press.
Evans, T. R. (2017). Emotional Intelligence: Overcoming Inconsistencies and Contradictions Towards the Development and Validation of an Integrated Model of Affect-related Individual Differences (Doctoral dissertation, Coventry University).
Eze, I. C., Omeje, O., Okonkwo, E., Ike, O. O., & Ugwu, L. (2019). Job Insecurity, Employment Status and Perceived Organisational Support as Predictors of Workplace Deviance Behaviour Among Bankers. Practicum Psychologia, 9(2), 1-24.
Farrastama, D. N., Asmony, T., & Hermanto, H. (2019). Effect of emotional intelligence on counterproductive work behavior with job stress as an intervening variable. International Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 3(1), 14-25.
Ferris, D. L., Brown, D. J., Lian, H., & Keeping, L. M. (2009). When does self-esteem relate to deviant behavior? The role of contingencies of self-worth. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94(5), 1345.
Ferris, D. L., Spence, J. R., Brown, D. J., & Heller, D. (2012). Interpersonal injustice and workplace deviance: The role of esteem threat. Journal of Management, 38(6), 1788-1811.
Fida, R., Paciello, M., Tramontano, C., Fontaine, R. G., Barbaranelli, C., & Farnese, M. L. (2015). An integrative approach to understanding counterproductive work behavior: The roles of stressors, negative emotions, and moral disengagement. Journal of Business Ethics, 130(1),131-144.
Fiori, M. (2015). Emotional intelligence compensates for low IQ and boosts low emotionality individuals in a selfpresentation task. Personality and Individual Differences, 81, 169-173.
Fox, S., & Spector, P. E. (2000). Relations of emotional intelligence, practical intelligence, general intelligence, and trait affectivity with interview outcomes: It's not all just ‘G’ Journal of Organizational Behavior: The International Journal of Industrial, Occupational and Organizational
Psychology and Behavior, 21(2), 203-220.
Fu, X., Padilla-Walker, L. M., & Brown, M. N. (2017). Longitudinal relations between adolescents' self-esteem and prosocial behavior toward strangers, friends and family. Journal of
Adolescence, 57, 90-98.
Furnham, A., & Siegel, E. M. (2011). Reactions to organizational injustice: Counter work behaviors and the insider threat. In Justice and conflicts (pp. 199-217).
Gerbing, D. W., & Hamilton, J. G. (1996). Viability of exploratory factor analysis as a precursor to confirmatory factor analysis. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 3(1), 62-72.
Geukens, F., Maes, M., Spithoven, A., Pouwels, J. L., Danneel, S., Cillessen, A. H., . . . Goossens, L. (2020). Changes in adolescent loneliness and concomitant changes in fear of negative evaluation and self-esteem. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 0165025420958194.
Godinet, M. T., & Vakalahi, H. O. (2009). Conceptualizing delinquency among Samoan adolescents: An integrative model. Journal of Ethnicity in Criminal Justice, 7(2), 135- 159.
Goleman, D. (1995). Emotional Intelligence. New York: Bantam Books. Grant, A. (2014). The dark side of emotional intelligence. The Atlantic, 2.
Greenidge, D., Devonish, D., & Alleyne, P. (2014). The relationship between ability-based emotional intelligence and contextual performance and counterproductive work behaviors: A test
of the mediating effects of job satisfaction. Human Performance, 27(3), 225-242.
Grijalva, E., & Newman, D. A. (2015). Narcissism and counterproductive work behavior (CWB): Meta‐analysis and consideration of collectivist culture, Big Five personality, and narcissism's facet structure. Applied Psychology, 64(1), 93-126.
Gruys, M. L., & Sackett, P. R. (2003). Investigating the dimensionality of counterproductive work behavior. International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 11(1), 30-42.
Haider, S., de Pablos Heredero, C., & Ahmed, M. (2019). A threewave time-lagged study of mediation between positive feedback and organizational citizenship behavior: the role of organization-based self-esteem. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 12, 241-253.
Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., Anderson, R. E., & Tatham, R. (2006). Multivariate data analysis. Vol. 6, Pearson Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River. Uppersaddle River. Harpin, V., Mazzone, L., Raynaud, J., Kahle, J., & Hodgkins, P. (2016). Long-term outcomes of: a systematic review of self-esteem and social function. Journal of Attention Disorders, 20(4), 295-305.
Hayes, A. F. (2015). An index and test of linear moderated mediation. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 50(1), 1-22.
Heinitz, K., Lorenz, T., Schulze, D., & Schorlemmer, J. (2018).Positive organizational behavior: Longitudinal effects on subjective well-being. Plos One, 13(6), e0198588.
Hobfoll, S. E. (2004). Stress, culture, and community: The psychology and philosophy of stress: Springer Science & Business Media.
Holland, R. W., Meertens, R. M., & Van Vugt, M. (2002). Dissonance on the road: Self-esteem as a moderator of internal and external self-justification strategies. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28(12), 1713-1724.
Holtz, B. C., & Harold, C. M. (2013). Effects of leadership consideration and structure on employee perceptions of justice and counterproductive work behavior. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 34(4), 492-519.
Hooghiemstra, R. (2000). Corporate communication and impression management–new perspectives why companies engage in corporate social reporting. Journal of Business Ethics, 27(1- 2), 55-68.
Hyde, J., Grieve, R., Norris, K., & Kemp, N. (2020). The dark side of emotional intelligence: the role of gender and the Dark Triad in emotional manipulation at work. Australian Journal of Psychology, 72(4), 307-317.
Jafri, M. H., Dem, C., & Choden, S. (2016). Emotional intelligence and employee creativity: Moderating role of proactive personality and organizational climate. Business Perspectives and Research, 4(1), 54-66.
Jain, A. K. (2012). Does emotional intelligence predict impression management? Journal of Organizational Culture, Communications and Conflict, 16(2), 1-20.
Jo, M. S. (2000). Controlling social‐desirability bias via method factors of direct and indirect questioning in structural equation models. Psychology & Marketing, 17(2), 137-148.
Jones, E. E., & Pittman, T. S. (1982). Toward a general theory of strategic self-presentation. Psychological Perspectives on the Self, 1(1), 231-262.
Judge, T. A., & Bono, J. E. (2001). Relationship of core selfevaluations traits—self-esteem, generalized self-efficacy, locus of control, and emotional stability—with job satisfaction and job performance: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(1), 80-92.
Jung, H. S., & Yoon, H. H. (2012). The effects of emotional intelligence on counterproductive work behaviors and organizational citizen behaviors among food and beverage employees in a deluxe hotel. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 31(2), 369-378.
Kariuki, M. N. (2019). Influence of Self Esteem on Students’ Discipline and Academic Performance in Secondary Schools. Maasai Mara University. Keller, R. T. (1983). Predicting absenteeism from prior absenteeism, attitudinal factors, and nonattitudinal factors. Journal of Applied psychology, 68(3), 536.
Kleinsinger, F. (2003). Understanding noncompliant behavior: definitions and causes. The Permanente Journal, 7(4), 18- 21.
Klotz, A. C., He, W., Yam, K. C., Bolino, M. C., Wei, W., & Houston III, L. (2018). Good actors but bad apples: Deviant consequences of daily impression management at work. Journal of Applied psychology, 103(10), 1145.
Kluemper, D. H., DeGroot, T., & Choi, S. (2013). Emotion management ability: Predicting task performance, citizenship, and deviance. Journal of Management, 39(4), 878-905.
Kluemper, D. H., McLarty, B. D., Bishop, T. R., & Sen, A. (2015). Interviewee selection test and evaluator assessments of general mental ability, emotional intelligence and extraversion: Relationships with structured behavioral and situational interview performance. Journal of Business and Psychology, 30(3), 543-563.
Korman, A. K. (1968). Task success, task popularity, and selfesteem as influences on task liking. Journal of Applied psychology, 52(6), 484-490.
Korman, A. K. (1970). Toward an hypothesis of work behavior. Journal of Applied psychology, 54(1p1), 31-41.
Kunnanatt, J. T. (2008). Emotional intelligence: theory and description. Career Development International, 13(7), 614- 629.
Larson, R. B. (2019). Controlling social desirability bias. International Journal of Market Research, 61(5), 534-547.
LeBlanc, M. M., & Barling, J. (2004). Workplace aggression. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 13(1), 9-12.
MacCann, C., Jiang, Y., Brown, L. E., Double, K. S., Bucich, M., & Minbashian, A. (2020). Emotional intelligence predicts academic performance: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 146(2), 150-186.
Marcus, B., Taylor, O. A., Hastings, S. E., Sturm, A., & Weigelt, O. (2016). The structure of counterproductive work behavior: A review, a structural meta-analysis, and a primary study.
Journal of Management, 42(1), 203-233.
Maxwell, J. P. (1989). Mediation in the schools: Self‐regulation, self‐esteem, and self‐discipline. Mediation Quarterly, 7(2), 149-155.
Mayer, J. D., Caruso, D. R., & Salovey, P. (1999). Emotional Intelligence Meets Traditional Standards for an Intelligence. Intelligence, 27(4), 267-267.
Mayer, J. D., Roberts, R. D., & Barsade, S. G. (2008). Human abilities: Emotional intelligence. Annu. Rev. Psychol., 59, 507-536.
Mery, F., & Burns, J. G. (2010). Behavioural plasticity: An interaction between evolution and experience. Evolutionary Ecology, 24(3), 571-583.
Miao, C., Humphrey, R., & Qian, S. (2017). A meta-analysis of emotional intelligence and work attitudes. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 90(2), 177- 202.
Miao, C., Humphrey, R. H., & Qian, S. (2017). Are the emotionally intelligent good citizens or counterproductive? A metaanalysis of emotional intelligence and its relationships with organizational citizenship behavior and counterproductive work behavior. Personality and Individual Differences, 29(116), 144-156.
Mier, C., & Ladny, R. T. (2018). Does self-esteem negatively impact crime and delinquency? A meta-analytic review of 25 years of evidence. Deviant Behavior, 39(8), 1006-1022.
Moeller, C., & Kwantes, C. T. (2015). Too much of a good thing? Emotional intelligence and interpersonal conflict behaviors. The Journal of social psychology, 155(4), 314-324.
Moksnes, U. K., & Espnes, G. A. (2013). Self-esteem and life satisfaction in adolescents—gender and age as potential moderators. Quality of Life Research, 22(10), 2921-2928.
Mote, G., Bowen, J., Vanags, J., & Geipele, I. (2012). Impression Management: Impression Conceptual Definition and Model. Paper presented at the BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION (ICBA'12) conference.
Nasir, M., & Bashir, A. (2012). Examining workplace deviance in public sector organizations of Pakistan. International Journal of Social Economics, 39(4), 240-253.
Neff, K. D. (2011). Self‐compassion, self‐esteem, and well‐being. Social and personality psychology compass, 5(1), 1-12.
Neuman, J. H., & Baron, R. A. (2005). Aggression in the Workplace: A Social-Psychological Perspective. In S. Fox & P. E. Spector (Eds.), Counterproductive work behavior: Investigations of actors and targets (p. 13–40). American
Nunnally, J. C., & Bernstein, I. (1994). Validity. In: Psychometric theory (3 ed.). Toronto: McGraw-Hill, Inc.
O'Leary-Kelly, A. M., Griffin, R. W., & Glew, D. J. (1996). Organization-motivated aggression: A research framework. Academy of management review, 21(1), 225-253.
Oh, I. S., Charlier, S. D., Mount, M. K., & Berry, C. M. (2014). The two faces of high self‐monitors: Chameleonic moderating effects of self‐monitoring on the relationships between personality traits and counterproductive work behaviors. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 35(1), 92-111.
Orth, U., & Robins, R. W. (2014). The development of self-esteem. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 23(5), 381- 387.
Orth, U., Robins, R. W., & Widaman, K. F. (2012). Life-span development of self-esteem and its effects on important life outcomes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 102(6), 1271-1288.
Pelt, D. H., van der Linden, D., & Born, M. P. (2018). How emotional intelligence might get you the job: The relationship between trait emotional intelligence and faking on personality tests. Human Performance, 31(1), 33-54.
Phipps, S. T., Prieto, L. C., & Deis, M. H. (2015). The role of personality in organizational citizenship behavior: Introducing counterproductive work behavior and integrating impression management as a moderating factor. Journal of Organizational Culture, Communications and Conflict, 19(1), 176.
Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J.-Y., & Podsakoff, N. P.(2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: a critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied psychology, 88(5), 879-903.
Prentice, C., Dominique Lopes, S., & Wang, X. (2019). Emotional intelligence or artificial intelligence–an employee perspective. Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management, 29(4), 377-403.
Priyadharshini, R. G., & Kannadasan, T. (2011). The influence of the emotional intelligence on self monitoring. African Journal of Business Management, 5(17), 7575-7578.
Raman, P., Sambasivan, M., & Kumar, N. (2016). Counterproductive work behavior among frontline government employees: Role of personality, emotional intelligence, affectivity, emotional labor, and emotional exhaustion. Revista de Psicología del Trabajo y de las Organizaciones, 32(1), 25-37.
Rexhepi, G., & Berisha, B. (2017). The effects of emotional intelligence in employees performance. International Journal of Business and Globalisation, 18(4), 467-479.
Robins, R. W., & Pals, J. L. (2002). Implicit self-theories in the academic domain: Implications for goal orientation, attributions, affect, and self-esteem change. Self and identity, 1(4), 313-336.
Robinson, E., Hull, L., & Petrides, K. (2020). Big Five model and trait emotional intelligence in camouflaging behaviours in autism. Personality and Individual Differences, 152, 109565.
Robinson, S. L., & Bennett, R. J. (1995). A typology of deviant workplace behaviors: A multidimensional scaling study. Academy of Management Journal, 38(2), 555-572.
Rosenberg, M. (1965). Rosenberg self-esteem scale (SES). Society and the adolescent self-image.
Rosenfeld, P., Edwards, J. E., & Thomas, M. D. (2015). Impression management. Wiley Encyclopedia of Management, 11, 1-2.
Rosenfeld, P., Giacalone, R. A., & Riordan, C. A. (1995). Impression management in organizations: Theory, measurement, practice: Van Nostrand Reinhold.
Sackett, P. R., & DeVore, C. J. (2002). Counterproductive behaviors at work Handbook of industrial, work and organizational psychology, Volume 1: Personnel psychology. (pp. 145-164). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications Ltd.
Salovey, P., & Mayer, J. D. (1990). Emotional intelligence. Imagination, cognition and personality, 9(3), 185-211.
Schulte-Braucks, J., Baethge, A., Dormann, C., & Vahle-Hinz, T. (2019). Get even and feel good? Moderating effects of justice sensitivity and counterproductive work behavior on the relationship between illegitimate tasks and self-esteem. Journal of occupational health psychology, 24(2), 241-255.
Schyns, B., & Schilling, J. (2013). How bad are the effects of bad leaders? A meta-analysis of destructive leadership and its outcomes. The Leadership Quarterly, 24(1), 138-158.
Seriki, O. K., Nath, P., Ingene, C. A., & Evans, K. R. (2020). How complexity impacts salesperson counterproductive behavior: The mediating role of moral disengagement. Journal of Business Research, 107, 324-335.
Skarlicki, D. P., & Folger, R. (1997). Retaliation in the workplace: The roles of distributive, procedural, and interactional justice. Journal of Applied psychology, 82(3), 434-443.
Smith, M. B., Craig Wallace, J., & Jordan, P. (2016). When the dark ones become darker: How promotion focus moderates the effects of the dark triad on supervisor performance ratings. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 37(2), 236-254.
Solano, F., & Kleiner, B. H. (2003). Understanding and preventing workplace retaliation. Management Research News, 26(2), 206-211.
Sowislo, J. F., & Orth, U. (2013). Does low self-esteem predict depression and anxiety? A meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Psychological Bulletin, 139(1), 213.
Spector, P. E. (2011). The relationship of personality to counterproductive work behavior (CWB): An integration of perspectives. Human Resource Management Review, 21(4), 342-352.
Spector, P. E., Fox, S., Penney, L. M., Bruursema, K., Goh, A., & Kessler, S. J. J. o. v. b. (2006). The dimensionality of counterproductivity: Are all counterproductive behaviors created equal? Journal of Vocational Behavior, 68(3), 446- 460.
Sperry, L. (2009). Mobbing and bullying: The influence of individual, work group, and organizational dynamics on abusive workplace behavior. Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research, 61(3), 190-201.
Takhsha, M., Barahimi, N., Adelpanah, A., & Salehzadeh, R. (2020). The effect of workplace ostracism on knowledge sharing: the mediating role of organization-based selfesteem and organizational silence. Journal of Workplace Learning, 32(6), 417-435.
Tessler, R. C., & Schwartz, S. H. (1972). Help seeking, self-esteem, and achievement motivation: an attributional analysis. Journal of personality and social psychology, 21(3), 318.
Ünal, A. (2013). Teachers' deviant workplace behaviors: Scale development. Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal, 41(4), 635-642.
Valente, S., Monteiro, A. P., & Lourenço, A. A. (2019). The relationship between teachers’ emotional intelligence and classroom discipline management. Psychology in the Schools, 56(5), 741-750.
Vatankhah, S., Javid, E., & Raoofi, A. (2017). Perceived organizational support as the mediator of the relationships between high-performance work practices and counter productive work behavior: Evidence from airline industry. Journal of Air Transport Management, 15(59), 107-115.
Veselska, Z., Geckova, A. M., Orosova, O., Gajdosova, B., van Dijk, J. P., & Reijneveld, S. A. (2009). Self-esteem and resilience: The connection with risky behavior among adolescents. Addictive behaviors, 34(3), 287-291.
Vohs, K. D., Baumeister, R. F., & Ciarocco, N. J. (2005). Self- Regulation and Self-Presentation: Regulatory Resource Depletion Impairs Impression Management and Effortful Self-Presentation Depletes Regulatory Resources. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88(4), 632-657.
Wang, Y., & Wang, L. (2016). Self-construal and creativity: The moderator effect of self-esteem. Personality and Individual Differences, 99, 184-189.
Weng, L.-C., & Chang, W.-C. (2015). Does impression management really help? A multilevel testing of the mediation role of impression management between personality traits and leader–member exchange. Asia Pacific Management Review, 20(1), 2-10.
Whelpley, C. E., & McDaniel, M. A. (2016). Self-esteem and counterproductive work behaviors: a systematic review. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 31(4), 850-863.
Whiting, S. W., Maynes, T. D., Podsakoff, N. P., & Podsakoff, P. M. (2012). Effects of message, source, and context on evaluations of employee voice behavior. Journal of Applied psychology, 97(1), 159-182.
Williams, L. J., & McGonagle, A. K. (2016). Four research designs and a comprehensive analysis strategy for investigating common method variance with self-report measures using latent variables. Journal of Business and Psychology, 31(3), 339-359.
Wimbush, J. C., & Dalton, D. R. (1997). Base rate for employee theft: Convergence of multiple methods. Journal of Applied psychology, 82(5), 756-763.
Winkel, D. E., Wyland, R. L., Shaffer, M. A., & Clason, P. (2011). A new perspective on psychological resources: Unanticipated consequences of impulsivity and emotional intelligence. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 84(1), 78-94.
Wong, C.-S., & Law, K. S. (2002). The effects of leader and follower emotional intelligence on performance and attitude: An exploratory study. The Leadership Quarterly, 13(3), 243-274.
Yang, J., & Treadway, D. C. (2018). A social influence interpretation of workplace ostracism and counterproductive work behavior. Journal of Business Ethics, 148(4), 879-891.
Yun, G. W., Allgayer, S., & Park, S.-Y. (2020). Mind Your Social Media Manners: Pseudonymity, Imaginary Audience, and Incivility on Facebook vs. YouTube. International Journalof Communication, 14, 1-21.
Reem Hussein Al Ghazo, Taghrid Saleh Suifan & Mohammed Alnuaimi (2018): Emotional intelligence and counterproductive work behavior: The mediating role of organizational climate, Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment.8(26)1-13.
Fitriastuti ,Triana & Vanderstraeten, Alex( 2022) "Being Out of the Loop: Workplace Deviance as a Mediator of the Impact of Impression Management on Workplace Exclusion," Sustainability, MDPI, 14(2), 1-13,
Rahman, Sahidur & Ferdausy, Shameema & Karan, Rana( 2012) "Relationship Among Emotional Intelligence, Deviant Workplace Behavior And Job Performance: An Empirical Study," Portuguese Journal of Management Studies, ISEG, Universidade de Lisboa, 10(1), 39-62.
Kim ,Hye Kyoung, Seung Hee Leeand Ki Heung Yim(2016) Understanding Employees’ Deviant Behavior. Indian Journal of Science and Technology, 9(48)1-6.
Yarmohammadi Monfared, S. & Naghizadeh Baghi, A. (2022). The effect of emotional intelligence on organizational citizenship behavior and unproductive work behavior (Case study of employees of sports and youth departments in Zanjan province- Iran) . Journal of Global Sport and Education Research , 5 (1) , 39-53.
Al Ghazo, R. H., Suifan, T. S., & Alnuaimi, M. (2019). Emotional intelligence and counterproductive work behavior: The mediating role of organizational climate. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 29(3), 333-345.
Aleassa, H. M. (2014). Performance appraisal satisfaction and counterproductive behaviors: direct and moderating effects. International Journal of Business Administration, 5(1), 76- 89.
Anwar, M. N., Sarwar, M., Awan, R.-u.-N., & Arif, M. I. (2011). Gender differences in workplace deviant behavior of university teachers and modification techniques. International Education Studies, 4(1), 193-197.
Aubé, C., Rousseau, V., Mama, C., & Morin, E. M. (2009). Counterproductive Behaviors and Psychological Wellbeing: The Moderating Effect of Task Interdependence. Journal of Business and Psychology, 24(3), 351-361.
Bai, Q., Lin, W., & Wang, L. (2016). Family incivility and counterproductive work behavior: A moderated mediation model of self-esteem and emotional regulation☆. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 94, 11-19.
Bennett, R. J., & Robinson, S. L. (2000). Development of a measure of workplace deviance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85(3), 349.
Bies, R. J., & Tripp, T. M. (2005). The Study of Revenge in the Workplace: Conceptual, Ideological, and Empirical Issues. In S. Fox & P. E. Spector (Eds.), Counterproductivework behavior: Investigations of actors and targets (p. 65–81). American Psychological.
Bolino, M. C., Kacmar, K. M., Turnley, W. H., & Gilstrap, J. B. J. J. o. M. (2008). A multi-level review of impression management motives and behaviors. Journal of Management, 34(6), 1080-1109.
Bolino, M. C., & Klotz, A. C. (2015). The paradox of the unethical organizational citizen: The link between organizational citizenship behavior and unethical behavior at work. Current Opinion in Psychology, 6, 45-49.
Bolino, M. C., & Turnley, W. H. J. O. R. M. (1999). Measuring impression management in organizations: A scale development based on the Jones and Pittman taxonomy. Organizational Research Methods, 2(2), 187-206.
Bolino, M. C., Varela, J. A., Bande, B., & Turnley, W. H. (2006). The impact of impression‐management tactics on supervisor ratings of organizational citizenship behavior. Journal of Organizational Behavior: The International Journal of Industrial, Occupational and Organizational Psychology and Behavior, 27(3), 281-297.
Bourdage, J., Wiltshire, J., & Lee, K. (2015). Personality and workplace impression management: correlates and implications. The Journal of Applied Psychology, 100(2), 537-546.
Bozbayindir, F. (2020). An Examination on the Opinions of Teachers Regarding the Use of Impression Management Tactics. Journal of Theoretical Educational Science/Kuramsal Eğitimbilim Dergisi, 13(1), 332-350.
Bozeman, D. P., & Kacmar, K. M. (1997). A cybernetic model of impression management processes in organizations. Organizational Behavior Human Decision Processes, 69(1), 9-30.
Branden, N., & Archibald, S. (1982). The psychology of self-esteem: Bantam Books. Briggs, E., Landry, T., & Wood, C. (2007). Beyond just being there: An examination of the impact of attitudes, materialism, and self-esteem on the quality of helping behavior in youth volunteers. Journal of Nonprofit & Public Sector Marketing, 18(2), 27-45.
Brosy, J., Bangerter, A., & Sieber, J. (2020). Laughter in the selection interview: impression management or honest signal? European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 1-10.
Burt, S. A. (2012). How do we optimally conceptualize the heterogeneity within antisocial behavior? An argument for aggressive versus non-aggressive behavioral dimensions. Clinical Psychology Review, 32(4), 263-279.
Calhoun Jr, G., & Morse, W. C. (1977). Self‐concept and selfesteem: Another prespective. Psychology in the Schools, 14(3), 318-322.
Carpenter, N. C., & Berry, C. M. (2017). Are counterproductive work behavior and withdrawal empirically distinct? A metanalytic investigation. Journal of Management, 43(3), 834- 863.
Cheng, G., Zhang, D., & Ding, F. (2015). Self-esteem and fear of negative evaluation as mediators between family socioeconomic status and social anxiety in Chinese emerging adults. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 61(6), 569-576.
Cheung, C. M., Wong, R. Y. M., & Chan, T. K. (2020). ''Online disinhibition: conceptualization, measurement, and implications for online deviant behavior''. Industrial Management & Data Systems.
Cohen, T. R., Panter, A., & Turan, N. (2013). Predicting counterproductive work behavior from guilt proneness. Journal of Business Ethics, 114(1), 45-53.
Cole, A. Y., & Rozell, E. J. (2011). Emotional Intelligence And Impression Management: A Theoretical Framework. Insights to a Changing World Journal(1).
Cooper, D., & Schindler, P. (2013). Business Research Methods. McGraw-Hill Higher Education.
Corgnet, B., Hernán-Gonzalez, R., & Rassenti, S. (2015). Firing threats: Incentive effects and impression management. Games and Economic Behavior, 91, 97-113.
Côté, S., DeCelles, K. A., McCarthy, J. M., Van Kleef, G. A., & Hideg, I. (2011). The Jekyll and Hyde of emotional intelligence: Emotion-regulation knowledge facilitates both prosocial and interpersonally deviant behavior. Psychological Science, 22(8), 1073-1080.
De Bruin, R., & Barber, L. K. (2020). Is Electronic Multitasking Always Viewed as a Counterproductive Meeting Behavior? Understanding the Nature of the Secondary Task. Psychological Reports, 0033294120973946.
De Cuyper, N., & De Witte, H. (2010). Temporary employment and perceived employability: Mediation by impression management. Journal of Career Development, 37(3), 635- 652.
Demir, M. (2011). Effects of organizational justice, trust and commitment on employees' deviant behavior. Anatolia, 22(2), 204-221.
Deshpande, S. P., Joseph, J., & Shu, X. (2005). The impact of emotional intelligence on counterproductive behaviour in China. Management Research News, 28(5), 75-85.
Dogan, T., Totan, T., & Sapmaz, F. (2013). The role of self-esteem, psychological well-being, emotional self-efficacy, and affect balance on happiness: A path model. European Scientific
Journal, 9(20), 31-42.
Donnellan, M. B., Trzesniewski, K. H., Robins, R. W., Moffitt, T. E., & Caspi, A. (2005). Low self-esteem is related to aggression, antisocial behavior, and delinquency. Psychological Science, 16(4), 328-335.
Ehrhart, M. G., & Raver, J. L. (2014). The effects of organizational climate and culture on productive and counterproductive behavior. In B. Schneider & K. M. Barbera (Eds.), Oxford library of psychology. The Oxford handbook of organizational climate and culture (p. 153–176). Oxford University Press.
Evans, T. R. (2017). Emotional Intelligence: Overcoming Inconsistencies and Contradictions Towards the Development and Validation of an Integrated Model of Affect-related Individual Differences (Doctoral dissertation, Coventry University).
Eze, I. C., Omeje, O., Okonkwo, E., Ike, O. O., & Ugwu, L. (2019). Job Insecurity, Employment Status and Perceived Organisational Support as Predictors of Workplace Deviance Behaviour Among Bankers. Practicum Psychologia, 9(2), 1-24.
Farrastama, D. N., Asmony, T., & Hermanto, H. (2019). Effect of emotional intelligence on counterproductive work behavior with job stress as an intervening variable. International Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 3(1), 14-25.
Ferris, D. L., Brown, D. J., Lian, H., & Keeping, L. M. (2009). When does self-esteem relate to deviant behavior? The role of contingencies of self-worth. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94(5), 1345.
Ferris, D. L., Spence, J. R., Brown, D. J., & Heller, D. (2012). Interpersonal injustice and workplace deviance: The role of esteem threat. Journal of Management, 38(6), 1788-1811.
Fida, R., Paciello, M., Tramontano, C., Fontaine, R. G., Barbaranelli, C., & Farnese, M. L. (2015). An integrative approach to understanding counterproductive work behavior: The roles of stressors, negative emotions, and moral disengagement. Journal of Business Ethics, 130(1),131-144.
Fiori, M. (2015). Emotional intelligence compensates for low IQ and boosts low emotionality individuals in a selfpresentation task. Personality and Individual Differences, 81, 169-173.
Fox, S., & Spector, P. E. (2000). Relations of emotional intelligence, practical intelligence, general intelligence, and trait affectivity with interview outcomes: It's not all just ‘G’ Journal of Organizational Behavior: The International Journal of Industrial, Occupational and Organizational
Psychology and Behavior, 21(2), 203-220.
Fu, X., Padilla-Walker, L. M., & Brown, M. N. (2017). Longitudinal relations between adolescents' self-esteem and prosocial behavior toward strangers, friends and family. Journal of
Adolescence, 57, 90-98.
Furnham, A., & Siegel, E. M. (2011). Reactions to organizational injustice: Counter work behaviors and the insider threat. In Justice and conflicts (pp. 199-217).
Gerbing, D. W., & Hamilton, J. G. (1996). Viability of exploratory factor analysis as a precursor to confirmatory factor analysis. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 3(1), 62-72.
Geukens, F., Maes, M., Spithoven, A., Pouwels, J. L., Danneel, S., Cillessen, A. H., . . . Goossens, L. (2020). Changes in adolescent loneliness and concomitant changes in fear of negative evaluation and self-esteem. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 0165025420958194.
Godinet, M. T., & Vakalahi, H. O. (2009). Conceptualizing delinquency among Samoan adolescents: An integrative model. Journal of Ethnicity in Criminal Justice, 7(2), 135- 159.
Goleman, D. (1995). Emotional Intelligence. New York: Bantam Books. Grant, A. (2014). The dark side of emotional intelligence. The Atlantic, 2.
Greenidge, D., Devonish, D., & Alleyne, P. (2014). The relationship between ability-based emotional intelligence and contextual performance and counterproductive work behaviors: A test
of the mediating effects of job satisfaction. Human Performance, 27(3), 225-242.
Grijalva, E., & Newman, D. A. (2015). Narcissism and counterproductive work behavior (CWB): Meta‐analysis and consideration of collectivist culture, Big Five personality, and narcissism's facet structure. Applied Psychology, 64(1), 93-126.
Gruys, M. L., & Sackett, P. R. (2003). Investigating the dimensionality of counterproductive work behavior. International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 11(1), 30-42.
Haider, S., de Pablos Heredero, C., & Ahmed, M. (2019). A threewave time-lagged study of mediation between positive feedback and organizational citizenship behavior: the role of organization-based self-esteem. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 12, 241-253.
Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., Anderson, R. E., & Tatham, R. (2006). Multivariate data analysis. Vol. 6, Pearson Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River. Uppersaddle River. Harpin, V., Mazzone, L., Raynaud, J., Kahle, J., & Hodgkins, P. (2016). Long-term outcomes of: a systematic review of self-esteem and social function. Journal of Attention Disorders, 20(4), 295-305.
Hayes, A. F. (2015). An index and test of linear moderated mediation. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 50(1), 1-22.
Heinitz, K., Lorenz, T., Schulze, D., & Schorlemmer, J. (2018).Positive organizational behavior: Longitudinal effects on subjective well-being. Plos One, 13(6), e0198588.
Hobfoll, S. E. (2004). Stress, culture, and community: The psychology and philosophy of stress: Springer Science & Business Media.
Holland, R. W., Meertens, R. M., & Van Vugt, M. (2002). Dissonance on the road: Self-esteem as a moderator of internal and external self-justification strategies. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28(12), 1713-1724.
Holtz, B. C., & Harold, C. M. (2013). Effects of leadership consideration and structure on employee perceptions of justice and counterproductive work behavior. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 34(4), 492-519.
Hooghiemstra, R. (2000). Corporate communication and impression management–new perspectives why companies engage in corporate social reporting. Journal of Business Ethics, 27(1- 2), 55-68.
Hyde, J., Grieve, R., Norris, K., & Kemp, N. (2020). The dark side of emotional intelligence: the role of gender and the Dark Triad in emotional manipulation at work. Australian Journal of Psychology, 72(4), 307-317.
Jafri, M. H., Dem, C., & Choden, S. (2016). Emotional intelligence and employee creativity: Moderating role of proactive personality and organizational climate. Business Perspectives and Research, 4(1), 54-66.
Jain, A. K. (2012). Does emotional intelligence predict impression management? Journal of Organizational Culture, Communications and Conflict, 16(2), 1-20.
Jo, M. S. (2000). Controlling social‐desirability bias via method factors of direct and indirect questioning in structural equation models. Psychology & Marketing, 17(2), 137-148.
Jones, E. E., & Pittman, T. S. (1982). Toward a general theory of strategic self-presentation. Psychological Perspectives on the Self, 1(1), 231-262.
Judge, T. A., & Bono, J. E. (2001). Relationship of core selfevaluations traits—self-esteem, generalized self-efficacy, locus of control, and emotional stability—with job satisfaction and job performance: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(1), 80-92.
Jung, H. S., & Yoon, H. H. (2012). The effects of emotional intelligence on counterproductive work behaviors and organizational citizen behaviors among food and beverage employees in a deluxe hotel. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 31(2), 369-378.
Kariuki, M. N. (2019). Influence of Self Esteem on Students’ Discipline and Academic Performance in Secondary Schools. Maasai Mara University. Keller, R. T. (1983). Predicting absenteeism from prior absenteeism, attitudinal factors, and nonattitudinal factors. Journal of Applied psychology, 68(3), 536.
Kleinsinger, F. (2003). Understanding noncompliant behavior: definitions and causes. The Permanente Journal, 7(4), 18- 21.
Klotz, A. C., He, W., Yam, K. C., Bolino, M. C., Wei, W., & Houston III, L. (2018). Good actors but bad apples: Deviant consequences of daily impression management at work. Journal of Applied psychology, 103(10), 1145.
Kluemper, D. H., DeGroot, T., & Choi, S. (2013). Emotion management ability: Predicting task performance, citizenship, and deviance. Journal of Management, 39(4), 878-905.
Kluemper, D. H., McLarty, B. D., Bishop, T. R., & Sen, A. (2015). Interviewee selection test and evaluator assessments of general mental ability, emotional intelligence and extraversion: Relationships with structured behavioral and situational interview performance. Journal of Business and Psychology, 30(3), 543-563.
Korman, A. K. (1968). Task success, task popularity, and selfesteem as influences on task liking. Journal of Applied psychology, 52(6), 484-490.
Korman, A. K. (1970). Toward an hypothesis of work behavior. Journal of Applied psychology, 54(1p1), 31-41.
Kunnanatt, J. T. (2008). Emotional intelligence: theory and description. Career Development International, 13(7), 614- 629.
Larson, R. B. (2019). Controlling social desirability bias. International Journal of Market Research, 61(5), 534-547.
LeBlanc, M. M., & Barling, J. (2004). Workplace aggression. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 13(1), 9-12.
MacCann, C., Jiang, Y., Brown, L. E., Double, K. S., Bucich, M., & Minbashian, A. (2020). Emotional intelligence predicts academic performance: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 146(2), 150-186.
Marcus, B., Taylor, O. A., Hastings, S. E., Sturm, A., & Weigelt, O. (2016). The structure of counterproductive work behavior: A review, a structural meta-analysis, and a primary study.
Journal of Management, 42(1), 203-233.
Maxwell, J. P. (1989). Mediation in the schools: Self‐regulation, self‐esteem, and self‐discipline. Mediation Quarterly, 7(2), 149-155.
Mayer, J. D., Caruso, D. R., & Salovey, P. (1999). Emotional Intelligence Meets Traditional Standards for an Intelligence. Intelligence, 27(4), 267-267.
Mayer, J. D., Roberts, R. D., & Barsade, S. G. (2008). Human abilities: Emotional intelligence. Annu. Rev. Psychol., 59, 507-536.
Mery, F., & Burns, J. G. (2010). Behavioural plasticity: An interaction between evolution and experience. Evolutionary Ecology, 24(3), 571-583.
Miao, C., Humphrey, R., & Qian, S. (2017). A meta-analysis of emotional intelligence and work attitudes. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 90(2), 177- 202.
Miao, C., Humphrey, R. H., & Qian, S. (2017). Are the emotionally intelligent good citizens or counterproductive? A metaanalysis of emotional intelligence and its relationships with organizational citizenship behavior and counterproductive work behavior. Personality and Individual Differences, 29(116), 144-156.
Mier, C., & Ladny, R. T. (2018). Does self-esteem negatively impact crime and delinquency? A meta-analytic review of 25 years of evidence. Deviant Behavior, 39(8), 1006-1022.
Moeller, C., & Kwantes, C. T. (2015). Too much of a good thing? Emotional intelligence and interpersonal conflict behaviors. The Journal of social psychology, 155(4), 314-324.
Moksnes, U. K., & Espnes, G. A. (2013). Self-esteem and life satisfaction in adolescents—gender and age as potential moderators. Quality of Life Research, 22(10), 2921-2928.
Mote, G., Bowen, J., Vanags, J., & Geipele, I. (2012). Impression Management: Impression Conceptual Definition and Model. Paper presented at the BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION (ICBA'12) conference.
Nasir, M., & Bashir, A. (2012). Examining workplace deviance in public sector organizations of Pakistan. International Journal of Social Economics, 39(4), 240-253.
Neff, K. D. (2011). Self‐compassion, self‐esteem, and well‐being. Social and personality psychology compass, 5(1), 1-12.
Neuman, J. H., & Baron, R. A. (2005). Aggression in the Workplace: A Social-Psychological Perspective. In S. Fox & P. E. Spector (Eds.), Counterproductive work behavior: Investigations of actors and targets (p. 13–40). American
Nunnally, J. C., & Bernstein, I. (1994). Validity. In: Psychometric theory (3 ed.). Toronto: McGraw-Hill, Inc.
O'Leary-Kelly, A. M., Griffin, R. W., & Glew, D. J. (1996). Organization-motivated aggression: A research framework. Academy of management review, 21(1), 225-253.
Oh, I. S., Charlier, S. D., Mount, M. K., & Berry, C. M. (2014). The two faces of high self‐monitors: Chameleonic moderating effects of self‐monitoring on the relationships between personality traits and counterproductive work behaviors. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 35(1), 92-111.
Orth, U., & Robins, R. W. (2014). The development of self-esteem. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 23(5), 381- 387.
Orth, U., Robins, R. W., & Widaman, K. F. (2012). Life-span development of self-esteem and its effects on important life outcomes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 102(6), 1271-1288.
Pelt, D. H., van der Linden, D., & Born, M. P. (2018). How emotional intelligence might get you the job: The relationship between trait emotional intelligence and faking on personality tests. Human Performance, 31(1), 33-54.
Phipps, S. T., Prieto, L. C., & Deis, M. H. (2015). The role of personality in organizational citizenship behavior: Introducing counterproductive work behavior and integrating impression management as a moderating factor. Journal of Organizational Culture, Communications and Conflict, 19(1), 176.
Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J.-Y., & Podsakoff, N. P.(2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: a critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied psychology, 88(5), 879-903.
Prentice, C., Dominique Lopes, S., & Wang, X. (2019). Emotional intelligence or artificial intelligence–an employee perspective. Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management, 29(4), 377-403.
Priyadharshini, R. G., & Kannadasan, T. (2011). The influence of the emotional intelligence on self monitoring. African Journal of Business Management, 5(17), 7575-7578.
Raman, P., Sambasivan, M., & Kumar, N. (2016). Counterproductive work behavior among frontline government employees: Role of personality, emotional intelligence, affectivity, emotional labor, and emotional exhaustion. Revista de Psicología del Trabajo y de las Organizaciones, 32(1), 25-37.
Rexhepi, G., & Berisha, B. (2017). The effects of emotional intelligence in employees performance. International Journal of Business and Globalisation, 18(4), 467-479.
Robins, R. W., & Pals, J. L. (2002). Implicit self-theories in the academic domain: Implications for goal orientation, attributions, affect, and self-esteem change. Self and identity, 1(4), 313-336.
Robinson, E., Hull, L., & Petrides, K. (2020). Big Five model and trait emotional intelligence in camouflaging behaviours in autism. Personality and Individual Differences, 152, 109565.
Robinson, S. L., & Bennett, R. J. (1995). A typology of deviant workplace behaviors: A multidimensional scaling study. Academy of Management Journal, 38(2), 555-572.
Rosenberg, M. (1965). Rosenberg self-esteem scale (SES). Society and the adolescent self-image.
Rosenfeld, P., Edwards, J. E., & Thomas, M. D. (2015). Impression management. Wiley Encyclopedia of Management, 11, 1-2.
Rosenfeld, P., Giacalone, R. A., & Riordan, C. A. (1995). Impression management in organizations: Theory, measurement, practice: Van Nostrand Reinhold.
Sackett, P. R., & DeVore, C. J. (2002). Counterproductive behaviors at work Handbook of industrial, work and organizational psychology, Volume 1: Personnel psychology. (pp. 145-164). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications Ltd.
Salovey, P., & Mayer, J. D. (1990). Emotional intelligence. Imagination, cognition and personality, 9(3), 185-211.
Schulte-Braucks, J., Baethge, A., Dormann, C., & Vahle-Hinz, T. (2019). Get even and feel good? Moderating effects of justice sensitivity and counterproductive work behavior on the relationship between illegitimate tasks and self-esteem. Journal of occupational health psychology, 24(2), 241-255.
Schyns, B., & Schilling, J. (2013). How bad are the effects of bad leaders? A meta-analysis of destructive leadership and its outcomes. The Leadership Quarterly, 24(1), 138-158.
Seriki, O. K., Nath, P., Ingene, C. A., & Evans, K. R. (2020). How complexity impacts salesperson counterproductive behavior: The mediating role of moral disengagement. Journal of Business Research, 107, 324-335.
Skarlicki, D. P., & Folger, R. (1997). Retaliation in the workplace: The roles of distributive, procedural, and interactional justice. Journal of Applied psychology, 82(3), 434-443.
Smith, M. B., Craig Wallace, J., & Jordan, P. (2016). When the dark ones become darker: How promotion focus moderates the effects of the dark triad on supervisor performance ratings. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 37(2), 236-254.
Solano, F., & Kleiner, B. H. (2003). Understanding and preventing workplace retaliation. Management Research News, 26(2), 206-211.
Sowislo, J. F., & Orth, U. (2013). Does low self-esteem predict depression and anxiety? A meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Psychological Bulletin, 139(1), 213.
Spector, P. E. (2011). The relationship of personality to counterproductive work behavior (CWB): An integration of perspectives. Human Resource Management Review, 21(4), 342-352.
Spector, P. E., Fox, S., Penney, L. M., Bruursema, K., Goh, A., & Kessler, S. J. J. o. v. b. (2006). The dimensionality of counterproductivity: Are all counterproductive behaviors created equal? Journal of Vocational Behavior, 68(3), 446- 460.
Sperry, L. (2009). Mobbing and bullying: The influence of individual, work group, and organizational dynamics on abusive workplace behavior. Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research, 61(3), 190-201.
Takhsha, M., Barahimi, N., Adelpanah, A., & Salehzadeh, R. (2020). The effect of workplace ostracism on knowledge sharing: the mediating role of organization-based selfesteem and organizational silence. Journal of Workplace Learning, 32(6), 417-435.
Tessler, R. C., & Schwartz, S. H. (1972). Help seeking, self-esteem, and achievement motivation: an attributional analysis. Journal of personality and social psychology, 21(3), 318.
Ünal, A. (2013). Teachers' deviant workplace behaviors: Scale development. Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal, 41(4), 635-642.
Valente, S., Monteiro, A. P., & Lourenço, A. A. (2019). The relationship between teachers’ emotional intelligence and classroom discipline management. Psychology in the Schools, 56(5), 741-750.
Vatankhah, S., Javid, E., & Raoofi, A. (2017). Perceived organizational support as the mediator of the relationships between high-performance work practices and counter productive work behavior: Evidence from airline industry. Journal of Air Transport Management, 15(59), 107-115.
Veselska, Z., Geckova, A. M., Orosova, O., Gajdosova, B., van Dijk, J. P., & Reijneveld, S. A. (2009). Self-esteem and resilience: The connection with risky behavior among adolescents. Addictive behaviors, 34(3), 287-291.
Vohs, K. D., Baumeister, R. F., & Ciarocco, N. J. (2005). Self- Regulation and Self-Presentation: Regulatory Resource Depletion Impairs Impression Management and Effortful Self-Presentation Depletes Regulatory Resources. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88(4), 632-657.
Wang, Y., & Wang, L. (2016). Self-construal and creativity: The moderator effect of self-esteem. Personality and Individual Differences, 99, 184-189.
Weng, L.-C., & Chang, W.-C. (2015). Does impression management really help? A multilevel testing of the mediation role of impression management between personality traits and leader–member exchange. Asia Pacific Management Review, 20(1), 2-10.
Whelpley, C. E., & McDaniel, M. A. (2016). Self-esteem and counterproductive work behaviors: a systematic review. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 31(4), 850-863.
Whiting, S. W., Maynes, T. D., Podsakoff, N. P., & Podsakoff, P. M. (2012). Effects of message, source, and context on evaluations of employee voice behavior. Journal of Applied psychology, 97(1), 159-182.
Williams, L. J., & McGonagle, A. K. (2016). Four research designs and a comprehensive analysis strategy for investigating common method variance with self-report measures using latent variables. Journal of Business and Psychology, 31(3), 339-359.
Wimbush, J. C., & Dalton, D. R. (1997). Base rate for employee theft: Convergence of multiple methods. Journal of Applied psychology, 82(5), 756-763.
Winkel, D. E., Wyland, R. L., Shaffer, M. A., & Clason, P. (2011). A new perspective on psychological resources: Unanticipated consequences of impulsivity and emotional intelligence. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 84(1), 78-94.
Wong, C.-S., & Law, K. S. (2002). The effects of leader and follower emotional intelligence on performance and attitude: An exploratory study. The Leadership Quarterly, 13(3), 243-274.
Yang, J., & Treadway, D. C. (2018). A social influence interpretation of workplace ostracism and counterproductive work behavior. Journal of Business Ethics, 148(4), 879-891.
Yun, G. W., Allgayer, S., & Park, S.-Y. (2020). Mind Your Social Media Manners: Pseudonymity, Imaginary Audience, and Incivility on Facebook vs. YouTube. International Journalof Communication, 14, 1-21.
Reem Hussein Al Ghazo, Taghrid Saleh Suifan & Mohammed Alnuaimi (2018): Emotional intelligence and counterproductive work behavior: The mediating role of organizational climate, Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment.8(26)1-13.
Fitriastuti ,Triana & Vanderstraeten, Alex( 2022) "Being Out of the Loop: Workplace Deviance as a Mediator of the Impact of Impression Management on Workplace Exclusion," Sustainability, MDPI, 14(2), 1-13,
Rahman, Sahidur & Ferdausy, Shameema & Karan, Rana( 2012) "Relationship Among Emotional Intelligence, Deviant Workplace Behavior And Job Performance: An Empirical Study," Portuguese Journal of Management Studies, ISEG, Universidade de Lisboa, 10(1), 39-62.
Kim ,Hye Kyoung, Seung Hee Leeand Ki Heung Yim(2016) Understanding Employees’ Deviant Behavior. Indian Journal of Science and Technology, 9(48)1-6.
Yarmohammadi Monfared, S. & Naghizadeh Baghi, A. (2022). The effect of emotional intelligence on organizational citizenship behavior and unproductive work behavior (Case study of employees of sports and youth departments in Zanjan province- Iran) . Journal of Global Sport and Education Research , 5 (1) , 39-53.