Education and management of subjective knowledge of parents of adolescent soccer players in the preseason, an action research study
Subject Areas : Innovation in Sports Managementshiva molavinia 1 , rokhsareh badami 2 , Zohreh Meshkati 3
1 - PhD student in motor behavior, Isfahan Branch (Khorasgan), Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran
2 - Associate Professor, Isfahan Branch (Khorasgan), Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran
3 - Associate Professor, Isfahan Branch (Khorasgan), Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran
Keywords: Education, Management, mental knowledge, parents, action research.,
Abstract :
The purpose of the current research was to educate and manage the mental knowledge of parents of adolescent soccer players in an action research study in the preseason. In this study, 30 parents (father or mother), 21 children of athletes and 2 coaches from a specialized soccer academy that participated in the premier league of Isfahan cities were selected as participants. The research method was action research and the data collection method was qualitative. Data were collected by observing and recording verbal and non-verbal behaviors. in order to the thoughts and feelings of the participants, a semi-structured interview was also conducted with the coach and the parents of the athletes. The obtained data were carefully implemented and analyzed using the content analysis method. Seven overarching themes of psychological characteristics, psychological well-being, purposeful life, education, sports, behavior, and family lifestyle were identified from the perspective of parents in the education and management of the mental knowledge of parents of teenage football players. The education and management of mental knowledge is different based on the needs of the parents in the preseason of the competition. It is very important to pay attention to the identified needs and to train and manage the mental knowledge of the parents of adolescent soccer players in the pre-season to strengthen the parent-child relationship and promote the sports participation of parents and athletes, therefore it is necessary that coaches, psychologists and sports managers, environmental and individual factors to pay attention to effective mental knowledge training and management.
Alimujiang, A., Wiensch, A., Boss, J., Fleischer, N. L., Mondul, A. M., McLean, K., ... & Pearce, C. L. (2019). Association between life purpose and mortality among US adults older than 50 years. JAMA network open, 2(5), e194270-e194270.
American Psychiatric Association. 2000. Revised Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders TR-IV-DSM. Translated by Mohammad Reza Nirkho and Hamaya Avadis Yanes, 1381 Tehran: Sokhn Publications.
Axford, N., et al., 2012. Engaging parents in parenting programs: Lessons from research and 2 practice. Children and Youth Services Review, 34, 2061–2071.
Azimi, S., & Tamminen, K. A. (2022). Parental communication and reflective practice among youth sport parents. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 34(1), 109-132.
Bean, C. N., S. Jeffery-Tosoni, J. Baker, and J. Fraser-Thomas. 2016. “Negative Parental Behaviour in Canadian Minor Hockey: Insiders’ Perceptions and Recommendations.” PHEnex Journal 7 (3): 1–20.
Berg, M. (2004). Education and advocacy: Improving teaching and learning through student participatory action research. Practicing anthropology, 26(2), 20-24.
Birami, Mansour and Bahadri Khosrowshahi, Jafar. (2010). The relationship between parents' educational style and the academic progress of middle school students in Ilkhchi schools. Scientific Journal of Education and Evaluation (Quarterly), 3(10), 2-7.
Bonavolontà, V., Cataldi, S., Latino, F., Carvutto, R., De Candia, M., Mastrorilli, G., ... & Fischetti, F. (2021). The role of parental involvement in youth sport experience: Perceived and desired behavior by male soccer players. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(16), 8698.
Braun, V., Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology, Qualitative Research in Psychology (Vol. 3).
Budziszewski, R. 2019. “Get Tough!”: A Case Study on the Development of the Sport Ethic in Youth Lacrosse. [Master’s thesis, Utah State University]. https
Burgess, N. S., C. J. Knight, and S. D. Mellalieu. 2016. “Parental Stress and Coping in Elite Youth Gymnastics: An Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis.” Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise, and Health 8 (3): 237-256.
Clarke, Nicola J., and Chris G. Harwood. "Parenting experiences in elite youth football: A phenomenological study." Psychology of Sport and Exercise 15, no. 5 (2014): 528-537.
Clarke, V., & Braun, V. (2013). Successful qualitative research: A practical guide for beginners. Successful qualitative research, 1-400.Clarke, N. J., and C. G. Harwood. 2014. “Parenting Experiences in Elite Youth Football: A Phenomenological Study.” Psychology of Sport and Exercise 15 (1): 528-537.
Cohen, R., Bavishi, C., & Rozanski, A. (2016). Purpose in life and its relationship to all-cause mortality and cardiovascular events: a meta-analysis. Psychosomatic medicine, 78(2), 122-133.
Creswell, J.W.; Creswell, J.D. Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches; Sage Publications: Los Angeles, CA, USA, 2018.
Cushion, C.J., et al., 2010. Coach learning & development: A review of literature. Leeds: Sports Coach UK.
Danioni, F., & Barni, D. (2019). Parents’ sport socialization values, perceived motivational climate and adolescents’ antisocial behaviors. Europe's journal of psychology, 15(4), 754.
Dohme, L. C., Bloom, G. A., & Knight, C. J. (2021). Understanding the behaviours employed by parents to support the psychological development of elite youth tennis players in England. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 19(6), 957-974.
Dohme, L. C., Bloom, G. A., Piggott, D., & Backhouse, S. (2020). Development, implementation, and evaluation of anathlete-informed mental skills training program for eliteyouth tennis players. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 32(5), 429-449.
Dorsch, T. E., A. L. Smith, and A. M. Dotterer. 2016. “Individual, Relationship, and Context Factors Associated with Parent Support and Pressure in Organized Youth Sport.” Psychology of Sport and Exercise 23: 132–141.
Dorsch, T. E., A. L. Smith, and M. H. McDonough. 2015. “Early Socialization of Parents Through Organized Youth Sport.” Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology 4 (1): 3-18.
Dorsch, T. E., King, M. Q., Dunn, C. R., Osai, K. V., & Tulane, S. (2017). The impact of evidence-basedparent education in organized youth sport: A pilot study. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 29 (2), 199–214
Dorsch, T. E., M. Q. King, S. Tulane, K. V. Osai, R. Dunn, and C. P. Carlsen. 2018. “Parent Education in Youth Sport: A Community Case Study of Parents, Coaches, and Administrators.” Journal of Applied Sport Psychology.
Dorsch, T. E., Smith, A. L., Wilson, S. R., & McDonough, M. H. (2015). Parent goals and verbal sideline behavior in organized youth sport. Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology, 4(1), 19.
Ehsani, M. (2021). Characteristics of parents and young people that form the basis of family relationships. Family in the mirror of jurisprudence, 7(6), 51-82. IN Persian.
Elliott, S. K., and M. J. N. Drummond. 2017. “During Play, The Break, and The Drive Home: The Meaning of Parental Verbal Behaviour in Youth Sport.” Leisure Studies 36 (5): 645-656.
Elliott, S., and M. Drummond. (2015). “Parents in youth sport: what happens after the game?” Sport, Education and Society 22 (3): 391-406.
Erdal, K. 2018. The Adulteration of Children’s Sports: Waning Health and Well-Being in the Age of Organized Play. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.
Evans L, Hardy L, Fleming S. Intervention strategies with injured athletes: An action research study. The Sport Psychologist 2000; 14(2): 188-206.
Fox, K. R., & Corbin, C. B. (1989). The physical self-perception profile: Development and preliminary validation. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 11, 408–430.
Fredricks, J. A., and J. S. Eccles. 2005. “Family Socialization, Gender, and Sport Motivation and Involvement.” Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 27 (1): 3–31.
Funk, D. C., Ridinger, L. L., and Moorman, A. M. 2004. “Exploring origins of involvement: Understanding the relationship between consumer motives and involvement with professional sport teams.” Leisure Sciences, 26(1): 35-61.
Funk, D.C., Filo, K., Beaton, A.A., and Pritchard, M. 2009. “Measuring the motives of sport event attendance: Bridging the academic practitioner divide to understanding behaviour.” Sport Marketing Quarterly, 18(3): 126-138.
Furusa, M. G., Knight, C. J., & Hill, D. M. (2021). Parental involvement and children’s enjoyment in sport. Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise and Health, 13(6), 936-954.
Gagn´e, M., Ryan, R. M., & Bargmann, K. (2003). Autonomy support and need satisfaction in the motivation and well-being of gymnasts. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 15, 372–390.
Gibbins, John R. and Reimer, Bo. ( 1999 ). The politics of postmodernity: an introduction to contemporary culture and politics. Mansour Ansari. Tehran: New step
Gledhill, A., and C. G. Harwood. 2014. “Developmental Experiences of Elite Female Youth Soccer Players.” International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 12 (2): 150-165.
Harwood, C. G., A. Drew, and C. J. Knight. 2010. “Parental Stressors in Professional Youth Football Academies: A Qualitative Investigation of Specialising Stage Parents.” Qualitative Research in Sport and Exercise 2 (1): 39-55.
Harwood, C. G., and C. J. Knight. 2009a. “Stress in Youth Sport: A Developmental Investigation of Tennis Parents.” Psychology of Sport and Exercise 10 (4): 447-456.
Harwood, C. G., and C. J. Knight. 2009b. “Understanding Parental Stressors: An Investigation of British Tennis-Parents.” Journal of Sports Science 27 (4): 339-351.
Harwood, C. G., and C. J. Knight. 2015. “Parenting in Youth Sport: A Position Paper on Parenting Expertise.” Psychology of Sport and Exercise 16 (1): 24-35.
Harwood, C. G., and C. J. Knight. 2016. “Introduction: Parenting in Sport.” Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology 5 (2): 84-88.
Harwood, C. G., S. N. Thrower, M. J. Slater, F. F. Didymus, and L. Frearson. (2019). “Advancing Our Understanding of Psychological Stress and Coping Among Parents in Organized Youth Sport.” Frontiers in Psychology 10 (1): 1-7.
Hayward, F. P. I., C. J. Knight, and S. D. Mellalieu. (2017). “A Longitudinal Examination of Stressors, Appraisals, and Coping Youth Swimming.” Psychology of Sport and Exercise 29 (1): 56-68.
Herr, K. and Anderson, G.L., 2005. The action research dissertation: A guide for students & faculty. 3 London: Sage.
Hill, D. M., Hanton, S., Matthews, N., & Fleming, S. (2011). Alleviation of choking under pressure in elite golf: An action research study. The sport psychologist, 25(4), 465-488.
Hill, P. L., Edmonds, G. W., & Hampson, S. E. (2019). A purposeful lifestyle is a healthful lifestyle: Linking sense of purpose to self-rated health through multiple health behaviors. Journal of health psychology, 24(10), 1392-1400.
Holloway, I, & Wheeler, S. 2002. Qualitative Research for Nurses, 2nd edits. Oxford, Blachwell Science.
Holt, A. D., S. Smedegaard, C. S. Pawlowski, T. Skovgaard, and L. B. Christiansen. (2019). “Pupils’ Experiences of Autonomy, Competence and Relatedness in “Move for Well- being in Schools”: A Physical Activity Intervention.” European Physical Education Review 25 (3): 640–658.
Holt, A. D., S. Smedegaard, C. S. Pawlowski, T. Skovgaard, and L. B. Christiansen. )2019(. “Pupils’ Experiences of Autonomy, Competence and Relatedness in “Move for Well- being in Schools”: A Physical Activity Intervention.” European Physical Education Review 25 (3): 640–658.
Holt, N. L., et al., )2008(. Parental involvement in competitive youth sport settings. Psychology of 10 Sport and Exercise, 9(5), 663-685.
Holt, N. L., K. A. Tamminen, D. E. Black, J. L. Mandigo, and K. R. Fox. )2009(. “Youth Sport Parenting Styles and Practices.” Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 31 (1): 37-59.
Iwasaki, Y., and Havitz, M. E. 2004. “Examining relationships between leisure involvement, psychological commitment and loyalty to a recreation agency.” Journal of Leisure Research, 36(1): 45-72.
Jorm, A. F., & Wright, A. (2007). Beliefs of young people and their parents about the effectiveness of interventions for mental disorders. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 41, 656–666.
Kevin, L.R. (2009). Hope and Optimism Latent Structures and Influences on Grade Expectancyand Academic Performance. Journal of Personality. Vol.77, Issue 1, PP. 231-260.
Kidd, S. A., & Kral, M. J. (2005). Practicing participatory action research. Journal of counseling psychology, 52(2), 187.
Knight, C. J., & Newport, R. A. (2017). Understanding and working with parents of young athletes.
Knight, C. J., and N. L. Holt. )2014(. “Parenting in Youth Tennis: Understanding and Enhancing Children’s Experiences.” Psychology of Sport and Exercise 15 (2): 155–164.
Knight, C. J., Harwood, C. G., & Newport, R. A. (2024). The Role of Parent (s) in Developing Golf Expertise. In The Psychology of Golf Performance under Pressure (pp. 80-94). Routledge.
Knight, C.J., T. E. Dorsch, K. V. Osai, K. L. Haderlie, and P. A. Sellars. 2016. “Influences on Parental Involvement in Youth Sport.” Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology 5 (2): 161-178.
Kyle, G., Absher, J., Hammitt, W. and Cavin, J. 2006. “An examination of the motivation – involvement relationship.” Leisure Sciences, 28(5): 467–485.
Leff, S., and R. Hoyle. 1995. “Young Athletes’ Perceptions of Parental Support and Pressure.” A Multidisciplinary ResearchPublication 24 (2): 187–203.
Lienhart, N., V. Nicaise, C. J. Knight, and E. Guillet-Descas. 2019. “Understanding Parent Stressors and Coping Experiences in Elite Sport Contexts.” Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology.
Lisinskiene, A. (2016) Educational Interaction between Adolescents and Parents in Sporting Activities. Ph.D. Thesis,Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania,.
Lisinskiene, A., & Lochbaum, M. (2019). A qualitative study examining parental involvement in youth sports over a one-year intervention program. International journal of environmental research and public health, 16(19), 3563.
McCarthy, P., M. Jones, and D. Clark-Carter. 2008. “Understanding Enjoyment in Youth Sport: A Developmental Perspective.” Psychology of Sport and Exercise 9 (2): 142–156.
McMahon, J. A., and D. Penney. 2014. “Sporting Parents on the Pool Deck: Living Out a Sporting Culture?” QualitativeResearch in Sport, Exercise and Health 7 (2): 153–169.
McNiff J. Action research: principles and practice. London, UK: Routledge; 2013.
Mendo-Lázaro, S., León-del-Barco, B., Felipe-Castaño, E., Polo-del-Río, M. I., & Iglesias-Gallego, D. (2018). Cooperative team learning and the development of social skills in higher education: the variables involved. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 1536.
Merriam, S.B. and Leahy, B., 2005. Learning transfer: A review of the research in adult education 4 and learning. Journal of Lifelong Learning, 14, 1-24.
Morbée, S., Waterschoot, J., De Muynck, G. J., Haerens, L., Soenens, B., & Vansteenkiste, M. (2023). Identifying profiles of parental (de) motivating behaviors in youth sports: A multi-informant approach. Motivation and Emotion, 47(6), 990-1006.
Needleman, C. and Needleman, M., 1996. Qualitative methods for intervention research. American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 29, 329–337.
O’Rourke, D. J., Smith, R. E., Smoll, F. L., & Cumming, S. P. (2011). Trait anxiety in young athletes as a function of parental pressure and motivational climate: Is parental pressure always harmful?Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 23, 398–412.
Omli, J., and N. M. LaVoi. 2012. “Emotional Experiences of Youth Sport Parents I: Anger.” Journal of Applied Sport Psychology 24 (4): 10-25.
Padaki, A. S., Ahmad, C. S., Hodgins, J. L., Kovacevic, D., Lynch, T. S., & Popkin, C. A. (2017). Quantifying parental influence on youth athlete specialization: a survey of athletes’ parents. Orthopaedic journal of sports medicine, 5(9), 2325967117729147.
Pummanee, T., Tedla, Y. G., & Rieschc, S. K. (2018). Barriers to the Quality of Parent-Adolescent Communication in Thailand. International J of Child Dev and Mental H, 6(1), 88-102.
Pynn, S. R., J. G. Dunn, and N. L. Holt. 2019. “A Qualitative Study of Exemplary Parenting in Competitive Female Youth Team Sport.” Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology 8(2): 163-178.
Rickwood, D. J., Deane, F. P., & Wilson, C. J. (2007). When and how do young people seek professional help for mental health problems. Medical Journal of Australia, 187(7 Suppl), S35-S39.
Rutchick, A. M., Slepian, M. L., Reyes, M. O., Pleskus, L. N., & Hershfield, H. E. (2018). Future self-continuity is associated with improved health and increases exercise behavior. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 24(1), 72.
Sánchez-Miguel, P. A., Leo, F. M., Sánchez-Oliva, D., Amado, D., & García-Calvo, T. (2013). The importance of parents’ behavior in their children’s enjoyment and amotivation in sports. Journal of human kinetics, 36(1), 169-177.
Shirli, W. (2012). Subjective well-being, hope, and needs of individuals with serious mental illness. Psychiatry Research: vol 196: pp.214–219.
Simpson, R. A., Didymus, F. F., & Williams, T. L. (2023). Interpersonal psychological well-being among coach-athlete-sport psychology practitioner triads. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 67, 102435.
Smith, B., & McGannon, K. (2018). Developing rigor in qualitative research: Problems and opportunities within sport and exercise psychology. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 11(1), 101–121.
Snyder, C.R.; Cheavens, J. & Sympson, S.C. (1997) Hope: An individual motive for social commerce. Group Dynamics. Theory, Research, and Practice: vol 1: pp. 107– 118.
Spector, P. (2006), Industerial and Organizational Psychology, New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Speziale HS, Streubert HJ, Carpenter DR. Qualitative research in nursing: advancing the humanistic imperative. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2011.
Stoszkowski, J. and Collins, D., 2015. Sources, topics and use of knowledge by coaches. Journal of Sports Sciences, 1-9.
Tamminen, K. A., McEwen, C. E., Kerr, G., & Donnelly, P. (2020). Examining the impact of the respect in sport parent program on the psychosocial experiences of minor hockey athletes. Journal of Sports Sciences, 38(17), 2035–2045.
Tamminen, K., Z. Poucher, and V. Povilaitis. (2017). “The car ride home: An interpretive examination of parent–athlete sport conversations.” Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychologyy 6 (4): 325-339.
Thrower, S. N., Harwood, C. G., & Spray, C. M. (2017). Educating and supporting tennis parents: an action research study. Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise and Health, 9(5), 600-618.
Thrower, S. N., Harwood, C. G., & Spray, C. M. (2019). Educating and supporting tennis parents using web-based delivery methods: A novel online education program. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 31(3), 303–323.
Torres, C. R., & López Frías, F. J. (2023). A just organized youth sport. Journal of the Philosophy of Sport, 50(1), 83-99.
Wagstaff, C.R.D., Hanton, S., and Fletcher, D., 2013. Developing emotion abilities and regulation strategies in a sport organization: An action research intervention. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 14, 476-487.
Wiersma, L. D., and A. M. Fifer. 2008. “The Schedule Has Been Tough but We Think It’s Worth It: The Joys, Challenges, and Recommendations of Youth Sport Parents.” Journal of Leisure Research 40 (4): 505-530.
Wuerth S, Lee MJ, Alfermann D. (2004) Parental involvement and athletes’ career in youth sport. Psychol Sport Exerc, 5:21-33.
Yoo, M. S., & Park, H. R. (2015). Effects of case‐based learning on communication skills, problem‐solving ability, and learning motivation in nursing students. Nursing & health sciences, 17(2), 166-172.