The Relationship Between Emotional Awareness and Life Events with Executive Functions:The Mediating Role of Emotion Inhibition
Subject Areas : روانشناسی تحولی
fatemeh asadollahi
1
,
Masoud Mohammadi
2
*
,
Ghasem Naziri
3
,
Najmeh Fath
4
1 - islamic azad university branch of shiraz
2 - Assistant Professor in Azad University of Shiraz
3 - Assistant Professor Department of clinical psychology, Shiraz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz. Iran
4 - Assistant Professor Department of clinical psychology, Shiraz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz. Iran
Keywords: emotion inhibition, emotional awareness levels, life events, executive functions,
Abstract :
his study aimed to investigate the mediating role of Emotion Inhibition in the relationship between Emotional awareness levels and life events with executive functions. The research method was descriptive and correlational. The sample consisted of 400 clients) 117 men and 283 women) of counseling centers in Dorud, Khorramabad and Boroujerd were selected by convenience sampling method and completed the Emotion Inhibition Scale (Kellner,1986), Emotional Awareness Levels Scale (Lane & Schwartz ,1987), Checklist Life Events (Weathers, et al. 2013), Deficits in Executive Functioning Scale (Barkley, 2011). Structural equation modeling analysis showed that emotion inhibition can mediate the relationship between emotional awareness levels and life events with deficits in executive functioning. The direct effects of emotion inhibition and executive functions were positive and significant. The indirect effects of life events and executive functions were positive and significant. The indirect effect of emotional awareness levels and executive functions were negative and significant, findings can be said that emotional inhibition mediates the relationship between emotional awareness levels and executive functions negatively and the relationship between life events and executive functions is positive and significant.
Asadollahi, F., Mohammad, M., Naziri, GH., & Fath, N. (2022). Validation and confirmatory factor analysis of Persian version of Kellner's Emotional Inhibition Scale in clinical population of Lorestan province. Journal of Applied Psychology,16 (2), 57-37. [In Persian].
Baixauli, E. (2017). Happiness: Role of dopamine and serotonin on mood and negative emotions. Emergency Medicine, 7(2), Retrieved 20 June 2023, from https://www.longdom.org/open-access/happiness-role-of-dopamine-and-serotonin-on-mood-and-negative-emotions-43628.html
Barańczuk, U. (2019). The five-factor model of personality and emotion regulation: A meta-analysis. Personality and Individual Differences, 139, 217-227.
Barkley, R. A. (2011). Deficits in Executive Functioning Scale. New York: Guilford Press.
Bell, M. A., & Meza, T. G. (2020). Executive function. In J. B. Benson (Ed.), Encyclopedia of infant and early childhood development (pp. 568-574). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Bijanki, K. R., Manns, J. R., Inman, C. S., Choi, K. S., Harati, S., Pedersen, N. P., Drane, D. L., Waters, A. C., Fasano, R. E., Mayberg, H. S., & Willie, J. T. (2019). Cingulum stimulation enhances positive affect and anxiolysis to facilitate awake craniotomy. The Journal of Clinical Investigation, 129(3), 1152–1166.
Brothers, S. L., & Suchy, Y. (2021). Daily assessment of executive functioning and expressive suppression predict daily functioning among community-dwelling older adults. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 28(9), 974-983.
Butler, R. M., Boden, M. T., Olino, T. M., Morrison, A. S., Goldin, P. R., Gross, J. J., & Heimberg, R. G. (2018). Emotional clarity and attention to emotions in cognitive behavioral group therapy and mindfulness-based stress reduction for social anxiety disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 55, 31-38.
Carew, C. L., Milne, A. M., Tatham, E. L., MacQueen, G. M., & Hall, G. B. C. (2013). Neural systems underlying thought suppression in young women with, and at-risk, for depression. Behavioural Brain Research, 257, 13–24.
Charney, D. S. (2003). The psychobiology of resilience and vulnerability to anxiety disorders: implications for prevention and treatment. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience, 5(3), 207-221.
Cohodes, E. M., Chen, S. H., Lieberman, A. F., & Bush, N. R. (2020). Examination of the associations between young children’s trauma exposure, trauma-symptomatology, and executive function. Child Abuse & Neglect, 108, Retrieved 20 June 2023, from https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32739596/104635.
De Bellis, M. D., & Zisk, A. (2014). The biological effects of childhood trauma. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 23(2), 185–222.
De Raedt, R., & Koster, E. H. (2010). Understanding vulnerability for depression from a cognitive neuroscience perspective: A reappraisal of attentional factors and a new conceptual framework. Cognitive, Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience, 10(1), 50–70.
Eckland, N. S., Letkiewicz, A. M., & Berenbaum, H. (2021). Examining the latent structure of emotional awareness and associations with executive functioning and depression. Cognition & Emotion, 35(4), 805–821.
Franchow, E. I., & Suchy, Y. (2017). Expressive suppression depletes executive functioning in older adulthood. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 23(4), 341–351.
Godlewska, B. R. (2019). Cognitive neuropsychological theory: Reconciliation of psychological and biological approaches for depression. Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 197, 38-51.
Grandi, S., Sirri, L., Wise, T. N., Tossani, E., & Fava, G. A. (2011). Kellner's Emotional Inhibition Scale: A clinometric approach to alexithymia research. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 80(6), 335–344.
Guadagnoli, E., & Velicer, W. F. (1998). Relation to sample size to the stability of component patterns. Psychological Bulletin, 103(2), 265-275.
Hilt, L. M., Hanson, J. L., & Pollak, S. D. (2011). Emotion Dysregulation. In B. B. Brown & M. J. Prinstein (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Adolescence (pp. 160-169). U.S.: Academic Press.
Kellner, R. (1986). Abridged Manual of the Emotional Inhibition Scale. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico.
Khalili, A., Heydari Nasab, L., & Mokhtari, A. (2016). Introduction and evaluation of Level Emotional Awareness Scale. National Conference on New Researches in Psychology and Social Sciences. Tehran, Iran. [In Persian].
Khodapanah, M., Sohrabi, F., Ahadi, H., & Taghiloo, S. (2018). The structural model of brain- behavioral systems, impulsivity, alexithymia and cognitive emotion regulation with eating behavior. Iran Journal of Health Education Health Promotion, 6 (3), 251-265. [In Persian].
Kline, R. B. (2016). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. NY: Guilford Press.
Koven, N. S., & Thomas, W. (2010). Mapping facets of alexithymia to executive dysfunction in daily life. Personality and Individual Differences, 49(1), 24–28.
Krause, E. D., Mendelson, T., & Lynch, T. R. (2003). Childhood emotional invalidation and adult psychological distress: the mediating role of emotional inhibition. Child Abuse & Neglect, 27(2), 199–213.
Kristiansen, V. R., Handeland, T. B., Lau, B., Søderstrøm, K., Håkansson, U., & Øie, M. G. (2020). Trauma in childhood and adolescence and impaired executive functions are associated with uncertain reflective functioning in mothers with substance use disorder. Addictive Behaviors Reports, 11, Retrieved 20 June 2023, from https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/addictive-behaviors-reports100245.
Kumar, S., Yadava, A., & Sharma, N. R. (2016). Exploring the relations between executive functions and personality. International Journal of Indian Psychology, 3(7), 161-171.
Lane, R. D., & Schwartz, G. E. (1987). Levels of emotional awareness: a cognitive-developmental theory and its application to psychopathology. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 144(2), 133–143.
Lee, A. H., & Brown, E. (2022). Examining the effectiveness of trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy on children and adolescents' executive function. Child Abuse & Neglect, 126, Retrieved 22 June 2023, from https:// pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35093801/
Letkiewicz, A. M., Funkhouser, C. J., & Shankman, S. A. (2021). Childhood maltreatment predicts poorer executive functioning in adulthood beyond symptoms of internalizing psychopathology. Child Abuse & Neglect, 118, Retrieved 22 June 2023, from https:// pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35093801/
Liu, L., Xu ,Y., Wu,Y., Li, X., & Zhou, C.(2021). Cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the Emotional Inhibition Scale in a Chinese cancer sample, Frontiers in Psychology, 12, Retrieved 22 July 2023, from https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychology/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.
Mashhadi, A., Mirdoraghi, F., Hosainzadeh-Maleki, Z., Hasani, J., & Hamzeloo, M. (2015). Factor structure, reliability and validity of Persian version of Barkley Deficits in Executive Functioning Scale (BDEFS)- Adult version. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 7 (1), 51-62. [In Persian].
Mohammadkhani, P., Abasi, I., Pourshahbaz, A., Mohammadi, A., & Fatehi, M. (2016). The role of neuroticism and experiential avoidance in predicting anxiety and depression symptoms: Mediating effect of emotion regulation. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 10(3), e5047.
Moore, S. D., Brody, L. R., & Dierberger, A. E. (2009). Mindfulness and experiential avoidance as predictors and outcomes of the narrative emotional disclosure task. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 65(9), 971-988.
Moroni, L., Mazzetti, M., Ramirez, G. A., Farina, N., Bozzolo, E. P., Guerrieri, S., Moiola, L., Filippi, M., Di Mattei, V., & Dagna, L. (2021). Beyond neuropsychiatric manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus: Focus on post-traumatic stress disorder and alexithymia. Current Rheumatology Reports, 23(7), 52.
Namdarpour, F., Fatehizade, M., Bahrami, F., & Mohammadi Fesharaki, R. (2018). Mental rumination consequences in women with marital conflicts: A qualitative study. Consulting Researches Journal, 17 (67), 122-153. [In Persian].
Nejati, V. (2013). Cognitive Abilities Questionnaire: Development and evaluation of psychometric properties. Advances in Cognitive Sciences; 15 (2),11-19. [In Persian].
Niermeyer, M. A., & Suchy, Y. (2020). Walking, talking, and suppressing: Executive functioning mediates the relationship between higher expressive suppression and slower dual-task walking among older adults. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 34(4), 775–796.
Nordquist, N., & Oreland, L. (2010). Serotonin, genetic variability, behavior, and psychiatric disorders: A review. Upsala Journal of Medical Sciences, 115(1), 2–10.
O'Bryan, E. M., Kraemer, K. M., Johnson, A. L., McLeish, A. C., & McLaughlin, L. E. (2017). Examining the role of attentional control in terms of specific emotion regulation difficulties. Personality and Individual Differences, 108, 158–163.
Pellitteri, J. (2002). The relationship between emotional intelligence and ego defense mechanisms. The Journal of Psychology, 136(2), 182-194.
Predatu, R., David, D. O., & Maffei, A. (2020). The effects of irrational, rational, and acceptance beliefs about emotions on the emotional response and perceived control of emotions. Personality and Individual Differences, 155, 109712.
Rosa, M., Mombelli, E., Cattane, N., & Cattaneo, A. (2021). P.0499 Impact of childhood trauma on executive functioning and emotional regulation in adults: role of stress and inflammation. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 53, S368.
Rubenstein, L. M., Hamilton, J. L., Stange, J. P., Flynn, M., Abramson, L. Y., & Alloy, L. B. (2015). The cyclical nature of depressed mood and future risk: Depression, rumination, and deficits in emotional clarity in adolescent girls. Journal of Adolescence, 42, 68-76.
Rueda, M., & Paz-Alonso, P. (2013). Executive function and emotional development. Encyclopedia on Early Childhood Development, 1, 1-7.
Rzeszutek, M., Lis-Turlejska, M., Palich, H., & Szumiał, S. (2018). The Polish adaptation of the Life Events Checklist (LEC-5) for PTSD criteria from DSM-5. Psychiatria Polska, 52(3), 499–510.
Smith, R., Lane, R. D., Parr, T., & Friston, K. J. (2019). Neurocomputational mechanisms underlying emotional awareness: Insights afforded by deep active inference and their potential clinical relevance. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 107, 473-491.
Szczygieł, D., Buczny, J., & Bazińska, R. (2012). Emotion regulation and emotional information processing: The moderating effect of emotional awareness. Personality and Individual Differences, 52(3), 433-437.
Walter, K. H., Palmieri, P. A., & Gunstad, J. (2010). More than symptom reduction: changes in executive function over the course of PTSD treatment. Journal of traumatic stress, 23(2), 292–295.
Weathers, F. W., Blake, D. D., Schnurr, P. P., Kaloupek, D. G., Marx, B. P., & Keane, T. M. (2013). The Life Events Checklist for DSM-5 (LEC-5)-Standard. [Measurement instrument].