Attachment and Loneliness: The Mediating Role of Maladaptive Schemas

Subject Areas : روان‌شناسی تحولی

Marziye  Dalir Fardoee ¹ (MA in Clinical Psychology Islamic Azad University Tehran-South Branch)
Mehrnaz  Ahmadi ² (PhD Islamic Azad University Tehran-South Branch)

Received: 2020-01-20 Accepted : 2020-01-20 Published : 2019-12-22

Keywords: Adolescent girls, attachment, loneliness, maladaptive schemas,

Abstract :

  The aim of this study was to investigate the mediating role of maladaptive schemas in the relationship between attachment and loneliness in female adolescents. The study design was correlational. 415 Ninth to twelfth grades students were selected by in access sampling method. The participants completed the Loneliness Scale-version 3 (Russell, 1996), Experiences in Close–relationship Structures Questionnaire (FeddernDonbaek & Elklit, 2014) and Short Form of Young Schema Questionnaire (Young & Brown, 1999). Data were analyzed by path analysis method. Results confirmed the mediating role of maladaptive schemas in the relationship between attachment and loneliness. Results also indicated the significant positive effect of avoidant attachment on disconnection, other-directedness, over vigilance/inhibition and impaired limit schemas. The direct effect of avoidant attachment on impaired schema was not significant. The direct effect of anxious attachment on disconnection, impaired performance, other-directedness, and over vigilance/inhibition schemas was positive. However, the direct effect of anxious attachment on the impaired limit was not significant. In addition, the direct effect of avoidant and anxious attachment and disconnection, over vigilance/inhibition on loneliness was positive; and the direct effect of other-directedness scheme on loneliness was negative. The direct effect of impaired performance and impaired limit on loneliness was not significant. Findings suggest that disconnection, over vigilance/inhibition and other-directedness schemas had a mediating role between attachment and loneliness relation.  

References:

آهی، ق. (1385).هنجاریابینسخهکوتاهپرسشنامهطرحوارهیانگ. پایان‌نامهکارشناسیارشد،دانشکدهروان‌شناسیوعلومتربیتی،دانشگاهعلامهطباطبایی تهران.

احدی، ب. (1388). رابطه احساس تنهایی و عزت نفس با سبک‌های دلبستگی دانشجویان. مطالعات روان‌شناختی، 5(1)، 112 -95.

پورآوری، م.، قنبری، س.، زاده‌محمدی، ع. و پناغی، ل. (2014). اعتبار، پایایی و ساختار عاملی پرسشنامه تجارب روابط نزدیک–ساختار رابطه (ECR-RS).اندیشه و رفتار در روان‌شناسی بالینی،8(31)، 56 -47.

دادستان،پ. (1393).روان‌شناسیتحولی. تهران: انتشاراتسمت.

دارورپناه، ف. (1373).هنجار‌یابی نسخه تجدیدنظر شده مقیاس احساس تنهایی UCLAبرایدختران12 تا18 سالهدرتهران. پایان‌نامهکارشناسیارشد،دانشکدهروان‌شناسیوعلومتربیتی،دانشگاهعلامهطباطباییتهران.

دهشیری،غ.،برجعلی،م.،شیخی،م. وحبیبی،م. (1387). ساختواعتباریابی،مقیاساحساستنهاییدربیندانشجویان.مجلهروان‌شناسی، 47، 296 -282.

رحیم‌زاده،س.،بیات،م. واناری،آ. (1388). احساستنهاییوخوداثربخشیاجتماعیدرنوجوانان. فصلنامهروان‌شناسیتحولی: روان‌شناسانایرانی،6(22)،96 -87.

رحیم‌زاده،س. (1390).ساختارعاملیومدلیبرایاحساستنهاییدردانشجویان. پایان‌نامهدکتریروان‌شناسیعمومی،دانشکدهعلومتربیتیوروان‌شناسی، دانشگاهشهیدبهشتی.

صدوقی، ز.، آگیلار‌ـ‌وفایی، م. و رسول‌زاده طباطبایی، س. ک. (1387). تحلیل عاملی مقیاس شخص با حساسیت پردازش حسی بالا: رابطه مؤلفه‌های حساسیت پردازش حسی با افسردگی و اضطراب.مجله روان‌پزشکی و روان‌شناسی بالینی ایران،14(1)، 89 -85.

غفاریان،غ. (1396). دلبستگیورابطهباپدردرنشانه‌شناسیپرخوری. پایان‌نامهکارشناسیارشدروان‌شناسیشخصیت،دانشکدهروان‌شناسیوعلومتربیتی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامیواحدتهرانجنوب.

یوسفی، ن.، اعتمادی، ع،. بهرامی، ف.، احمدی، س. ا. و فاتحی‌زاده، م. (1389). مقایسه طرح‌واره‌های ناسازگار اولیه در همسران مطلقه و عادی به‌عنوان پیش‌بینی‌کننده طلاق.مجله روان‌پزشکی و روان‌شناسی بالینی ایران،16(1)، 33 -21.

 

Akdoğan, R. (2017). A model proposal on the relationships between loneliness, insecure attachment, and inferiority feelings. Personality and Individual Differences, 111, 19-24.

Berlin, L. J., Cassidy, J., & Belsky, J. (1995). Loneliness in young children and infant- mother attachment: A longitudinal study.Merrill-Palmer Quarterly(1982-), 91-103.

Bosmans, G., Braet, C., & Van Vlierberghe, L. (2011). Erratum: Attachment and symptoms of psychopathology: Early maladaptive schemas as a cognitive link? Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 18(2), 186-186.

 Bowlby, J. (1973). Attachment and loss(Vol.III): Separation: Anxiety and Anger. New York: Basic Books.

Brumariu, L. E., & Kerns, K. A. (2010). Parent–child attachment and internalizingsymptoms inchildhoodand adolescence: A review of empirical findings and future directions. Development and Psychopathology, 22(1), 177-203.

Feddern Donbaek, D., & Elklit, A. (2014). A validation of the Experiences in Close Relationships-Relationship Structures scale (ECR-RS) in adolescents. Attachment & human development, 16(1), 58-76.

Fraley, R. C., Waller, N. G., & Brennan, K. A. (2000). An item response theory analysis of selfreport measures of adult attachment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78(2), 350-365.

Fujimori, A., Hayashi, H., Fujiwara, Y., & Matsusaka, T. (2017). Influences of Attachment Style, Family Functions and Gender Differences on Loneliness in Japanese University Students. Psychology,8(4), 654-650.

Hazan, C., & Shaver, P. (1987). Romantic love conceptualized as an attachment process. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52(3), 511-524.

Herman, K. (2005). The Influence of Social Self-Efficacy, Self-Esteem and Personality Differences on Loneliness and Depression. Phd Degree Doctor of Philosophy, Graduate School of the OHIO State University.

Hojat, M. (1982). Psychometric characteristics of the UCLA Loneliness Scale: A study with Iranian college students. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 42(3), 917-924.

Hojat, M., Borenstein, B. D., & Shapurian, R. (1990). Perception of childhood dissatisfaction with parents and selected personality traits in adulthood. Journal of General Psychology, 117(3), 241-253.

Kline, R. B. (2010). Principals and practice of structural equation modeling. New York: The Guilford Press.

Kulick, D., & Rydström, J. (2015). Loneliness and its opposite: Sex, disability, and the ethics of engagement(p. 376). Durham, NC: Duke University Press.

Perlman, D., & Peplau, L. A. (1981). Toward a Social Psychology of Loneliness. In R. Gilmour, & S. Duck (Eds.), Personal Relationships: Relationships in Disorder(pp. 31-56). London: Academic Press.

Qualter, P., Brown, S. L., Rotenberg, K. J., Vanhalst, J., Harris, R. A., Goossens, L., & Munn, P. (2013). Trajectories of loneliness during childhood and adolescence: Predictors and health outcomes. Journal of Adolescence, 36(6), 1283-1293.

Rafaeli, E., Bernstein, D. P., & Young, J. (2011). Schema therapy: The CBT distinctive features Series. London and New York: Routledge.

Rice, M. L., Redmond, S. M., & Hoffman, L. (2006). Mean length of utterance in children with specific language impairment and in younger control children shows concurrent validity and stable and parallel growth trajectories. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 49(4), 793-808.

Roelofs, J., Lee, C., Ruijten, T., & Lobbestael, J. (2011). The mediating role ofearly maladaptive schemas in the quality relation between of attachment relationships and symptoms of depression in adolescents. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 39(4), 471-479.

Russell, D. W. (1996). UCLA Loneliness Scale (Version 3): Reliability, validity, and factor structure. Journal of Personality Assessment, 66(1), 20-40.

Schmidt, N. B., Joiner, T. E., Young, J. E., & Telch, M. J. (1995). The schema questionnaire: Investigation of psychometric properties and the hierarchical structure of a measure of maladaptive schemas. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 19(3),295-321.

Sümer, N., & Cozzarelli, C. (2004). The impact of adult attachment on partner and self-attributions and relationship quality. Personal Relationships, 11(3), 355-371.

Van Buskirk, A. M., & Duke, M. P. (1991). The Relationship Between Coping Style and Loneliness in Adolescents: Can “Sad Passivity” Be Adaptive?The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 152(2), 145-157.

Van Vreeswijk, M., Broersen, J., & Nadort, M. (2015). The Wiley-Blackwell handbook of schema therapy: Theory, research, and practice. John Wiley & Sons.

Varghese, M. E., & Pistole, M. C. (2017). College student cyberbullying: Self‐esteem, depression, loneliness, and attachment. Journal of College Counseling, 20(1), 7-21.

Waller, G., Meyer, C., & Ohanian, V. (2001). Psychometric properties of the long and short versions of the Young Schema Questionnaire: Core beliefs among bulimic and comparison women. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 25(2), 137-147.

Weiss, R. S. (1973). Lonelines: The experience of emotional and social isolation. Cambridge: MIT Press.

Wheeler, Katherine S. (2015). The Relationships Between Television Viewing Behaviors, Attachment, Loneliness, Depression, and Psychological Well-Being. University Honors Program Theses. 98.

Young, J. E., & Brown, G. (1999). Young schema questionnaire: Short version. New York: Cognitive Therapy Center of New York.

Young, J. E., Klosko, J. S., & Weishaar, M. E. (2003). Schema therapy: A practitioner's guide. Guilford Press.