The mediating role of psychological resilience on the relationship between cognitive appraisals and cognitive coping strategies with health behavior and emotional well-being in male and female university students
Subject Areas : روانشناسی تربیتیOmid Shokri 1 , Fatemeh Sabzi 2
1 - Shahid Beheshti University
2 - M. A. in Clinical Psychology Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran
Keywords: cognitive appraisals, cognitive coping strategies, psychological resilience, health behaviors,
Abstract :
This study examined the mediating effect of psychological resilience on the relationship between cognitive appraisal processes and with health behaviors and emotional well-being among male and female university students. In a sample consisting of 500 university students (250 male and 250 female), the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire, the Stress Appraisal Measure, Adolescent Resilience Scale, Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile and the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule were administered. Results showed that the completely mediated model of psychological resilience on the relationship between cognitive appraisal processes and coping strategies with health behaviors and emotional well-being had good fit to data. Also, the results of the gender specificity of structural relations showed that structural relations were equivalent for both groups (male and female) based on structural covariances, structural weights and measurement weights. In sum, these finding show that the part of available variance in health behaviors and emotional well-being in the context of prediction these behavioral and emotional models by cognitive appraisals and cognitive coping strategies, accounted for male and female university students' psychological resilience.
References:
Amid, M., Shokri, O., & Zarani, F. (2016). Casual re- lations model of antecedents and consequences of health behaviors in university students. Journal of Research in Psychological Health, 10 (3), 70-88. [In Persian].
Bektas, I., Kudubeş, A. A., Ayar, D., & Bektas, M. (2021). Predicting the healthy lifestyle behaviors of Turkish adolescents based on their health literacy and self-efficacy levels. Journal of Pediatric Nursing, 12, .110594
Bonneville-Roussy, Evans, P., Verner-Filion, J., Val- lerand, R. J., & Bouffard, T. (2017). Motivation and coping with the stress of assessment: Gender differ- ences in outcomes for university students. Contempo- rary Educational Psychology, 48, 28–42.
Brinke, L. W., Schuiringa, H. D., & Matthys, W. (2021). Emotion regulation and angry mood among adoles- cents with externalizing problems and intellectual disabilities. Research in Developmental Disabilities, .103833 ,109
Cheah, C. S. L., Yu, J., Liu, J., & Coplan, R. J. (2019). Children’s cognitive appraisal moderates associa- tions between psychologically controlling parenting and children’s depressive symptoms. Journal of Ado- lescence, 76, 109-119.
Chulakarn, N., & Chaimongkol, N. (2021). Factors af- fecting resilience among early adolescents living in homes for children: A model testing. Children and Youth Services Review, 120, 105737.
Desatnik, A., Bel-Bahar, T., & Fearon, P. (2021). Emo- tion regulation in adolescents: Influences of internal representations of relationships – An ERP study. In- ternational Journal of Psychophysiology, 160, 1-9.
Dias P. C., & Cadime, I. (2017). Protective factors and resilience in adolescents: The mediating role of self- regulation. Psicología Educativa, 23, 37–43.
Droppert, K., Downey, L., & Stough, C. (2019). Differ- entiating the contributions of emotional intelligence and resilience on adolescent male scholastic perfor- mance. Personality and Individual Differences, 145, .75-81
Fathian-Dastgerdi, Z., khoshgoftar, M., Tavakoli, B., & Jaleh, M. (2021). Factors associated with preventive behaviors of COVID-19 among adolescents: Apply- ing the health belief model. Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy, 3, 106434.
Fleary, S. A., Joseph, P., & Pappagianopoulos, J. E. (2018). Adolescent health literacy and health behav- iors: A systematic review. Journal of Adolescence, .116-127 ,62
Gage, S. H., & Patalay, P. (2021). Associations between adolescent mental health and health-related behav- iors in 2005 and 2015: A population cross-cohort study. Journal of Adolescent Health, 15, 110114.
Garnefski, N., & Kraaij, V. (2006). Relationships be- tween cognitive emotion regulation strategies and depressive symptoms: A comparative study of five specific samples. Personality and Individual Differ- ences, 40, 1659-1669.
Garnefski, N., Kraaij, V., & Spinhoven, P. (2001). Neg- ative life events, cognitive emotion regulation, and emotional problems. Personality and Individual Dif- ferences, 30, 1311-1327.
Gashtasbi, Z., Shokri, O., Fathabadi, J., & Sharifi, M. (2017). The effect of attributional retraining program on achievement emotions and academic engagement among university students. Journal of Research in School and Virtual Learning, 4 (16), 23-38. [In Per- sian].
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Kraaij, V., & Garnefski, N. (2019). The Behavioral Emotion Regulation Questionnaire: Development, psychometric properties and relationships with emo- tional problems and the Cognitive Emotion Regula- tion Questionnaire. Personality and Individual Dif- ferences, 137, 56-61.
Krass, P., Zimbrick-Rogers, C., Iheagwara, C., Ford, C. A., & Calderoni, M. (2020). COVID-19 outbreak among adolescents at an inpatient behavioral health hospital. Journal of Adolescent Health, 67 (4), 612- .614
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Mo, P. K. H., Chan, V. W. Y., & Lau, J. T. F. (2018). The role of social support on emotion dysregulation and Internet addiction among Chinese adolescents: A structural equation model. Addictive Behaviors, 82, .86-93
Mohebi, S., Shokri, O., & Pourshahriar, H. (2018). Ef- fect of resilience education on cognitive appraisals, coping and emotions. Journal of Developmental Psy- chology: Iranian Psychologists, 15 (57), 83-99. [In Persian].
Mohsin, A., & Firdous, N. (2018). Lifestyle behavioral patterns among male and female university students of Pakistan. Journal of Asian Development, 4 (1), 15- .43
Mwangi, C. N., MuriithiIreri, A., Mwaniki, E. W., & Wambugu, S. K. (2018). Relationship among type of school, academic resilience and academic achieve- ment among secondary school students in Kiambu County, Kenya. International Journal of Social Sci- ences, 3(3), 1092-1107.
Mwangi, C. N., Okatcha, F. M., Kinai, T. K., & Ireri, A. M (2015). Relationship between academic resilience and academic achievement among secondary school students in Kiambu County, Kenya. International Journal of School and Cognitive Psychology, 2, 1-5.
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Shokri, O., Shahidi, S., Mazaheri, M. A., Fathabadi, J., Rahiminejad, P., & Khanjani, M. (2014b). Evaluat- ing the effectiveness of an immunization intervention program for undergraduate against negative emo- tional experiences based on the Pennsylvania preven- tive model. Journal of Educational Measurement & Evaluation Studies, 4 (7), 165-190. [In Persian].
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Bektas, I., Kudubeş, A. A., Ayar, D., & Bektas, M. (2021). Predicting the healthy lifestyle behaviors of Turkish adolescents based on their health literacy and self-efficacy levels. Journal of Pediatric Nursing, 12, .110594
Bonneville-Roussy, Evans, P., Verner-Filion, J., Val- lerand, R. J., & Bouffard, T. (2017). Motivation and coping with the stress of assessment: Gender differ- ences in outcomes for university students. Contempo- rary Educational Psychology, 48, 28–42.
Brinke, L. W., Schuiringa, H. D., & Matthys, W. (2021). Emotion regulation and angry mood among adoles- cents with externalizing problems and intellectual disabilities. Research in Developmental Disabilities, .103833 ,109
Cheah, C. S. L., Yu, J., Liu, J., & Coplan, R. J. (2019). Children’s cognitive appraisal moderates associa- tions between psychologically controlling parenting and children’s depressive symptoms. Journal of Ado- lescence, 76, 109-119.
Chulakarn, N., & Chaimongkol, N. (2021). Factors af- fecting resilience among early adolescents living in homes for children: A model testing. Children and Youth Services Review, 120, 105737.
Desatnik, A., Bel-Bahar, T., & Fearon, P. (2021). Emo- tion regulation in adolescents: Influences of internal representations of relationships – An ERP study. In- ternational Journal of Psychophysiology, 160, 1-9.
Dias P. C., & Cadime, I. (2017). Protective factors and resilience in adolescents: The mediating role of self- regulation. Psicología Educativa, 23, 37–43.
Droppert, K., Downey, L., & Stough, C. (2019). Differ- entiating the contributions of emotional intelligence and resilience on adolescent male scholastic perfor- mance. Personality and Individual Differences, 145, .75-81
Fathian-Dastgerdi, Z., khoshgoftar, M., Tavakoli, B., & Jaleh, M. (2021). Factors associated with preventive behaviors of COVID-19 among adolescents: Apply- ing the health belief model. Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy, 3, 106434.
Fleary, S. A., Joseph, P., & Pappagianopoulos, J. E. (2018). Adolescent health literacy and health behav- iors: A systematic review. Journal of Adolescence, .116-127 ,62
Gage, S. H., & Patalay, P. (2021). Associations between adolescent mental health and health-related behav- iors in 2005 and 2015: A population cross-cohort study. Journal of Adolescent Health, 15, 110114.
Garnefski, N., & Kraaij, V. (2006). Relationships be- tween cognitive emotion regulation strategies and depressive symptoms: A comparative study of five specific samples. Personality and Individual Differ- ences, 40, 1659-1669.
Garnefski, N., Kraaij, V., & Spinhoven, P. (2001). Neg- ative life events, cognitive emotion regulation, and emotional problems. Personality and Individual Dif- ferences, 30, 1311-1327.
Gashtasbi, Z., Shokri, O., Fathabadi, J., & Sharifi, M. (2017). The effect of attributional retraining program on achievement emotions and academic engagement among university students. Journal of Research in School and Virtual Learning, 4 (16), 23-38. [In Per- sian].
Gower, T., Rancher, C., Campbell, J., Mahoney, A., Jackson, M., McDonald, R., & Jouriles, E. N. (2020). Caregiver and divine support: Associations with re- silience among adolescents following disclosure of sexual abuse. Child Abuse & Neglect, 109, 104681.
Je, M., Ju, H. O., & Lee, J. (2020). Factors affecting reproductive health promotion behavior among late- adolescent girls in South Korea: A cross-sectional de- scriptive study. Children and Youth Services Review, .105347 ,118
Haddow, S., Taylor, E. P., & Schwannauer, M. (2021). Positive peer relationships, coping and resilience in young people in alternative care: A systematic review. Children and Youth Services Review, 122, 105861.
Hamdan-Mansour, A., & Hamdan-Mansour, A. H. M. (2015). Correlates of resilience among university stu- dents. European Psychiatry, 30, 28–31.
Hosinabadi, M., & Shokri, O. (2015). Examining the gender-based equivalence of factorial structure of the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire- Short Form. Journal of Developmental Psychology: Irani- an Psychologists, 12 (46), 199-211. [In Persian].
Hu, T., Zhang, D., & Wang, J. (2015). A meta-analysis of the trait resilience and mental health. Personality and Individual Differences, 76, 18-27.
Kline, R. B. (2005). Principles and practices of struc- tural equation modeling (2nd Eds.). New York: Guil- ford.
Kooshki, E., Ghanbari, S., Shokri, O., & Fathabadi, J. (2023). Development of psychological empowerment comprehensive package and its effectiveness on uni- versity students’ health-oriented academic lifestyle behaviors. Journal of Developmental Psychology: Iranian Psychologists, 19 (75), 237-256. [In Persian].
Kooshki, E., Shokri, O., Ghanbari, S., & Fathabadi, J. (2019). A meta-analysis of the effectiveness of the Penn Resilience Program (PRP) in reducing psycho- logical distress and improving explanatory style in students. Journal of Research in School and Virtual Learning, 3 (27), 9-22. [In Persian].
Kraaij, V., & Garnefski, N. (2019). The Behavioral Emotion Regulation Questionnaire: Development, psychometric properties and relationships with emo- tional problems and the Cognitive Emotion Regula- tion Questionnaire. Personality and Individual Dif- ferences, 137, 56-61.
Krass, P., Zimbrick-Rogers, C., Iheagwara, C., Ford, C. A., & Calderoni, M. (2020). COVID-19 outbreak among adolescents at an inpatient behavioral health hospital. Journal of Adolescent Health, 67 (4), 612- .614
Kwon, T. (2020). Social stigma, ego-resilience, and depressive symptoms in adolescent school dropouts. Journal of Adolescence, 85, 153-163.
Lazarus, R. S. (2006) Stress and emotion: A new syn- thesis. New York: Springer.
Lehikoinen, A., Ranta-Nilkku, E., & Kiuru, N. (2019). The role of adolescents’ temperament in their posi- tive and negative emotions as well as in psychophysi- ological reactions during achievement situations. Learning and Individual Differences, 69, 116-128.
Mansoori, E., Shokri, O., Pourshahriar, H., Pouretemad, H. R., & Rahiminejad, P. (2014). Effectiveness of Pennsylvania Resilience Program on university stu- dents’ attributional styles and psychological adjust- ment. Journal of Applied Psychology, 2(30), 85-105.
Masina, T., Madžar, T., Musil, V., & Miloševic, V. (2017). Differences in health-promoting lifestyle profile among Croatian medical students according to gender and year of study. Acta Clinica Croatica,
.84-91 ,56
McCauley, D. M., Weymouth, B. B., Feinberg, M. E., & Fosco, G. M. (2019). Evaluating school and peer protective factors in the effects of interparental con- flict on adolescent threat appraisals and self-efficacy. Journal of Adolescence, 71, 28-37.
Meyers, L. S., Gamest. G., & Goarin, A. J. (2016). Ap- plied multivariate research, design and interpreta- tion. Thousand oaks, London, New Deihi: Sage pub- lication.
Mo, P. K. H., Chan, V. W. Y., & Lau, J. T. F. (2018). The role of social support on emotion dysregulation and Internet addiction among Chinese adolescents: A structural equation model. Addictive Behaviors, 82, .86-93
Mohebi, S., Shokri, O., & Pourshahriar, H. (2018). Ef- fect of resilience education on cognitive appraisals, coping and emotions. Journal of Developmental Psy- chology: Iranian Psychologists, 15 (57), 83-99. [In Persian].
Mohsin, A., & Firdous, N. (2018). Lifestyle behavioral patterns among male and female university students of Pakistan. Journal of Asian Development, 4 (1), 15- .43
Mwangi, C. N., MuriithiIreri, A., Mwaniki, E. W., & Wambugu, S. K. (2018). Relationship among type of school, academic resilience and academic achieve- ment among secondary school students in Kiambu County, Kenya. International Journal of Social Sci- ences, 3(3), 1092-1107.
Mwangi, C. N., Okatcha, F. M., Kinai, T. K., & Ireri, A. M (2015). Relationship between academic resilience and academic achievement among secondary school students in Kiambu County, Kenya. International Journal of School and Cognitive Psychology, 2, 1-5.
Niu, Y., Jiang, X., Ashong, Z., Hou, J., Bai, Y., Bai, G., Xu, J., Ren, W., & Geng, G. (2021). Developing a re- silience intervention approach for adolescents living with natural hazards risks: A pilot randomized con- trolled trial. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 58, 102190.
Oshio, A., Nakaya, M., Kaneko, H., & Nagamine, S. (2002) [Development and validation of an Adoles- cent Resilience Scale]. [Japanese Journal o/Coun- seling Science], 35, 57-65. [In Japanese with English
abstract].
Oyoo, S. A., Mwaura, P. M. & Kinai, T. (2018). Aca- demic resilience as a predictor of academic burnout among form four students in Homa-Bay County, Kenya. International Journal of Education and Re- search, 6 (3), 187-200.
Peng, L., Li, M., Zuo, X., Miao, Y., Chen, L., Yu, Y., Liu, B., & Wang, T. (2014). Application of the Penn- sylvania Resilience Training Program on medical Students. Personality and Individual Differences, 61, .51–47
Pidgeon, A. M., & Pickett, L. (2017). Examining the differences between university students’ levels of resilience on mindfulness, psychological distress and coping strategies. Retrieved 20 July 2022, from http://epublications.bond.edu.au/fsd_papers/506.
Roesch, S. C., & Rowley, A. A. (2005). Evaluating and developing a multidimensional, dispositional mea- sure of appraisal. Journal of Personality Assessment, .196–188 ,)2(85
Rowley, A. A, Roesch, S. C., Jurica, B. J., & Vaughn, A. A. (2005). Developing and validating a stress ap- praisal measure for minority adolescents. Journal of Adolescence, 28, 47–557.
Sadat Akhavi, Z., Shokri, O., Pourshahriar, H., & Shar- ifi, M. (2016). Emotional adjustment, reactivity to perceived stress and lifestyle behaviors. Thought and Behavior in Clinical Psychology, 9 (39), 47-56. [In Persian].
Salehzadeh, P., Shokri, O., & Fathabadi, J. (2018). Health-oriented academic lifestyle: The newly emerg- ing idea in the field of academic health psychology. Educational Psychology, 13 (46), 1-30. [In Persian].
Shao, N., Gong, Y., Wang, X., Wei, J., Shi, J., Ding, H., Zhang, M., Kang, C., Wang, S., Chen, L., Yu., Y., & Han, J. (2021). Effects of polygenic risk score, child- hood trauma and resilience on depressive symptoms in Chinese adolescents in a three-year cohort study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 282, 627-636.
Shokri, O., Gashtasbi, Z., Sharifi, M., Fathabadi, J.,
& Rahiminejad, P. (2016). Effectiveness of the at- tributional retraining program on cognitive emotion regulation strategies and academic resilience among university students. Positive Psychology Research, 2 74 (6), 51-66. [In Persian].
Shokri, O., Goodarzi, A., & Sharifi, M. (2014a). Test- ing for factorial invariance of the Farsi version of the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule across sexes. Journal of Contemporary Psychology, 9(1), 83-94. [In Persian].
Shokri, O., & Pourshahriar, H. (2019). The effective- ness of the enrichment of interpersonal relationship skills program on causal attributions, interpersonal conflict solution strategies, cognitive coping skills and perceived positive ralations with others. Journal of Developmental Psychology: Iranian Psycholo- gists, 15 (59), 287-308. [In Persian].
Shokri, O., Shahidi, S., Mazaheri, M. A., Fathabadi, J., Rahiminejad, P., & Khanjani, M. (2014b). Evaluat- ing the effectiveness of an immunization intervention program for undergraduate against negative emo- tional experiences based on the Pennsylvania preven- tive model. Journal of Educational Measurement & Evaluation Studies, 4 (7), 165-190. [In Persian].
Shokri, O., Tamizi, N., Abdollahpour, M. A., & Kho- dami, M. M. (2016). Psychometric Analysis of the Stress Appraisal Measure-Revised Among Univer- sity Students. Advances in Cognitive Science, 18 (2), 1-11. [In Persian].
Shokri, O., Tamizi, N., Pourshahriar, H., Abdollahpour, M. A., Sadat Akhavi, Z., & Lavaf, H. (2015). Psycho- metric properties of health-promoting life profile-II among university Students. Educational Measure- ment, 6 (21), 41-60. [In Persian].
Sunbul, Z. A., & Guneri, O. Y. (2019). The relationship between mindfulness and resilience: The mediating role of self-compassion and emotion regulation in a sample of underprivileged Turkish adolescents. Per- sonality and Individual Differences, 139, 337-342.
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