Evaluating the Psychological Methods of Teaching Self-confidence in Stories of Iranian Children's Stories
Subject Areas : Educational Psychology
1 - فارغ‌التحصیل دوره دکتری رشته روان‌شناسی
Keywords: self-esteem, psychological method, self-confidence, positive thinking, sympathy, narration-therapy,
Abstract :
Self-confidence and high self-reliance are among the main factors of prosperity and growth in life, and psychotherapist suggest different methods to reinforce them using the stories in childhood. Therefore, this research aimed at recognizing and evaluating the psychological methods of teaching self-confidence that are concealed in Iranian stories. The research is descriptive and library-based. To analyze the data, content-analysis was conducted. Considering the large population of the study, using purposeful sampling, 141 Iranian stories for B and C age groups that involve 7-11 years old children, were selected as study samples. To evaluate the selected stories, a researcher-made Matrix, which included the main methods of developing self-confidence, was used. Also, Milles and Huberman’s interpretive approach, which is one of the main scales of content analysis, was employed. At the same time, in order to determine the relation between the variables, Kay Skoer’s statistical test was used. The results show that different psychological methods are used in Iranian stories in order to develop self-confidence in children, among which we can refer to reinforcing positive thinking, self-steem, nourishing sympathy, nourishing creativity, helping self-identification and self-acceptance, reducing of humility sensation, and adjusting megalomania
آریا، ع. و تبریزی، م. (1382). کتاب درمانی. تهران: فرا روان.
احمدی، ع.؛ گروسی فرشی، م. ت. و شیخ علیزاده، س. (1385). بررسی عوامل مؤثر بر خودباوری دانش‌آموزان. فصلنامه روان‌شناسی دانشگاه تبریز، شماره 2 و 3، صص 11 تا 31.
امین دهقان، ن. و پریرخ، م. (1382). تحلیل محتوای کتاب‌های داستانی مناسب کودکان در گروه سنی «ب» با رویکرد کتاب درمانی.فصلنامه کتابداری و اطلاع‌رسانی، شماره 24، صص 19- 53.
باغبان، علی؛ شریفی، خدیجه و موسوی، غلام‌عباس (1387). بررسی وضعیت اعتماد به نفس دانش‌آموزان پسر دبیرستان شهر کاشان.مجله دانشگاه علوم پزشکی کاشان، شماره نهم، ص 52 تا 56.
پریرخ، م. و ناصری، ز. (1390). بررسی میزان تأثیر برنامه‌های کتاب درمانی بر کاهش پرخاشگری کودکان. مجله مطالعات ادبیات کودکان، دانشگاه شیراز، سال دوم، شماره اول، صص 33- 58.
سفیری، خ. (1387). روش تحقیق کیفی. تهران: پویش.
محمدی، م.؛ جزایری، ع.؛ رفیعی، ا.؛ جوکار، ب. و پورشهباز، ع. (1385). بررسی عوامل تاب‌آور در افراد در معرض خطر سوءمصرف مواد مخدر. فصلنامه روان‌شناسی دانشگاه تبریز، سال اول، شماره 2 و 3، صص 203- 224.
میلانی‌فر، بهروز. (1390). بهداشت روانی،تهران، انتشارات قوس.
Ames P. C., & Riggo R.E. (2009). Use of the rotter incomplete sentences blank with adolescent populations: implications for determining maladjustment. Journal Pers Assess. Feb; 64(1), 159- 167.
Angus L., Levitt H. & Hardtke K. (2009). The narrative processes coding system: research application and implications for psycho therapy practice, Journal Clin Psychol, 55 (10), 1255- 70.
Aydin G. & Yerin O. (2007). The effect of a story- based cognitive behavior modification procedure on reducing children's test anxiety before and after cancellation of an important examination international. Journal for the Advancement of Counseling, 17 (2), 149- 161.
Beautrais A. L., Joyce P. R., & Mulder R.T. (2010). Personality traits and cognitive styles as risk factors for serious suicide attempts among young people. Suicide Life Threat Behav, spring, 29 (1), 37- 47.
Capaldi D.M. & Stoolmiller M. (2011). Co-occurrence of conduct problems and depressive symptoms in early adolescent boys: prediction to young- adult adjustment. Development Psychopathol, winter, 11 (1), 59- 84.
Chou, S. Y. & Pearson, J. (2011). A demographic study of information technology professionals' organizational citizenship behavior. Journal of Management Research, 3, 1-15.
Chung, M. S. & Thomson, D. M. (2008). Development of face recognition. British Journal of Psychology, 86, 55-87.
Compas B. E. & Malcarne V., & Fonda- Cars K. M. (2010). Coping with stressful events in older children and young adolescents. Journal of Counseling and Clinical Psychology, 56(3), 405- 411.
Crossley, M. (2010). Narrative psychology, trauma, and the study of self - identity. Theory and Psychology, 10(4), 527-546.
Dacosta, D., Nelson, T. M., Rudes, J. & Guterman, J.T. (2009). A Narrative approach to body dysmorphic disonder. AMHCA Journal. 31, 67.
Draucker, P. B. (2009). Narrative therapies for women who have live with violence. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing. Narrative therapy and community work. Dulwich center. 20(3), 162-168.
Focht L. & Beardslee W.R. (2012). Speech after Long Silence: the use of narrative therapy in a preventive intervention for children of parents with affective disorder. Fam Process, 35(4), 407- 422.
Friedberg R.D. (2008). Story telling and cognitivetherapy with children. Journal of Cognitive Psychology. An International Quarterly. 8(3), 209- 215.
Hawton, K., Houston, K. How, C., Townsend, E. & Harriss, L. (2010). Comorbidity of axis I and Axis II disorders in patients who attempted suicide. American Journal of psychiatry, 171(8), 1494-2000.
Herman L. (2008). Good enough fairytales for resolving sexual abuse thraume. Arts in Psycho Therapy, 24(5), 439- 445.
Kernberg, O.F. (2011). Suicide behavior in borderline patients: diagnosis and psychotherapeutic considerations. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 61(2), 245-254.
Khodaei- Majd, V. (2012). Direction toward the development of psychological thinking in Iran during the 20th century. Doctoral Dissertation. Baku State University.
Larner G. (2006). Narrative child family therapy. Fam Process, 35(4), 432- 440.
Laube J. & Threfz S. (2009). Group therapy using a narrative theory frame work: application to treatment of depression. Journal of Systemic Therapics, 13(2), 29- 37.
Learner J. (2009). Learning Disabilities. Houghton: Mifflin Company northerstorn Ellinols University. 131- 139.
Legerstee, J. S., Garnefski, N., Verhulst, F. C., & Utens, E. M. (2011). Cognitive coping in anxiety- disordered adolescents. Journal of Adolescence, 34, 319-326.
Linehan, M. M. (2008). Using Similes, Analogies, Metaphors and Stories (SAMS). In: Rushforth J, Bell, R. editors. Overcoming Body Image Disturbance. (PP, 35-50.). New York: Rowtledge.
Links, P.S. Bergmans, Y. & Serine, H. (2010) Assessing suicide risk in patients with borderline personality disorder. Psychiatric Times, 27(8), 62-79.
Macaskill, G. T., Hopper J. L., White V., & Hill D. J. (2010). Genetic and environment variation in eysenck personality questionnaire scales measured on Australian adolescent twins. Behav Genet, Nov, 24(6), 481- 491.
Markham, A., Thompson, T. & Blowing, A. (2009). Determinants of body-image shame personality and individual differences. AMHCA Journal, 51, 1529-1541.
Melanie, C. G. (2011). Storytelling in teaching. American Psychological Society. 17(4), 100- 110.
Merys, C. B. & Bertrand, J. (2007). Developmental relations between cognition and longuage. New York. Brookes.
Miles, M. B. & Huberman, M. A. (1994). Qualitative Analysis: An Expanded source book. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Mirza, N. M., Davis, D. & Yanovski, J. A., (2005) Body disatisfaction, self-esteem and overweight among inner-city hispanic- children and adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Health, 36(3), 267-283.
Mitchell, W. M. (1995). The importance of stories in the act of caring. Pastoral Psychology, 43(3), 215- 225.
Montague M. (2011). The effect of cognitive and metacognitive strategy instruction of the mathematical problem solving of middle school student with learning disabilities. Learning Disabilities, 25, 230- 248.
Montero K. & Renee T. (2013). Bridging communication with the story technique. Child Development, 65(6), 1744- 1763.
Mutran E. J, Reitzes D. J., Bratton K.A. and Fernandez M.E. (2009). Self- esteem and subjective responses to work among mature workers: similarities and differences by gender. Journal Gerontol Psychol Sci Soc Sci,Mar, 52(2), 589- 596.
Nauert, R. (2011). Kids understand benefits of positive thinking. Psych Central. Retrieved on March 8, 2013, from http://psychcentral.com/news/2011/12/23/ kids-understand-benefits-of-positive-thinking/32943.html
Nauert, R. (2012). Studies suggest increase in children's imaginative play. Psych Central. Retrieved on March 8, 2013, from http://psychcentral.com/news /2012/05/31/studies-suggest-increase-in-childrens-imaginative play/39485.html.
Stover E.D. & Stover M. (2006). Biblical storytelling as a form of child therapy. Journal of Psychology Christiany. 13(1), 28-36.
Webster, J. & Tiggeman, M. (2010). The Relationship between women's body satisfaction and self-image across the life span: The Role of cognitive control. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 171(2), 241-253.
Weiten W. & Lioyd M. A., Dunn, D. S. & Hamer, E. Y., (2010). Psychology applied to modern life: Adjustment in the 21st Century, (10th edition), 142- 147.