Psychometric Characteristics of Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale in Semnan University Students
Subject Areas : Educational Psychologyzahra kermani mamazandi 1 , Siyavash Tale Pasand 2
1 - Cognitive Science Research Group of Academic Center of Education, Culture and Research, Alborz Branch, Karaj, Iran
2 - عضو هیئت علمی دانشگاه سمنان
Keywords: difficulties in emotion regulation, psychometric characteristics,
Abstract :
The aim of the present research was to validate the difficulties in emotion regulation scale in Semnan university students. The research method is descriptive and correlational. Participants were 439 students of Semnan University who were recruited by stratified sampling method. All of them completed the difficulties in emotion regulation scale, Dimensions of anger reactions scale and Spiritual Intelligence scale. confirmatory analysis and Cronbach's alpha coefficient were used for data analysis. The results of the factor analysis indicated that the scale was saturated with the six factors of awareness, impulse control difficulty, clarity, non-acceptance, goal-directed behaviors, and limited access to strategies. The reliability of the scales was acceptance. Also, validity evidences indicated that there was a meaningful relation between the awareness scale, the impulse control difficulties scale, non-acceptance scale, clarity scale, limited access to strategies scale, goal-directed behaviors scale, and impulse control difficulties. There was a relationship between the impulse control difficulties, limited access to strategies, and goal-directed behaviors and range of anger-eliciting situations. Limited access to strategies had the highest correlation with hostile outlook; goal-directed behaviors had the highest correlation with internal anger; awareness had the highest correlation with external anger negatively; impulse control difficulties had the highest correlation with perception of being negatively; and goal-directed behaviors has the highest correlation with spiritual life negatively. Finally, with regard to reliability, validity, administering easy, scoring, and practicality, the difficulties in emotion regulation scale in the students can be used as a valid tool.
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Abdolah Zade, H. (2009). Making and Standardizing Spiritual Intelligence Questionnaire. Tehran: Publishers of Psychoanalysis. [In Persian].
Abdi, S., Babapour Kheirodin, J., & Fathi, H. (2010). Relationship between cognitive and cognitive style styles and general health of students. Journal of Army University of Medical Sciences of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 8(4), 258-264. [In Persian].
Adams, L. J. (2008). A Confirmatory Factor analysis of the difficulties in emotion regulation scale [Dissertation]. Southern Illinois: Southern Illinois University Carbondale.
Axelrod, S.R., Perepletchikova, F., Holtzman, K., & Sinha, R. (2011). Emotion regulation and substance use frequency in women with substance dependence and borderline personality disorder receiving dialectical behavior therapy. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 37(1), 37-42.
Aldao, A., Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Schweizer, S. (2010). Emotion-regulation strategies across psychopathology: A meta-analytic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 30, 217–237.
Amstadter, A. (2008). Emotion regulation and anxiety disorders. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 22, 211–221.
Bardeen, J. R., Kumpula, M. J., & Orcutt, H. K. (2013). Emotion regulation difficulties as a prospective predictor of posttraumatic stress symptoms following a mass shooting. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 27, 188–196.
Bardeen, J. R., Fergus, T. A., & Orcutt, H. K. (2012). An examination of the latent structure of the difficulties in emotion regulation scale. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 31, 382–392.
Besharat, M. A., Dehghani, S., Masoudi, M., Pourkhaghan, F., & Motahari, S. (2014). Anticipated signs of obsessive-compulsive disorder based on the difficulty of adjusting excitement, impulsivity and anger. Quarterly journal of applied psychology. Quarterly journal of applied psychology. 5(4), 29-44 [In Persian].
Bender, P. K., Reinholdt-Dunne, M. L., Esbjørn, B. H., & Pons, F. (2012). Emotion dysregulation and anxiety in children and adolescents: gender differences. Journal of Personality and Individual Differences, 53(3), 284–288.
Berking, M., & Wuperman, p. (2012). Emotion regulation and mental health: recent findings, current challenges and future directions. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 25(2), 128-134.
Berking, M., Margraf, M., Ebert, D., Wupperman, P., Hofmann, S. G., & Junghanns, K. (2011). Deficits in emotion-regulation skills predict alcohol use during and after cognitive-behavioral therapy for alcohol dependence. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 79, 307–318.
Berking, M., Poppe, C., Luhmann, M., Wupperman, P., Jaggi, V., & Seifritz, E. (2012). Is the association between various emotion-regulation skills and mental health mediated by the ability to modify emotions? Results from two cross-sectional studies. Journal of Behavior Therapy Experimental Psychiatry, 43(3), 931-937.
Bargh, J. A., & Williams, L. E. (2007). On the nonconscious of emotion regulation. In J. Gross (Ed.), Handbook of emotion regulation(pp. 429-445). New York: Guilford Press.
Brooke, A., Ammerman Evan, M., Kleiman Lauren, L., Uyeji Anne, C., & Knorr Michael, S., McCloskey. (2015). Suicidal and violent behavior: The role of anger, emotion dysregulation, and impulsivity. Journal of Personality and Individual Differences, 79, 57–62.
Catanzaro, S. J., & Mearns, J. (1990). Measuring generalized expectancies for negative mood regulation: Initial scale development and implications. J Pers Assess. 54: 546-63.
Compton, S. N., March, J. S., Brent, D., Albano, A. M., Weersing, R., & Curry, J. (2004). Cognitive-behavioral psychotherapy for anxiety and depressive disorder in children and adolescents. An evidenced based medicine review. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 43, 930-959.
Ehring, T. Fischer, S. Schnulle, J. & Bosterling, A. (2008). Characteristics Depressed in Dividrals. Journal of Personality & Individual Difeerences, 44, 1547-1548.
Fergus, T. A., & Valentiner, D. P. (2010). Disease phobia and disease conviction are separate dimensions underlying hypochondriasis. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 41, 438–444.
Fergus, T. A. (2013). Repetitive thought and health anxiety: tests of specificity. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 35, 366–374.
Fox, H. C., Hong, K. L., & Sinha, R. ( ) Difficulties in emotion regulation and impulse control in recently abstinent alcholics compared with social drinkers. Addict Behav. 33(2), 388-94.
Gross, J. J., & Thompson, R. A. (2007). Emotion regulation: Conceptual foundations. In J. J.
Gross (Ed.), Handbook of emotion regulation (pp. 3–24). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
Görgen, S. M., Hiller, W., & Witthoft, M. (2014). Health anxiety, cognitive coping, and emotion regulation: a latent variable approach. International. Journal of Behavioral Medicine (in press).
Gratz, K. L., & Roemer, L. (2004). Multidimensional assessment of emotion regulation and dysregulation: development, factor structure, and initial validation of the difficulties in emotion regulation scale. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 26, 41–54.
Gratz, K. L., Rosenthal, M. A., Tull, M. T., & Lejuez, C. W. (2006). An experimental investigation of emotion dysregulation in borderline personality disorder. Journal Abnormal Psychology, 115(4), 850-5.
Greenberg, L. S. (2002). Emotion- focused therapy: Coaching client to work through their feelings. Washington, D. C: APA.
Hannesdottir, D. K., & Ollendick, T. H. (2007). The Role of Emotion Regulation in the Treatment of Child Anxiety Disorders. Journal of Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 10, 275-293.
Hayes, S. C. (1996). The acceptance and action questionnaire. Reno, NV: Context.
Haynos, A. F., Roberto, C. A., Martinez, M. A., Attia, E., & Fruzzetti, A. E. (2014). Emotion regulation difficulties in anorexia nervosa before and after inpatient weight restoration. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 47, 888–891.
Hofmann, S.G., Kahdan, T.B. (2010). The affective style questionnaire: development and psychometric properties. Journal of Psychopathol Behavior Assessment, 32(2), 255–263.
Joseph, R. Bardeen, Thomas A. Fergus. (2014). An examination of the incremental contribution of emotion regulation difficulties to health anxiety beyond specific emotion regulation strategies. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 28, 394–401
Keshmiri, M., & Arab Ahmadi, F. (2008). Standardization of Spiritual Intelligence Test in Students at Gorgan Natural Resources University. Master's thesis at Payam Noor University in Behshahr [In Persian].
Kökönyei, G., Urbán, R., Reinhardt, M., Józan, A., & Demetrovics, Z. (2014). The difficulties in emotion regulation scale: factor structure in chronic pain patients. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 70, 589–600.
Lisa, M. Anderson, Erin. E., Reillya, Sasha, Gorrell, Katherine Schaumberg, & Drew A. Anderson. (2016). Gender-based differential item function for the difficulties in emotion regulation scale. Journal of Personality and Individual Differences, 92, 87–91
Mennin, D. S., & Fresco, D. M. (2009). Emotion regulation as a framework for understanding and treating anxiety pathology. In AM Kring, DM Sloan Eds., Emotion regulation in psychopathology. New York: Guilford Press.
Mennin, D. M., Heimberg, R. G., Turk, C. L., & Fresco, D. M. (2005). Preliminary evidence for an emotion dysregulation model of generalized anxiety disorder. Behav Res Ther. 43(10), 1281-310.
Miller, N. A., Mc Lean, C. P., & Hope, D. A. (2006). Difficulties with Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS): Confirmatory factor analysis and relationship with several anxiety measures. 40th annual Conference for the Association of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy.
Moshirian Farahi, S. M., Ghanaei Chamanabad, A., Asghari Ebrahim Abad, M. J., Moshirian Farahi, S. M. M., Njmi, M., Ghafarian Moslemi, H., & Mohammad doust, M. (2015). The prediction of the difficulty of regulating excitement with regard to spiritual intelligence in Mashad prisoners. Religion and Health Research, 3(1), 39-48 [In Persian].
Moriya, J., & Takahashi, Y. (2012). Depression and interpersonal stress: the mediating role of emotion regulation. Journal of Motivation and Emotion, 1-9.
Myberg, L. (2011). Forgiveness as a mechanism of self-regulation: An ego depletion model. Unpublished dissertation in psychology, University of Richmond
Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2012). Emotion regulation and psychopathology: The role of gender. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 8, 161–187.
Noah, C., Pollock, Gillian A. McCabe, Ashton C. Southard, & Virgil Zeigler-Hill. (2016). Pathological personality traits and emotion regulation difficulties. Journal of Personality and Individual Differences, 95, 168–177
Orgeta, V. (2011). Emotion dysregulation and anxiety in late adulthood. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 25(8), 1019–1023.
Roberton, T., Daffern, M., & Bucks, R. S. (2012). Emotion regulation and aggression. Journal of Aggression and Violent Behavior, 17(1), 72–82.
Roemer, L., Orsillo, S. M., & Salters- Pedneault, K. (2008). Efficacy of an acceptance-based behavior therapy for generalized anxiety disorder: Evaluation in a randomized control trail. J Couns Clin Psychol, 76(6), 1083-9.
Salovey, P., Mayer, J. D., Goldman, S. L., Turvey, C., & Palfai, T. P. (1995). Emotional attention, clarity and repair: Exploring emotional intelligence using the trait meta-mood scale. In JW Pennebaker Ed, Emotion, disclosure, and health. Washington, DC: APA Books.
Slee, N., Spinhoven, P., Garnefski, N., & Arensman, E. (2008). Emotion regulation as mediator of treatment outcome in therapy for deliberate self-harm. Journal of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy.15(4), 205e1
Smith, S. Smith, (2004). Exploring the interaction of emotional Intelligence and spirituality. Traumatology. 10(4), 231-243.
Tull, M. T., & Roemer, L. (2007). Emotion regulation difficulties associated with the experiential avoidance, emotional nonacceptance, and decreased emotional clarity. Behav Ther. 38(4), 378-91.
Tull, M. T., & Gratz, K. L. (2008). Further examination of the relationship between anxiety Sensitivity and depression: The mediating engaging in goal- directed behavior when distressed. Anxiety Disord. 22, 199-210.
Tull, M. T. Weiss, N. H., Adams, C. E., & Gratz, K. L. (2012). The contribution of emotion regulation difficulties to risky sexual behavior within a sample of patients in residential substance abuse treatment. Journal of Addictive Behaviors, 37, 1084-1092.
Weinberg, A., & Klonsky, E. D. (2009). Measurement of Emotion Dysregulation in Adolescents. Psychology Assessment, 21(4), 616-21.
Werner, K. W., & Gross, J. J. (2009). Emotion regulation and psychopathology: A conceptual framework. In A. Kring & D. Sloan (Eds.), Emotion regulation and psychopathology. New York: Guilford
_||_Abdolah Zade, H. (2009). Making and Standardizing Spiritual Intelligence Questionnaire. Tehran: Publishers of Psychoanalysis. [In Persian].
Abdi, S., Babapour Kheirodin, J., & Fathi, H. (2010). Relationship between cognitive and cognitive style styles and general health of students. Journal of Army University of Medical Sciences of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 8(4), 258-264. [In Persian].
Adams, L. J. (2008). A Confirmatory Factor analysis of the difficulties in emotion regulation scale [Dissertation]. Southern Illinois: Southern Illinois University Carbondale.
Axelrod, S.R., Perepletchikova, F., Holtzman, K., & Sinha, R. (2011). Emotion regulation and substance use frequency in women with substance dependence and borderline personality disorder receiving dialectical behavior therapy. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 37(1), 37-42.
Aldao, A., Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Schweizer, S. (2010). Emotion-regulation strategies across psychopathology: A meta-analytic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 30, 217–237.
Amstadter, A. (2008). Emotion regulation and anxiety disorders. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 22, 211–221.
Bardeen, J. R., Kumpula, M. J., & Orcutt, H. K. (2013). Emotion regulation difficulties as a prospective predictor of posttraumatic stress symptoms following a mass shooting. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 27, 188–196.
Bardeen, J. R., Fergus, T. A., & Orcutt, H. K. (2012). An examination of the latent structure of the difficulties in emotion regulation scale. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 31, 382–392.
Besharat, M. A., Dehghani, S., Masoudi, M., Pourkhaghan, F., & Motahari, S. (2014). Anticipated signs of obsessive-compulsive disorder based on the difficulty of adjusting excitement, impulsivity and anger. Quarterly journal of applied psychology. Quarterly journal of applied psychology. 5(4), 29-44 [In Persian].
Bender, P. K., Reinholdt-Dunne, M. L., Esbjørn, B. H., & Pons, F. (2012). Emotion dysregulation and anxiety in children and adolescents: gender differences. Journal of Personality and Individual Differences, 53(3), 284–288.
Berking, M., & Wuperman, p. (2012). Emotion regulation and mental health: recent findings, current challenges and future directions. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 25(2), 128-134.
Berking, M., Margraf, M., Ebert, D., Wupperman, P., Hofmann, S. G., & Junghanns, K. (2011). Deficits in emotion-regulation skills predict alcohol use during and after cognitive-behavioral therapy for alcohol dependence. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 79, 307–318.
Berking, M., Poppe, C., Luhmann, M., Wupperman, P., Jaggi, V., & Seifritz, E. (2012). Is the association between various emotion-regulation skills and mental health mediated by the ability to modify emotions? Results from two cross-sectional studies. Journal of Behavior Therapy Experimental Psychiatry, 43(3), 931-937.
Bargh, J. A., & Williams, L. E. (2007). On the nonconscious of emotion regulation. In J. Gross (Ed.), Handbook of emotion regulation(pp. 429-445). New York: Guilford Press.
Brooke, A., Ammerman Evan, M., Kleiman Lauren, L., Uyeji Anne, C., & Knorr Michael, S., McCloskey. (2015). Suicidal and violent behavior: The role of anger, emotion dysregulation, and impulsivity. Journal of Personality and Individual Differences, 79, 57–62.
Catanzaro, S. J., & Mearns, J. (1990). Measuring generalized expectancies for negative mood regulation: Initial scale development and implications. J Pers Assess. 54: 546-63.
Compton, S. N., March, J. S., Brent, D., Albano, A. M., Weersing, R., & Curry, J. (2004). Cognitive-behavioral psychotherapy for anxiety and depressive disorder in children and adolescents. An evidenced based medicine review. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 43, 930-959.
Ehring, T. Fischer, S. Schnulle, J. & Bosterling, A. (2008). Characteristics Depressed in Dividrals. Journal of Personality & Individual Difeerences, 44, 1547-1548.
Fergus, T. A., & Valentiner, D. P. (2010). Disease phobia and disease conviction are separate dimensions underlying hypochondriasis. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 41, 438–444.
Fergus, T. A. (2013). Repetitive thought and health anxiety: tests of specificity. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 35, 366–374.
Fox, H. C., Hong, K. L., & Sinha, R. ( ) Difficulties in emotion regulation and impulse control in recently abstinent alcholics compared with social drinkers. Addict Behav. 33(2), 388-94.
Gross, J. J., & Thompson, R. A. (2007). Emotion regulation: Conceptual foundations. In J. J.
Gross (Ed.), Handbook of emotion regulation (pp. 3–24). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
Görgen, S. M., Hiller, W., & Witthoft, M. (2014). Health anxiety, cognitive coping, and emotion regulation: a latent variable approach. International. Journal of Behavioral Medicine (in press).
Gratz, K. L., & Roemer, L. (2004). Multidimensional assessment of emotion regulation and dysregulation: development, factor structure, and initial validation of the difficulties in emotion regulation scale. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 26, 41–54.
Gratz, K. L., Rosenthal, M. A., Tull, M. T., & Lejuez, C. W. (2006). An experimental investigation of emotion dysregulation in borderline personality disorder. Journal Abnormal Psychology, 115(4), 850-5.
Greenberg, L. S. (2002). Emotion- focused therapy: Coaching client to work through their feelings. Washington, D. C: APA.
Hannesdottir, D. K., & Ollendick, T. H. (2007). The Role of Emotion Regulation in the Treatment of Child Anxiety Disorders. Journal of Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 10, 275-293.
Hayes, S. C. (1996). The acceptance and action questionnaire. Reno, NV: Context.
Haynos, A. F., Roberto, C. A., Martinez, M. A., Attia, E., & Fruzzetti, A. E. (2014). Emotion regulation difficulties in anorexia nervosa before and after inpatient weight restoration. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 47, 888–891.
Hofmann, S.G., Kahdan, T.B. (2010). The affective style questionnaire: development and psychometric properties. Journal of Psychopathol Behavior Assessment, 32(2), 255–263.
Joseph, R. Bardeen, Thomas A. Fergus. (2014). An examination of the incremental contribution of emotion regulation difficulties to health anxiety beyond specific emotion regulation strategies. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 28, 394–401
Keshmiri, M., & Arab Ahmadi, F. (2008). Standardization of Spiritual Intelligence Test in Students at Gorgan Natural Resources University. Master's thesis at Payam Noor University in Behshahr [In Persian].
Kökönyei, G., Urbán, R., Reinhardt, M., Józan, A., & Demetrovics, Z. (2014). The difficulties in emotion regulation scale: factor structure in chronic pain patients. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 70, 589–600.
Lisa, M. Anderson, Erin. E., Reillya, Sasha, Gorrell, Katherine Schaumberg, & Drew A. Anderson. (2016). Gender-based differential item function for the difficulties in emotion regulation scale. Journal of Personality and Individual Differences, 92, 87–91
Mennin, D. S., & Fresco, D. M. (2009). Emotion regulation as a framework for understanding and treating anxiety pathology. In AM Kring, DM Sloan Eds., Emotion regulation in psychopathology. New York: Guilford Press.
Mennin, D. M., Heimberg, R. G., Turk, C. L., & Fresco, D. M. (2005). Preliminary evidence for an emotion dysregulation model of generalized anxiety disorder. Behav Res Ther. 43(10), 1281-310.
Miller, N. A., Mc Lean, C. P., & Hope, D. A. (2006). Difficulties with Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS): Confirmatory factor analysis and relationship with several anxiety measures. 40th annual Conference for the Association of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy.
Moshirian Farahi, S. M., Ghanaei Chamanabad, A., Asghari Ebrahim Abad, M. J., Moshirian Farahi, S. M. M., Njmi, M., Ghafarian Moslemi, H., & Mohammad doust, M. (2015). The prediction of the difficulty of regulating excitement with regard to spiritual intelligence in Mashad prisoners. Religion and Health Research, 3(1), 39-48 [In Persian].
Moriya, J., & Takahashi, Y. (2012). Depression and interpersonal stress: the mediating role of emotion regulation. Journal of Motivation and Emotion, 1-9.
Myberg, L. (2011). Forgiveness as a mechanism of self-regulation: An ego depletion model. Unpublished dissertation in psychology, University of Richmond
Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2012). Emotion regulation and psychopathology: The role of gender. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 8, 161–187.
Noah, C., Pollock, Gillian A. McCabe, Ashton C. Southard, & Virgil Zeigler-Hill. (2016). Pathological personality traits and emotion regulation difficulties. Journal of Personality and Individual Differences, 95, 168–177
Orgeta, V. (2011). Emotion dysregulation and anxiety in late adulthood. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 25(8), 1019–1023.
Roberton, T., Daffern, M., & Bucks, R. S. (2012). Emotion regulation and aggression. Journal of Aggression and Violent Behavior, 17(1), 72–82.
Roemer, L., Orsillo, S. M., & Salters- Pedneault, K. (2008). Efficacy of an acceptance-based behavior therapy for generalized anxiety disorder: Evaluation in a randomized control trail. J Couns Clin Psychol, 76(6), 1083-9.
Salovey, P., Mayer, J. D., Goldman, S. L., Turvey, C., & Palfai, T. P. (1995). Emotional attention, clarity and repair: Exploring emotional intelligence using the trait meta-mood scale. In JW Pennebaker Ed, Emotion, disclosure, and health. Washington, DC: APA Books.
Slee, N., Spinhoven, P., Garnefski, N., & Arensman, E. (2008). Emotion regulation as mediator of treatment outcome in therapy for deliberate self-harm. Journal of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy.15(4), 205e1
Smith, S. Smith, (2004). Exploring the interaction of emotional Intelligence and spirituality. Traumatology. 10(4), 231-243.
Tull, M. T., & Roemer, L. (2007). Emotion regulation difficulties associated with the experiential avoidance, emotional nonacceptance, and decreased emotional clarity. Behav Ther. 38(4), 378-91.
Tull, M. T., & Gratz, K. L. (2008). Further examination of the relationship between anxiety Sensitivity and depression: The mediating engaging in goal- directed behavior when distressed. Anxiety Disord. 22, 199-210.
Tull, M. T. Weiss, N. H., Adams, C. E., & Gratz, K. L. (2012). The contribution of emotion regulation difficulties to risky sexual behavior within a sample of patients in residential substance abuse treatment. Journal of Addictive Behaviors, 37, 1084-1092.
Weinberg, A., & Klonsky, E. D. (2009). Measurement of Emotion Dysregulation in Adolescents. Psychology Assessment, 21(4), 616-21.
Werner, K. W., & Gross, J. J. (2009). Emotion regulation and psychopathology: A conceptual framework. In A. Kring & D. Sloan (Eds.), Emotion regulation and psychopathology. New York: Guilford