The effect of self-regulated education strategies on self-efficacy, test anxiety and achievement motivation of third grade female high school students in Mashhad
Subject Areas : Educational PsychologyAmaneh Tajipoor 1 , Bahareh Janjani 2 , Marziyeh Habibi 3 , Maryam Ahadi 4 , Fatemeh Karbalaei 5
1 - Broujerd
2 - Hamadan
3 - Tehran
4 - Saveh
5 - Tehran
Keywords: Self-efficacy, Self-regulation, achievement motivation, test anxiety,
Abstract :
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of self-regulated education strategies on self-efficacy, test anxiety, and student achievement motivation. The research method was quasi-experimental with pretest-posttest and control group. The statistical population of the study consisted of all third grade female students in the second semester of Mashhad in the first semester of the school year 2018-19, out of which 30 students were selected through multistage random sampling (inclusion and exclusion criteria). Subjects were selected and randomly assigned to two experimental (n = 15) and control (n = 15) groups. The experimental group received a self-regulated strategy training program in 8 sessions of 90 minutes per week as a group; the control group was on the waiting list for 2 months. The Schwarzer et al. (1979), Abolghasemi et al. (1996) test anxiety, and Hermans Progressive Motivation Questionnaire (1970) were used for data collection in both pre-test and post-test stages. Data were analyzed using univariate and multivariate analysis of covariance. The results of data analysis showed that there was a significant difference between control group post-test scores on self-regulation, social anxiety and achievement motivation (P <0.001). According to the results of the study, it can be said that self-regulation strategies have an impact on reducing test anxiety and increasing self-efficacy and progressive motivational factors including self-confidence, perseverance, diligence and future of female students.
ابراهیمی، سارا و لکی، داود (1396). پیشبینی نظمدهی یادگیری براساس اضطراب امتحان و اهداف پیشرفت با واسطهگری راهبردهای پردازش اطلاعات. نشریه پژوهشهای تربیتی، 12(52)، 40-41.
ابوالقاسمی، عباس؛ اسدی مقدم، عزیزه؛ نجاریان، بهمن و شکرکن، حسین (1375). ساخت و اعتباریابی مقیاسی برای سنجش اضطراب امتحان. فصلنامه علوم تربیتی و روانشناسی، 3(3)، 74-61.
ابوالقاسمی، عباس؛ برزگر، سبحان و رستم اوغلی، زهرا (1393). اثربخشی آموزش یادگیری خودتنظیمی بر خودکارآمدی و رضایت از زندگی دانشآموزان دارای اختلال ریاضی. فصلنامه ناتوانیهای یادگیری، 4(2)، 21-6.
اردونی، سمیه؛ مرزیه، افسانه و پورقاز، عبدالوهاب (1396). رابطۀ انگیزش تحصیلی و راهبردهای خودتنظیمی با اضطراب درس آمار دانشجویان. فصلنامه مطالعات روانشناسی تربیتی، 26، 62-37.
ارغوانی، مرضیه؛ قمرانی، امیر و طباطبائی، سمانه سادات (1393). اثربخشی آموزش راهبردهاس خودتنظیمی بر تعلل دانشآموزان دختر مقطع متوسطه روستای دهک شهرستان نهبندان. فصلنامه مطالعات فرهنگی، اجتماعی آسان، 9(1)، 26-7.
اسلامی، محمدعلی؛ آزادی، یداله؛ غرایاق زندی، حسن و عمادالدین، زینب السادات (1396). رابطه بین خوشبینی و خودکارآمدی با انگیزه پیشرفت ورزشی در دانشجویان رشته تربیت بدنی. فصلنامه فرهنگ مشاوره و رواندرمانی، 8(32)، 132-111.
اقدامی، زهرا و یوسفی، فریده (1397). رابطۀ بین نیازهای اساسی روانشناختی و درگیری تحصیلی با واسطهگری خودکارآمدی. فصلنامه مطالعات روانشناسی تربیتی، 29، 72-37.
اکبری، بهنام (1386). روایی و اعتبار آزمون انگیزش پیشرفت هرمنس بر روی دانشآموزان دوره متوسطه استان گیلان. مجله دانش و پژوهش در علومتربیتی، 6، 96-73.
اکبری، مهرداد؛ شقاقی، فرهاد و بهروزیان، مریم (1390). تاثیر آموزش مهارتهای حل مسأله در اضطراب امتحان دانشجویان. فصلنامه روانشناسی تحولی، 8(29)، 74-67.
باقرزاده نیمچاهی، صفورا؛ حسینی طبقدهی، لیلا و حافظیان، مریم (1397). رابطۀ خودآگاهی و یادگیری خودتنظیمی با سازگاری اجتماعی دانشآموزان دختر دورۀ دوم متوسطه. فصلنامه مطالعات روانشناسی تربیتی، 30، 50-29.
پربرتاوشی، محبوبه؛ برجعلی، احمد و کیامنش، علیرضا (1397). نقش میانجی راهبردهای خودتنظیمی در رابطه بین اهمالکاری تحصیلی و عواطف مثبت و منفی در دانشآموزان دبیرستانی. فصلنامه رهبری و مدیریت آموزشی، 12(3)، 70-53.
جلیل زاده، حکیمه و زارعی، حیدرعلی (1397). اثربخشی آموزش راهبردهای خودتنظیمی بر انگیزش تحصیلی و اضطراب امتحان در دانشآموزان. نشریه آموزش و ارزشیابی، 11(42)، 36-13.
جناآبادی، حسین (1395). بررسی رابطۀ راهبردهای فراشناختی و خلاقیت با سبکهای یادگیری در دانشآموزان با خواهر و برادرهای دارای خلاقیت بیرونی، درونی و هیجانی. دو فصلنامۀ راهبردهای شناختی و یادگیری، 4(6)، 15-1.
رسولی، اعظم؛ میرنسب، میرمحمود و بدری، رحیم (1390). بررسی رابطۀ اسنادهای علی مذهبی و غیرمذهبی بـا اضـطراب امتحان دانشآموزان دختر سال سوم دبیرستانهای شهر تبریز. فصلنامه علوم رفتاری، 9، 79-61.
زارعی، اقبال؛ شهنیکرم زاده، مانا و شهنیییلاق، منیجه (1391). تأثیر آموزش راهبردهای شناختی و فراشناختی در کاهش اضطراب امتحان و افزایش عملکرد درس علوم تجربی در دانشآموزان دختر سال سوم راهنمایی اهواز. مجله علوم تربیتی دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز، 6(1)، 82-67.
سلطانی مجد، امیرهوشنگ؛ تقی زاده، محمد احسان و زارع، حسین (1393). اثربخشی آموزش گروه مهارتهای تحصیلی بر خودکارآمدی و انگیزش پیشرفت دانشآموزان پسر سال اول دبیرستان. فصلنامه پژوهشهای علوم شناختی و رفتاری، 4(2)، 7.
سیف، علی اکبر (1386). روانشناسی پرورشی نوین. ویرایش ششم. تهران، نشر دوران.
شیخ الاسلامی، علی؛ قمری کیوی، حسین و اشرفی ورجوی، صبا. (1394). تأثیر روش آموزش مبتنی بر ذهن آگاهی بر خودکنترلی دانشآموزان دختر. فصلنامه پژوهش در نظام های آموزشی، 9(28)، 104-87.
کاظمی، حمید؛ وزیری، مژده و عابدی، احمد (1395). اثربخشی آموزش حلمسئله بر اضطراب امتحان و اضطراب اجتماعی دانشآموزان مقطع ابتدایی. فصلنامه شناخت اجتماعی، 5(9)، 112-100.
کدیور، پروین؛ جوادی، محمد جواد و ساجدیان، فریبا (1389). رابطه سبک تفکر و خودتنظیمی با انگیزش پیشرفت. مجله تحقیقات روانشناختی، 2(6)، 43-30.
کرامتی، هادی؛ حسن آبادی، حمیدرضا و هاشمی، مطهره (1395). تأثیر آموزش راهبردهای یادگیری خودتنظیمی بر اضطراب و انگیزش یادگیری ریاضی دانشآموزان دختر پایه ی دهم شهر ری . فصلنامه مطالعات فرهنگی، اجتماعی آسان، 6(14)، 26-7.
مامی، شهرام؛ ناصری، نصرت و ویسی، فاطمه (1393). اثربخشی آموزش راهبردهای خودتنظیمی بر حلمسأله و خودکارآمدی دانشآموزان در درس ریاضی. مجله دستآوردهای روانشناختی (علومتربیتی و روانشناسی)، 4(2)، 178-169.
محمدی درویش بقال، ناهید؛ حاتمی، حمیدرضا؛ اسدزاده، حسن و احدی، حسن (1392). بررسی تأثیر آموزش راهبردهای خودتنظیمی (شناختی و فراشناختی) برباورهای انگیزشی(انگیزش تحصیلی، خودکارآمدی، اضطراب آزمون) دانشآموزان دبیرستان. فصلنامه روانشناسی تربیتی، 9(27)، 66-49.
مهدوی غروی، مریم؛ خسروی، معصومه و نجفی، محمود (1391). رابطۀ اضطراب امتحان، کمالگرایی و انگیزش پیشرفت با پیشرفت تحصیلی. فصلنامه اندیشههای نوین تربیتی، 8(3)، 50-31.
نیک منش، زهرا و یاری، سمیه (1390). رابطۀ باورهای خودکارآمدی و ادراک خویشتن با اضطراب امتحان در دانشآموزان شهر زاهدان. مجله مطالعات روانشناسی تربیتی، 8(14)، 147-127.
ویسانی، مختار؛ لواسانی، مسعود و اژه ای، جواد (1391). نقش اهداف پیشرفت، انگیزش تحصیلی و راهبردهای یادگیری بر اضطراب آمار: آزمون مدل علی. مجلۀ روانشناسی، 16(2)، 160-142.
Abolghasemi, A., Asadi Moghaddam, A., Najarian, B., & Shakkar, H. (1996). Developing and validating scales for measuring test anxiety. Journal of Educational Sciences and Psychology, 3 (3), 61-74 [In Persian].
Abolghasemi, A., Barzegar, S., & Rostam Ogli, Z. (2014). The Effectiveness of Self-Regulated Learning Training on Self-efficacy and Life Satisfaction of Students with Math Disorders. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 4 (2), 6-21 [In Persian].
Akbari, B. (2007). Validity and Reliability of Hermes Progress Motivation Test on High School Students of Guilan Province. Journal of Knowledge and Research in Educational Science, 6, 73-96 [In Persian].
Akbari, M., Shaghaghi, F., & Behrouzian, M. (2011). The Effect of Problem Solving Skills Training on Students' Test Anxiety. Journal of Evolutionary Psychology, 8 (29), 67-74 [In Persian].
Ardoni, S., Marzieh, A., & Purgaz, A. W. (2018). The Relationship between Academic Motivation and Self-Regulation Strategies with Student Statistics Anxiety. Journal of Educational Psychology Studies, 26, 37-62 [In Persian].
Arghvani, M., Ghamrani, A., & Tabatabaei, S. S. (2014). The Effectiveness of Self-Regulation Strategy Training on Interruption of High School Girl Students in Dekhbah Village. Journal of Easy Social and Cultural Studies, 9 (1), 7-26 [In Persian].
Bagherzadeh Nimchahi, S., Hosseini Tabghedi, L., & Hafezian, M. (2018). The relationship between self-awareness and self-regulated learning with social adjustment in secondary school girl students. Journal of Educational Psychology Studies, 30, 29-50 [In Persian].
Balogun, A., Balogun, S. H., & Onyencho, C. H. (2017). Test Anxiety and Academic Performance among Undergraduates: The Moderating Role of Achievement Motivation. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 20(14), 1–8.
Bamber, M. D. (2016). The effects of mindfulness meditation on anxiety in college students (Doctoral dissertation, Saint Louis University).
Bonaccio, S., & Reeve, C. R. (2010). The nature and relative importance of students' perceptions of the sources of test anxiety. Learning and Individual Differences, 20, 617-625.
Broadbent, J. (2017). Comparing online and blended learner's self-regulated learning strategies and academic performance. The Internet and HigherEducation, 33, 24-32.
Bruce, W. T., Dennis, A. A., & Dennis, R. S. (2007). Learning and Motivation strategies: Your Guide to success. Pearson Education.
Cazan, A. (2013). Teaching self-regulated learning strategies for psychology students. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 78, 743-747.
Çetin, B. (2015). Academic Motivation And Approaches To Learning In Predicting College Students'Academic Achievement: Findings From Turkish And US Samples. Journal of College Teaching & Learning, 12(2) , 141-150.
Debicki, B., Kellermanns, F., Barnett, T., Pearson, A., & Pearson, A. (2016). Beyond the Big Five: The mediating role of goal orientation in the relationship between core self-evaluations and academic performance. The International Journal of ManagementEducation, 14, 273-285.
Deci, E. & Ryan, R. (1985). Intrinsic motivation and self determination in Human behavior: new york: plenum.
Deci, E. L. & Ryan, R. M. (2002). The ‘what’ and ‘why’ of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self -determination of behaviour. PsychologicalInquiry, 11, 227-268.
DeSmul, M., Heirweg, S., VanKeer, H., Devos, G., & Vandevelde, S. (2018). How competent do teachers feel instructing self-regulated learning strategies? Development and validation of the teacher self-efficacy scale to implement self-regulated learning. Teaching and Teacher Education, 71, 214-225.
Ebrahimi, S., & Lucky, D. (2017). Predicting learning regulation based on test anxiety and achievement goals mediated by information processing strategies. Journal of Educational Research, 12 (52), 40-41 [In Persian].
Egdami, Z., & Yousefi, F. (2018). The relationship between basic psychological needs and academic engagement with self-efficacy mediation. Journal of Educational Psychology Studies, 29, 37-72 [In Persian].
Eslami, M. A., Azadi, Y., Gharaqi Zandi, H., & Emadeddin, Z. S. (2017). The Relationship between Optimism and Self-efficacy with Motivation for Sport Improvement in Physical Education Students. Journal of Counseling and Psychotherapy Culture, 8 (32), 111-132 [In Persian].
Garcia, R., Falkner, K., & Vivian, R. (2018). Systematic literature review: selfregulated learning strategies using e-learning tools for computer science. Computers & Education, 123, 150-163.
Jalilzadeh, H., & Zarei, H. A. (2018). The Effectiveness of Self-Regulation Strategies Training on Academic Motivation and Test Anxiety in Students. Journal of Education and Evaluation, 11 (42), 13-36 [In Persian].
Jenaabadi, H. (2016). The Relationship of Metacognitive Strategies and Creativity with Learning Styles of Students Who Have Siblings with Internalizing, Externalizing, and Emotional Disorders. 4(6), 1-15 [In Persian].
Kadivar, P., Javadi, M. J., & Sajdian, F. (2010). The relationship between thinking style and self-regulation with progressive motivation. Journal of Psychological Research, 2(6), 30-30 [In Persian].
Kazemi, H., Vaziri, M., & Abedi, A. (2016). The Effectiveness of Problem-Based Learning on Test Anxiety and Social Anxiety in Elementary School Students. Social Cognition Quarterly, 5 (9), 112-100 [In Persian].
Keramati, H., Hasan Abadi, H. R., & Hashemi, M. (2016). The Effect of Teaching Self-Regulated Learning Strategies on the Anxiety and Motivation of Mathematical Learning in Tenth-grade Female Students in Ray. Journal of Easy Social and Cultural Studies, 6 (14), 7-26 [In Persian].
Kim, D., Wang, C., Ahn, H. S., & Bong, M. (2015). English language learners' self-efficacy profiles and relationship with self-regulated learning strategies. Learning and Individual Differences, 38, 136-142.
Latas, M, Pantic M., & Obradovic D.(2010).Analysis of test anxiety in medical students. Medicinski pregled, 63(11-12), 863-866.
Lee, Y., Patterson, P. P., & Vega, L. A. (2011). Perils to selfefficacy perceptions and teacher-preparation quality among special education intern teachers. Journal of Teacher Education Quarterly, 38, 61-76.
Mahdavi-Ghoravi, M., Khosravi, M., & Najafi, M. (2012). Predicting academic achievement through test anxiety, perfectionism, and achievement motivation. The Journal of New Thoughts on Education, 8(3), 31-50 [In Persian].
Mami, S., Naseri, N., & Waisi, F. (2014). The Effectiveness of Self- Regulation Strategies Training on Problem Solving and Self– Efficiency of the Students in Mathematics. Journal of Psychological Achievements, 21(2), 169-178 [In Persian].
Martinez, E., Tatum, K. L., Glass, M., Bernath, A., Ferris, D., Reynolds, P., & Schnoll, R. A. (2010). Correlates of smokingcessation self-efficacy in a community sample of smokers. Journal of Addictive Behaviors, 35(2), 175-178.
Martos, T., & Sally, V. (2017). Self-determination theory and the emerging fields of relationship science and Nich construction theory. European Journal of Mental Health, 1(12), 73-87.
Mohammadi Darvishbaggal, N., Hatami, H., Asadzadeh, H., & Ahadi, H. (2013). Investigating the effect of training self-regulation strategies on motivational believes of students. Educational psychology quarterly, 9(27), 49-66 [In Persian].
Nikmanesh, Z., & Yari, S. (2012). The Relationship between Self-efficacy Belief and Self-Perception with Test Anxiety in High School Male and Female Students. Journal of Educational Psychology Studies, 8(14), 127-147 [In Persian].
Nunez, J. C., Cerezo, R., Bernardo, A., Rosario, P., Valle, A., & Fernandez, E. (2011). Implementation of training programs in self-regulated learning strategies in moodle format: results of a experience in higher education. Psicothema, 23(2), 274-281.
Olabisi, F.A. (2014). Effects of Problem-Solving Technique on Test Anxiety and Academic Performance among Secondary School Students in Ondo State. Journal ofResearch & Method in Education, 4, 20-26.
Pekrun, R., Lichtenfeld, S., Marsh, H. W., Murayama, K., & Goetz, T. (2017). Achievement Emotions and Academic Performance: Longitudinal Models of Reciprocal Effects. Child development. [Epub ahead of print]
Prebertoshi, M., Berjali, A., & Kiamnesh, A. (2018). The mediating role of self-regulation strategies in the relationship between academic procrastination and positive and negative emotions in high school students. Educational Leadership & Management Quarterly, 12 (3), 53-70 [In Persian].
Putwain, D., & Daly, A.L. (2014). Test anxiety prevalence and gender differences in a sample of English secondary school students. Educational Studies, 40(5), 554-570.
Raisanen, M., Postareff, L., & Lindblom-Ylanne, S. (2016). University students' self- and co-regulation of learning and processes of understanding: A personoriented approach. Learning and Individual Differences, 47, 281-288.
Rasooli, A., Mirnasab, M., & Badri, R. (2011). Investigating the Relationship between Religious and Non-Religious Causal Attributions with Test Anxiety in Third Year High School Female Students in Tabriz. Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 9, 61-79 [In Persian].
Raufelder, D., Regner, N., & Wood, M.A. (2017): Test anxiety and learned helplessness is moderated by student perceptions of teacher motivational support. Educational Psychology, 37, 1-21.
Schwarzer, R., & Jerusalem, M. (1995). Generalized self-efficacy scale. In S. Wright, & M. Johnston, & J. Weinman, (Eds.), Measures in Health Psychology: A User’s Portfolio. Causal and Control Beliefs (pp. 35– 37). Windsor, UK: nferNelson.
Seif, A. A. (2007). Modern Breeding Psychology. Sixth Edition. Tehran, periodical publication [In Persian].
Sheikh al-Islami, A., Ghammari Kivi, H., & Ashrafi Varju, S. (2015). The Effect of Mindfulness-Based Learning on Girl Students' Self-Control. Journal of Research in Educational Systems, 9 (28), 104-87 [In Persian].
Soltanimajd, A., Taghizadeh, M., & Zare, H. (2015). The Effectiveness of Academic Skills Group Training on Self-Efficacy and Achievement Motivation of First Grade High School Boys. Research in Cognitive and Behavioral Sciences, 4(2), 31-44 [In Persian].
Talbot, L. (2016). Test anxiety: Prevalence, effects, and interventions for elementary school students. James Madison Undergraduate Research Journal, 3(1), 42-51.
Tarantino, N., Lamis, D. A., Ballard, E. D., Masuda, A., & Dvorak, R. D. (2015). Parent–child conflict and drug use in college women: A moderated mediation model of self-control and mindfulness. Journal of counseling psychology, 62(2), 303.
Van Zundert, R. P., Ferguson, S. G., Shiffman, S., & Engels, R. E. (2010). Dynamic effects of self-efficacy on smoking lapses and relapse among adolescents. Journal of Health Psychology, 29(3), 246-254.
Veisani, M., Lavassani, M., & Ajeei, J. (2012). The Role of Achievement Goals, Academic Motivation, and Learning Strategies on Statistical Anxiety: A Causal Model Test. Journal of Psychology, 16 (2), 144-160 [In Persian].
Zaeeai, E., Shahani karamzadr, M., & Shahaniyilagh, M. (2012). The Effects of cognitive and met- cognitive strategies training on reducing test-anxiety and increasing school performance of female third-grade guidance students in Ahwaz. Journal of Educational Scinces, 19(1), 67-82 [In Persian].
Zimmerman B.J. & Kitsantas A. (2014). Comparing students self- displace and selfregulation measures and their prediction of academic achievement. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 39, 145-155.
_||_Abolghasemi, A., Asadi Moghaddam, A., Najarian, B., & Shakkar, H. (1996). Developing and validating scales for measuring test anxiety. Journal of Educational Sciences and Psychology, 3 (3), 61-74 [In Persian].
Abolghasemi, A., Barzegar, S., & Rostam Ogli, Z. (2014). The Effectiveness of Self-Regulated Learning Training on Self-efficacy and Life Satisfaction of Students with Math Disorders. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 4 (2), 6-21 [In Persian].
Akbari, B. (2007). Validity and Reliability of Hermes Progress Motivation Test on High School Students of Guilan Province. Journal of Knowledge and Research in Educational Science, 6, 73-96 [In Persian].
Akbari, M., Shaghaghi, F., & Behrouzian, M. (2011). The Effect of Problem Solving Skills Training on Students' Test Anxiety. Journal of Evolutionary Psychology, 8 (29), 67-74 [In Persian].
Ardoni, S., Marzieh, A., & Purgaz, A. W. (2018). The Relationship between Academic Motivation and Self-Regulation Strategies with Student Statistics Anxiety. Journal of Educational Psychology Studies, 26, 37-62 [In Persian].
Arghvani, M., Ghamrani, A., & Tabatabaei, S. S. (2014). The Effectiveness of Self-Regulation Strategy Training on Interruption of High School Girl Students in Dekhbah Village. Journal of Easy Social and Cultural Studies, 9 (1), 7-26 [In Persian].
Bagherzadeh Nimchahi, S., Hosseini Tabghedi, L., & Hafezian, M. (2018). The relationship between self-awareness and self-regulated learning with social adjustment in secondary school girl students. Journal of Educational Psychology Studies, 30, 29-50 [In Persian].
Balogun, A., Balogun, S. H., & Onyencho, C. H. (2017). Test Anxiety and Academic Performance among Undergraduates: The Moderating Role of Achievement Motivation. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 20(14), 1–8.
Bamber, M. D. (2016). The effects of mindfulness meditation on anxiety in college students (Doctoral dissertation, Saint Louis University).
Bonaccio, S., & Reeve, C. R. (2010). The nature and relative importance of students' perceptions of the sources of test anxiety. Learning and Individual Differences, 20, 617-625.
Broadbent, J. (2017). Comparing online and blended learner's self-regulated learning strategies and academic performance. The Internet and HigherEducation, 33, 24-32.
Bruce, W. T., Dennis, A. A., & Dennis, R. S. (2007). Learning and Motivation strategies: your Guide to success. Pearson Education.
Cazan, A. (2013). Teaching self-regulated learning strategies for psychology students. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 78, 743-747.
Çetin, B. (2015). Academic Motivation and Approaches to Learning In Predicting College Students'Academic Achievement: Findings From Turkish And US Samples. Journal of College Teaching & Learning, 12(2), 141-150.
Debicki, B., Kellermanns, F., Barnett, T., Pearson, A., & Pearson, A. (2016). Beyond the Big Five: The mediating role of goal orientation in the relationship between core self-evaluations and academic performance. The International Journal of ManagementEducation, 14, 273-285.
Deci, E. & Ryan, R. (1985). Intrinsic motivation and self determination in Human behavior: New York: plenum.
Deci, E. L. & Ryan, R. M. (2002). The ‘what’ and ‘why’ of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self -determination of behaviour. PsychologicalInquiry, 11, 227-268.
DeSmul, M., Heirweg, S., VanKeer, H., Devos, G., & Vandevelde, S. (2018). How competent do teachers feel instructing self-regulated learning strategies? Development and validation of the teacher self-efficacy scale to implement self-regulated learning. Teaching and Teacher Education, 71, 214-225.
Ebrahimi, S., & Lucky, D. (2017). Predicting learning regulation based on test anxiety and achievement goals mediated by information processing strategies. Journal of Educational Research, 12 (52), 40-41 [In Persian].
Egdami, Z., & Yousefi, F. (2018). The relationship between basic psychological needs and academic engagement with self-efficacy mediation. Journal of Educational Psychology Studies, 29, 37-72 [In Persian].
Eslami, M. A., Azadi, Y., Gharaqi Zandi, H., & Emadeddin, Z. S. (2017). The Relationship between Optimism and Self-efficacy with Motivation for Sport Improvement in Physical Education Students. Journal of Counseling and Psychotherapy Culture, 8 (32), 111-132 [In Persian].
Garcia, R., Falkner, K., & Vivian, R. (2018). Systematic literature review: selfregulated learning strategies using e-learning tools for computer science. Computers & Education, 123, 150-163.
Jalilzadeh, H., & Zarei, H. A. (2018). The Effectiveness of Self-Regulation Strategies Training on Academic Motivation and Test Anxiety in Students. Journal of Education and Evaluation, 11 (42), 13-36 [In Persian].
Jenaabadi, H. (2016). The Relationship of Metacognitive Strategies and Creativity with Learning Styles of Students Who Have Siblings with Internalizing, Externalizing, and Emotional Disorders. 4(6), 1-15 [In Persian].
Kadivar, P., Javadi, M. J., & Sajdian, F. (2010). The relationship between thinking style and self-regulation with progressive motivation. Journal of Psychological Research, 2(6), 30-30 [In Persian].
Kazemi, H., Vaziri, M., & Abedi, A. (2016). The Effectiveness of Problem-Based Learning on Test Anxiety and Social Anxiety in Elementary School Students. Social Cognition Quarterly, 5 (9), 112-100 [In Persian].
Keramati, H., Hasan Abadi, H. R., & Hashemi, M. (2016). The Effect of Teaching Self-Regulated Learning Strategies on the Anxiety and Motivation of Mathematical Learning in Tenth-grade Female Students in Ray. Journal of Easy Social and Cultural Studies, 6 (14), 7-26 [In Persian].
Kim, D., Wang, C., Ahn, H. S., & Bong, M. (2015). English language learners' self-efficacy profiles and relationship with self-regulated learning strategies. Learning and Individual Differences, 38, 136-142.
Latas, M, Pantic M., & Obradovic D. (2010).Analysis of test anxiety in medical students. Medicinski pregled, 63(11-12), 863-866.
Lee, Y., Patterson, P. P., & Vega, L. A. (2011). Perils to selfefficacy perceptions and teacher-preparation quality among special education intern teachers. Journal of Teacher Education Quarterly, 38, 61-76.
Mahdavi-Ghoravi, M., Khosravi, M., & Najafi, M. (2012). Predicting academic achievement through test anxiety, perfectionism, and achievement motivation. The Journal of New Thoughts on Education, 8(3), 31-50 [In Persian].
Mami, S., Naseri, N., & Waisi, F. (2014). The Effectiveness of Self- Regulation Strategies Training on Problem Solving and Self– Efficiency of the Students in Mathematics. Journal of Psychological Achievements, 21(2), 169-178 [In Persian].
Martinez, E., Tatum, K. L., Glass, M., Bernath, A., Ferris, D., Reynolds, P., & Schnoll, R. A. (2010). Correlates of smokingcessation self-efficacy in a community sample of smokers. Journal of Addictive Behaviors, 35(2), 175-178.
Martos, T., & Sally, V. (2017). Self-determination theory and the emerging fields of relationship science and Nich construction theory. European Journal of Mental Health, 1(12), 73-87.
Mohammadi Darvishbaggal, N., Hatami, H., Asadzadeh, H., & Ahadi, H. (2013). Investigating the effect of training self-regulation strategies on motivational believes of students. Educational psychology quarterly, 9(27), 49-66 [In Persian].
Nikmanesh, Z., & Yari, S. (2012). The Relationship between Self-efficacy Belief and Self-Perception with Test Anxiety in High School Male and Female Students. Journal of Educational Psychology Studies, 8(14), 127-147 [In Persian].
Nunez, J. C., Cerezo, R., Bernardo, A., Rosario, P., Valle, A., & Fernandez, E. (2011). Implementation of training programs in self-regulated learning strategies in moodle format: results of an experience in higher education. Psicothema, 23(2), 274-281.
Olabisi, F.A. (2014). Effects of Problem-Solving Technique on Test Anxiety and Academic Performance among Secondary School Students in Ondo State. Journal ofResearch & Method in Education, 4, 20-26.
Pekrun, R., Lichtenfeld, S., Marsh, H. W., Murayama, K., & Goetz, T. (2017). Achievement Emotions and Academic Performance: Longitudinal Models of Reciprocal Effects. Child development. [Epub ahead of print]
Prebertoshi, M., Berjali, A., & Kiamnesh, A. (2018). The mediating role of self-regulation strategies in the relationship between academic procrastination and positive and negative emotions in high school students. Educational Leadership & Management Quarterly, 12 (3), 53-70 [In Persian].
Putwain, D., & Daly, A.L. (2014). Test anxiety prevalence and gender differences in a sample of English secondary school students. Educational Studies, 40(5), 554-570.
Raisanen, M., Postareff, L., & Lindblom-Ylanne, S. (2016). University students' self- and co-regulation of learning and processes of understanding: A personoriented approach. Learning and Individual Differences, 47, 281-288.
Rasooli, A., Mirnasab, M., & Badri, R. (2011). Investigating the Relationship between Religious and Non-Religious Causal Attributions with Test Anxiety in Third Year High School Female Students in Tabriz. Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 9, 61-79 [In Persian].
Raufelder, D., Regner, N., & Wood, M.A. (2017): Test anxiety and learned helplessness is moderated by student perceptions of teacher motivational support. Educational Psychology, 37, 1-21.
Schwarzer, R., & Jerusalem, M. (1995). Generalized self-efficacy scale. In S. Wright, & M. Johnston, & J. Weinman, (Eds.), Measures in Health Psychology: A User’s Portfolio. Causal and Control Beliefs (pp. 35– 37). Windsor, UK: nferNelson.
Seif, A. A. (2007). Modern Breeding Psychology. Sixth Edition. Tehran, periodical publication [In Persian].
Sheikh al-Islami, A., Ghammari Kivi, H., & Ashrafi Varju, S. (2015). The Effect of Mindfulness-Based Learning on Girl Students' Self-Control. Journal of Research in Educational Systems, 9 (28), 104-87 [In Persian].
Soltanimajd, A., Taghizadeh, M., & Zare, H. (2015). The Effectiveness of Academic Skills Group Training on Self-Efficacy and Achievement Motivation of First Grade High School Boys. Research in Cognitive and Behavioral Sciences, 4(2), 31-44 [In Persian].
Talbot, L. (2016). Test anxiety: Prevalence, effects, and interventions for elementary school students. James Madison Undergraduate Research Journal, 3(1), 42-51.
Tarantino, N., Lamis, D. A., Ballard, E. D., Masuda, A., & Dvorak, R. D. (2015). Parent–child conflict and drug use in college women: A moderated mediation model of self-control and mindfulness. Journal of counseling psychology, 62(2), 303.
Van Zundert, R. P., Ferguson, S. G., Shiffman, S., & Engels, R. E. (2010). Dynamic effects of self-efficacy on smoking lapses and relapse among adolescents. Journal of Health Psychology, 29(3), 246-254.
Veisani, M., Lavassani, M., & Ajeei, J. (2012). The Role of Achievement Goals, Academic Motivation, and Learning Strategies on Statistical Anxiety: A Causal Model Test. Journal of Psychology, 16 (2), 144-160 [In Persian].
Zaeeai, E., Shahani karamzadr, M., & Shahaniyilagh, M. (2012). The Effects of cognitive and met- cognitive strategies training on reducing test-anxiety and increasing school performance of female third-grade guidance students in Ahwaz. Journal of Educational Scinces, 19(1), 67-82 [In Persian].
Zimmerman B.J. & Kitsantas A. (2014). Comparing students self- displace and selfregulation measures and their prediction of academic achievement. ContemporaryEducational Psychology, 39, 145-155.